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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical Greece
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6th Century B.C.
Claims about the world needed to be defended through naturalistic explanations World was predictable |
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Materialism
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The idea that the world can be described in terms of material substrate
No appeal to supernatural forces |
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Epistemology
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The branch of philosophy that deals with the question of how one acquires knowledge
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Plato
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Theory of Forms
Epistemology was reason Believed a Demiurge created the four elements |
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Theory of Forms
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The perfect concept and the imperfect reality
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Aristotle
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Rejected Plato's theory
Epistemology was observation Objects had form and matter Not a materialist |
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Aristotle's Four Causes
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1) Formal
2) Material 3) Efficient 4) Final |
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Greek Astonomy
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Earth is a sphere - needed symmetry
Two Sphere model - Earth within the Celestial sphere |
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Ptolemy
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Hellenistic Period
Committed to uniform, circular motion Believed earth was at the center of the universe |
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Ptolemy's Model
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1) Eccentric Model
2) Epicycle on Deferent Model 3) Equant Model |
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Hoppocrates
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Hellenistic Period
Studied medicine Hippocratic Oath Believed disease was an imbalance of the humors |
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The Four Humors
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Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow Bile
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Christianity and Medieval Science
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Church encouraged education; literacy in order to read the Bible
Platonic philosophy worked well with Christian philosophy Monks copied classical texts |
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Islamic Science
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Commercial Revolution
Free intellectual exchange Astrology was very important for Islamic Rulers |
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Al Razi
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Islamic Period
Practiced medicine Critic of Galen Differentiated smallpox from measles |
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Islamic Science
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Aimed to synthesize Greek knowledge, correct it when necessary, and apply it to new problems
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Medieval Cosmology
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Aristotelian and Platonic influences
Earth was a sphere, made up of four elements; planets moves around it in circles Celestial Sphere; Empyreum, where angels lived, and Crystalline sphere, consisting of water |
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Mathematical Astronomy
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Debate whether Ptolemy's model represented reality or a mathematical concept
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Astrolabe
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Instrument which measured the altitude of the stars and planets, told time, acted as a map, and made calculations and predictions
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Renaissance
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Rebirth
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Renaissance Humanism
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A movement that began in early Renaissance Universities
Valued humanistic disciplines Focused on original Latin texts |
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Copernicus
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Renaissance Period
A "good" Aristotelian and Humanist created the Heliocentric Model Wrote "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres" (1543) |
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Heliocentric Model
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Earth moves around its axis and around the sun
Moon moves around the earth Explains retrograde motion and bounded elongation Retained uniform, circular motion |
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Copernicus was a Renaissance Humanist because...
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He believed the ancients held superior knowledge
He used some of Ptolemy's models He committed to the planets moving in a uniform, circular motion His system was no more accurate or simple than Ptolemy's |
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Vesalius
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Renaissance Period
Surgeon who believed knowing your body was to know your Creator Corrected some of Galen's ideas in his text On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) |
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Vesalius was a Renaissance Humanist because...
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He believed medicine had declined since Antiquity
The work of the hand had been devalued Anatomy needed to be restored to its past glory |
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The 17th Century
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New tools such as the telescope led to new discoveries
Aristotelian philosophy and authority are challenged |
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Kepler
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17th Century
Believed Astronomy was natural philosophy (not merely mathematics) Believed Copernicus had striven for simplicity, but had no definite support of the Heliocentric system |
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Kepler's Laws
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1) The orbits of the planets are elliptical and the sun is at one focus of this ellipse
2) As it moves around the sun, a planet sweeps out equal areas at equal times 3) T^2/R^3 (where T is the period of a planet and R is the mean radius) |
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Galileo
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17th Century
Made many observations with the telescope Had problems with the church; believed that the physics of the earth and of heaven were the same Was not Aristotelian |
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Preformationism
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An organism is fully formed at conception
Either believed in Ovism or Animacuism |
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Epigenesis
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An organism starts out as a homogeneous mass and gradually forms organs
Believed in Ovism |
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Harvey
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17th Century; Age of Intiquity
Experimentation/Empiricism Mechanical philosophy |
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Galen
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Antiquity Period
On the Movement of the Heart (1628) Surgeon who performed dissections and vivisections on animals Heart expels blood when contracted, then relaxes |
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Mechanical philosophy
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World should be described in mechanical terms using matter and motion
Anti-Aristotelian Phenomena are produced by the direct interaction between particles of matter |
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Newton
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18th Century
Brought together cosmology, astronomy, mathematics, and physics Used experiment and mathematical proof |
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Newton's 3 Laws of Motion
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1) An object will stay at rest or continue to move in a straight line with constant velocity, unless an external force acts upon it
2) F = ma (force = mass x acceleration) 3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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Scientific Revolution was a revolution because...
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The Scientific Method (observe, hypothesize, experiment, induce)
Many individuals saw themselves as a part of an intellectual revolutionary movement Many aspects of 17th century philosophy look familiar now |
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Scientific Revolution was NOT a revolution because...
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No one cataclysmic event
Continuities within the knowledge and practice of natural philosophers Difficult to pinpoint definitive beginning/end to this period |
