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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 books Council of Jamnia questioned
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Proverbs
Ezekiel Esther Song of Solomon Ecclesiates |
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Contents of the Tanakh
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Pentateuch (Torah)
Prophets (Neviim) Writings (Kethubim) |
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Megalloth
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5 books associated with 5 festivals:
Ruth SoS Ecclesiastes Lamentations Esther |
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Esther festival association
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Feast of Purim (feast of lots)
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Ecclesiastes festival association
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Feast of Tabernacles
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Ruth festival association
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Festival of Weeks (Pentecost)
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Lamentations festival association
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9th of Abib
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Apocalyptic literature
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Literature which claims to know the secrets of God's nature and fate of the righteous and the wicked in the end times. It is associated with the belief that in the imminent coming of the Messiah and the last judgment.
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Apocrypha
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"Hidden"
(17)Books in the Septuagint which were not included in the canon of the Hebrew Bible. Also generally refers to the pseudobiblical books composed in the 2nd Temple period |
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Essenes
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Jewish sect identified by the 1st century CE historian Josephus as a separatist, communitarian, with a high degree of ritual purity, and rigid laws of membership with an inner core which probably was celibate. Most scholars believe they constituted the group at Qumran and wrote some of the DSS
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Hasmonean
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The Hellenised name of the Jewish dynasty descended from the Maccabean Revolt against the Greeks in 168-164BC
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Hellenism
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The cultural mix of Greek and Semitic cultures which characterized the Near East after the conquests of Alexander the Great
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Late Antiquity
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A historical term referring to the period from Alexander the Great to Moslem conquest
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Maccabean Revolt
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The Jewish revolt against the Greek Seleucid rulers of Syria in 168-164BC led by the family of Judah the Maccabee, recorded in the biblical Books of the Maccabees and commemorated annually in the festival of Hanukkah
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Paleography
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The study of written script, according to its form and peculiar characteristics, relating to historical periods, usually in an effort to arrive at the date of a manuscript
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Pharisees
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A Jewish sect in the 2nd Temple period whose name derives from perushim "to separate." They were the forerunners of the rabbis who developed the notion of "oral law" and exended body of civil and ritual law based on the Torah
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Qu,mran
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A site on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea where the remains of a building complex was unearthed in the 1950s. It is believed to be the headquarters of a sect which wrote some of the scrolls that were found in the caves nearby. Some scholars, however, believe that the site was either a fortress or a manor house and not necessarily related to a sect
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Sadducees
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A Jewish sect of the priestly aristocracy whose name derives from "Zadok" the high priest in the time of King Solomon. They believed only in teachings based stricly on teh Bible and its interpretation, and rejected the teachings of the Pharisees
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Teacher of Righteousness
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The leader of the sect whose writings are among the DSS. There may have been several men who occupied this role
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LXX
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Septuagint. The Greek translation of the OT. NT church/writers used it
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Masoretes
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Scholars who worked between the 7th and 11th centuries in Israel. Created punctuation and vowels. Counted letters. Preserved text
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Sopherim
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Scribes called Sopherims were responsible for preserving and clarifying the text
Changed some spellings and expressions They looked for archaic words Possibly brought versions together in standard form Their purpose was to clarify, not to dispute |
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Verbal/Plenary Theory
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Both human and divine elements are present in the production of Scripture
Scripture is the mind of God expressed in human terms |
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Mechanical Theory
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The biblical author is a passive instrument in the transmission of the revelation of God.
The personality of the author is set aside to preserve the text from fallible human aspects |
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Haplography
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Accidental omission of a letter or letter group that should be repeated in writing, for example, "mispell" for "misspell".
Many scholars spend their lifetime identifying these 'bugs' in ancient books and other scripts. |
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Homoeoteleuton
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A form of copyist error present in ancient texts. A scribe would be writing out a new copy of a frequently reproduced book, such as the Bible. As the scribe was reading the original text, his or her eyes would skip from one word to the same word on a later line, leaving out a line or two in the transcription. When transcripts were made of the scribe's flawed copy (and not the original) errors are passed on into posterity.
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Dittography
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The accidental, erroneous act of repeating a letter, word, phrase or combination of letters by a scribe or copyist.
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Targums
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An Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) written or compiled from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium).
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Theodotion
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A Hellenistic Jewish scholar, perhaps working in Ephesus, who translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek
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Peshitta
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Standard version of the Syriac Bible. Assyrian Bible.
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Vulgate
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An early 5th-century Latin version of the Bible and largely the result of the labors of Jerome. Used both Hebrew and Greek texts
ultimately it became the definitive and officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible in the Roman Catholic Church |
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Massoretic Text
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The authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible regarded almost universally as the official version of the Tanakh. It defines not just the books of the Jewish canon, but also the precise letter-text of the biblical books in Judaism, as well as their vocalization and accentuation known as the Masorah. The MT is also widely used as the basis for translations of the Old Testament in Protestant Bibles, and in recent years (since 1943) also for Catholic Bibles.[1] In modern times the Dead Sea Scrolls have shown the MT to be nearly identical to some texts of the Tanakh dating from 200 B.C.E. but different from others.
