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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 sections of the tongue |
blade, tip, front, back |
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9 regions in which English is spoken |
New Zealand and Australia, South Africa, US, South Asia, West and East Africa, Canada, [Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong], the Caribbean, British Isles |
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Pidgin |
a simplified language used for communication between speakers of different languages, typically for trading purposes between speakers of a European language |
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Creole |
simplified language learned as a first language, the structures and vocabulary of which are expanded to serve the needs of its community of speakers |
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3 speculations of grammar |
1. Subjunctive mood disappeared almost completely. 2. the get passive 3. loss of inflection (ex: he don’t) |
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9 American dialects |
Eastern New England, NYC, Upper South, Lower South, Upper North, Lower North; Non-regional: Hispanic American English, General American, African American Vernacular English |
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3 dialects brought to 13 colonies |
Middle Atlantic, New England, South Atlantic |
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2 broad characteristics that separate American English from other English |
1. Uniformity -In England, there is much more diversity between dialects, especially per capita 2. Archaic features -American English contains more archaic features |
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Archaism |
the preservation of old features of language that have gone out of use in the standard speech |
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2 ways which Noah Webster influenced language |
spelling and pronunciation |
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Diachronic dictionary |
shows how language has developed and evolved over time (such as the OED) |
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6 greater changes which occurred in England |
1.American English uses flat A, as opposed to a broad A 2. R sound has disappeared except before vowel 3. Pronunciation of O 4. Americans speak more slowly (changes of pitch and tempo) 5. Unaccented syllables 6. Miscellaneous |
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Acoustics |
the study of sounds |
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Basic assumptions of English Language Sounds |
Human physiology has not changed materially in historic times a. Any speech sound possible today was possible in the past, and any speech sound possible in the past is possible today. b. The way sounds behave as we can observe them in our speech throws the clearest light on the sounds from the past. |
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What is the main purpose of a dictionary? |
to record usage |
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Old English dates and feature |
450-1150, period of full inflections |
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Middle English dates and feature |
1150-1500, period of leveled inflections |
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Modern English date and feature |
1500+, period of lost inflections |
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George Campbell's authoritative usage |
present, national, reputable |
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3 broad cultural levels and functions of language |
1. Written standard -language of books 2. Spoken standard -middle ground -language of the educated -marked by conformity to the rules of grammar -free from anything the region considered substandard 3. Popular/Illiterate Speech -language used by those ignorant of or indifferent to ideals of correctness which govern the educated |
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Features of language which constantly grow and decay |
grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary |
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Linguistic analogy |
desire for uniformity commonly felt where similarity of function or use is involved |
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Why do words fail to take hold in a language? |
they are not needed |
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4 sources of evidence of earlier times to try and research sounds of the past |
1. spelling 2. remarks or statements about sounds in the past 3. rhymes, puns, or other wordplay 4. dialectal and conservative usage |
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2 broad categories of letters |
consonants and vowels |
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Classifying consonant sounds |
1. what organs are functioning on the production of those sounds 2. the effect on the ear |
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Types of consonants |
1. Consonants with multiple sounds (like G, S, or C) 2. Consonants which are superfluous (like C or Q) 3. Phonemes for which there are no letters (like ph, th, qu, sh) |
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Phonetic alphabet |
an alphabet in which each symbol has only one value, and the number of symbols is determined by the number of distinctive sounds with which we are dealing |
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3 criteria for how we describe consonant sounds |
1. Whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating (if they are: voiced; if they are not: voiceless) 2. Whether or not the breath stream is completely or partially impeded (if completely: stop; if partially: spirant, respirant, or fricative) 3. a. the point of articulation b. by which vocal organs are active |
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4 criteria for how we describe vowel sounds |
1. Formation (depends on tongue, jaw, and lips) 2. Vertical dimension 3. Horizontal dimension |
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4 changes in English phonemes |
1. Disappeared: γ (gamma) and χ (chi) 2. Have been changed: r and j 3. Has been added: z 4. Became independent: v, z, ð, η |
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The Great Vowel Shift |
The tense vowels, both the front and the back series, shifted to the positions of articulation of the vowels above them. The highest in each series, unable to go higher, became diphthongs. |
