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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Karl Popper
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No scientific theory is ever absolutely proven. Some scientific theories have been falsified. Genuine science is falsifiable. Some scientific theories have stood the test of falsification well.
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Thomas Kuhn
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Wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. Science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm shifts." Facts do not exist independently of theories: what counts as scientific evidence is determined by underlying assumptions.
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Thales of Miletus
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What is the fundamental nature of all things, the single, basic reality that takes on the variety of visible forms in the variety of things we see? What is the fundamental matter of the universe?
WATER. The basic stuff of the entire universe is water. It can be liquid solid or gas. Everything is water. |
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Heraclitus
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The underlying reality is itself in constant transformation. So, the underlying "substance" of the world is the element that's in constant change, that is mutability itself.
The world is made of FIRE. |
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Domocritus
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Yes, we see fire, earth, air, and water, and we see their combinations. However there must be some fundamental reality underlying all four.
ATOMS |
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Pythagoreans
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Numbers are the principles of being for all things.
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Empedocles
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Along with the four basic elements or substances, add two immaterial principles: Love and Strife. (Attraction and Repulsion?) Empedocles makes the first hypothesis about universal non-material principles that govern the material world.
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Aristarchus
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First to propose heliocentric universe.
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Plato
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(428 BC - 348 BC) - Theory of Forms: ideas of things, perfect mental concepts. Eternal and transcendent. Ideas = Forms. Pre-exist objects.
Timaeus - universe has telos |
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Aristotle
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Aristotle studied and discussed the systematic understanding of logic, physics, astronomy, meteorology, zoology, metaphysics, theology, psychology, politics, economics, ethics, rhetoric, and poetics. Two areas which he advanced were physics and astronomy. He made very interesting discussion of the topics of matter, change, movement, space, position, and time as well as studying comets.
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Ptolemy
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Supports the spherical movement of the heavens (stars) and a stationary earth. His theory for the motion of the planets involved three simultaneous motions resulting in retrograde motion.
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Ibn Sīnā/Avicenna
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Famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer who wrote The Canon of Medicine, an over a million word encyclopedia of medicine which covered contageous diseases, quarantine, syndromes, hypothesized micoorganisms and why epidemics traveled through the air.
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Lucretius
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Wrote the poem called De Rerum Nature, or On the Nature of Things, describing the infinite universe as containing only atoms and the void, making up all of existence. Also described the nature of the soul and cosmic phenomena.
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Pliny the Elder
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yea
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