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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tourbillon
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used by Cuvier to describe limits of variation. too much would variation would disrupt the correlation of parts.
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heat, for joule
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heat is motion, derived from joule's experiment in which he stirred water and noted a raise in temperature.
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correlation of parts, for cuvier
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logical way body parts connected. from one part, the rest of the anatomy can be deduced.
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uniformitarianism, for lyell
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slow accumulation of changes over time. cannot be observed in a lifetime.
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conservation of force
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in 19th century, force meant energy. explained in the first law of thermodynamics.
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lamarckian wants
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change in environment leads to organism to have new needs and internal desire. leads to variation.
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sexual selection
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individuals seek best of opposite sex in order to have superior procreation. men ruin species by marrying stupid women.
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encke's comet
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ruined notion of stability, 1832. reinforced notion of temporality.
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mechanical money
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metaphor for energy. coined by poncellier. connection between world of physics and world of industry.
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natural price of a commodity, for adam smith
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what it really costs a person who brings it to market. equilibrium towards which market price always tends.
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division of mental labor, for babbage
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hierarchical division of mental labor. machines replace lower levels, people have increased knowledge. broke society out of malthusian dilemma.
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lamarckian evolution
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organisms evolve through lamarckian wants. changes inherited.
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indicator diagram
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helmholtz, way to measure work by mouscle of frog.
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joule's experiment on the mechanical equivalent of heat
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demonstration of conservation of energy. developed standard unit of heat.
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"mean man", for quetelet
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averaged means of crime rates, suicide, etc... developed idea of ideal type, the average man, through use of bell curve. showed application of darwin to society.
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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fetus goes through stages of evolution. writes of prevailing belief, recapitulates whole chain of being before man.
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cause of variation, darwin
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plentitude of food, domestication...
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what is lost when heat is conducted from hot to cold?
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usable work. irrecoverable losses of available work.
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eugenics
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trying to breed towards highest level of bell curve. galton and darwin try to promote selection of partners.
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temporality
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concept of change over time. came about after encke's comet.
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nebular hypothesis
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18th century, formed by collapse of nebular mass. demonstration of progressing state of the world, by nichols.
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bridgewater treatises
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treatises for proof of existence of God found in nature. first, by whewell introduces encke's comet and states the world has end and beginning.
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the 9th bridgewater treatise
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babbage, attacking concept of treatise. attributing to God powers you can attribute to a machine.
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lamarck's acquired characteristics
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same... needed acquired characteristics passed on.
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volta's battery
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uses chemical energy as source to release electrical energy. demonstrates conversion of force.
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malthusian stationary state
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geometrically increasing population and arithmetically increasion food supply.
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principle of divergence
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darwin's principle. over time, given enough, greater divergence of species.
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naturphilophie
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tried to integrate everything together. german, every phenomenon can be explained by forces.
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second law of thermodynamics
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world dissipates if not directed. from higher state of order to lower. loss of work.
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subordination of parts
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whole=sum of parts. indicative of other parts of animal.
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vis viva
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moving work. how work moves within a system (pendulum.) mvsquared.
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1832
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discover of encke, same year of whewell's bridgewater treatise.
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productive, unproductive labor
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productive labor adds to value of product in market. unproductive is more intellectual (teacher).
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