The MT was primarily copied, edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the Masoretes between the seventh and tenth centuries CE |
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Damascus Docmuent
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Found in Cairo. Considered DSS.
This text is concerned with the beliefs and ritual practices of a group of people who held views that were distinct from the ‘official’ Judaism practised at the Temple in Jerusalem |
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Rule of the Community
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DSS in cave.
Set of rules and regulations describing hot to live and govern as a communal society while adhering to an extremely strict set of guidelines. Similar to Pharisees; lots of laws. |
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Rule of the Congregation
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DSS with Community. Thought to be part of Community.
Describes an eschatological community that has followed all f the rules of the Community up until the final days. Many gather in the final days and righteous men read this doc. |
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Halakhic Letter
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DSS @ Qumran. Point/counter-point between the elect and the ungodly. Refers to Scripture a lot. Talks about why some of the Jews were separating themselves from the rest (to pursue TRUE holiness)
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Habakkuk Pesher
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Supposedly reveal full revelation of Habakkuk. Commentary.
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Kethubim
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Third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). The "Writings"
Psalms, Proverbs, Job Ruth, Lamentations, Ecc, SoS, Esther Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles |
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Nevi'im
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The "Prophets."
The second of the three major sections in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh. It falls between the Torah (teachings) and Ketuvim (writings). Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel Minors |
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Things we learn about Qumran from DSS
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1. Preserved their writings
2. Judaism 3. Culture 4. Life & formation of community upon the Torah 5. The Messiah (2 separate Messiahs; 1 King (like David), and 1 High Priest) 6. Reliability of Scripture 7. Idea of belonging to a special group |
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Textual Criticism: Types of errors
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1. Letter confusion
2. Hearing confusion 3. Homoeoteleuton 4. Haplography 5. Dittography 6. Word division 7. Letter metathesis 8. Marginalia |
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Marginalia
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Words mistakenly inserted from margin to text or inserted in an incorrect position
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Letter metathesis
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Letters mistakenly reversed make a different word
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Homoeoteleuton
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2 lines end in the same word resulting in the scribe's skipping a line
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Book not discovered in Qumran
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Esther
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Importance of the Septuagint
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The LXX is one of the earliest translations and one of the most important ancient OT versions
1. Its general fidelity to the original 2. Its influence on the Alexandrian Jews 3. Its relationship to the Greek NT 4. Its place in the Christian church |
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Letter of Aristeas
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1. The story is given in a document of uncertain date called the Letter of Aristeas
2. Aristeas, an official at the court of Ptolemy, claims to have personal knowledge as an eyewitness 3. LXX was translated by 72 people in the time of Ptolemy |
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Samaritan Pentateuch
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○ Partial deportation of Jews by Sargon in 721 BC, followed by the plantation of foreigners
○ The breach which followed (probably tin the time of Nehemiah) loed to the establishment of a separate Samaritan cultic center at Mt. Gerizin, near Shechem ○ All copies are written in a derivative of the Phoenician alphabet ○ The oldest manuscript is the one traditionally accredited to Abishua, the great-grandson of Aaron ○ The manuscript is written on thin vellum, is not uniformly old; the oldest part starts at the end of Numbers ○ The Samaritan agrees some 1600 places with the LXX, but the disagreements are equally numerous ○ Some of the variants: After the 10 Commandments in Ex. 20 and in Dt. 5, the Samaritan inserts the passage Dt. 27:2-7 with Mount Ebal replaced by Mount Gerizim, and Dt. 11:30 changes "over against Gilgal" into "over against Shechem" |
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Apocrypha Books
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1 Esdras
2 Esdras (4 Ezra) Tobit Judith The rest of the Book of Esther The Wisdom of Solomon Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) Baruch A Letter of Jeremiah The Additions of the Book of Daniel: The Song of the 3 Children Susanna Bel and the Dragon The Prayer of Manasseh 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees |
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Why not Alexandrian Canon?
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○ We use the MT because that's what the Jews used
○ Most of the Apocryphra books were not written in Greek ○ Philo and Josephus ○ No NT writer references any Apocrypha books |
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Pseudepigrapha
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The collective name for ancient Jewish religious literature that is not in the Jewish Bible or other recognized rabbinical works.
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Value of Apocrypha/Pseudepigrapha
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Cultural, historical, political, social.
Tells about the persecution of Jews and their ability to push through. |
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Closed canon of OT?
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1. Septuagint - contains some books from each part (law, prophets, others)
2. Jesus - quotes 3. Jerusalem list - all 39 4. Jerome - 22, 24, 27 5. Jewish tradition - 24 (but equal to our 39) 6. Josephus - 22 (same as our 39) |
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Unity of Revelation between 2 Testaments
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1. Theme - themes that are set forth in the OT are further developed in the NT (OT concept of priesthood important to understand Christ's role as eternal priest; OT sacrifice knowledge important to understand Christ's sacrifice)
2. Promise and Fulfillment (Joel foretells the Spirit at Pentecost, New Covenant appears in the NT) |
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Importance of Wisdom of Syria
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It affirms the canon by affirming the Law of the Prophets
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