History Of Science

Front 1

tourbillon

Back 1

used by Cuvier to describe limits of variation. too much would variation would disrupt the correlation of parts.

Front 2

heat, for joule

Back 2

heat is motion, derived from joule's experiment in which he stirred water and noted a raise in temperature.

Front 3

correlation of parts, for cuvier

Back 3

logical way body parts connected. from one part, the rest of the anatomy can be deduced.

Front 4

uniformitarianism, for lyell

Back 4

slow accumulation of changes over time. cannot be observed in a lifetime.

Front 5

conservation of force

Back 5

in 19th century, force meant energy. explained in the first law of thermodynamics.

Front 6

lamarckian wants

Back 6

change in environment leads to organism to have new needs and internal desire. leads to variation.

Front 7

sexual selection

Back 7

individuals seek best of opposite sex in order to have superior procreation. men ruin species by marrying stupid women.

Front 8

encke's comet

Back 8

ruined notion of stability, 1832. reinforced notion of temporality.

Front 9

mechanical money

Back 9

metaphor for energy. coined by poncellier. connection between world of physics and world of industry.

Front 10

natural price of a commodity, for adam smith

Back 10

what it really costs a person who brings it to market. equilibrium towards which market price always tends.

Front 11

division of mental labor, for babbage

Back 11

hierarchical division of mental labor. machines replace lower levels, people have increased knowledge. broke society out of malthusian dilemma.

Front 12

lamarckian evolution

Back 12

organisms evolve through lamarckian wants. changes inherited.

Front 13

indicator diagram

Back 13

helmholtz, way to measure work by mouscle of frog.

Front 14

joule's experiment on the mechanical equivalent of heat

Back 14

demonstration of conservation of energy. developed standard unit of heat.

Front 15

"mean man", for quetelet

Back 15

averaged means of crime rates, suicide, etc... developed idea of ideal type, the average man, through use of bell curve. showed application of darwin to society.

Front 16

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Back 16

fetus goes through stages of evolution. writes of prevailing belief, recapitulates whole chain of being before man.

Front 17

cause of variation, darwin

Back 17

plentitude of food, domestication...

Front 18

what is lost when heat is conducted from hot to cold?

Back 18

usable work. irrecoverable losses of available work.

Front 19

eugenics

Back 19

trying to breed towards highest level of bell curve. galton and darwin try to promote selection of partners.

Front 20

temporality

Back 20

concept of change over time. came about after encke's comet.

Front 21

nebular hypothesis

Back 21

18th century, formed by collapse of nebular mass. demonstration of progressing state of the world, by nichols.

Front 22

bridgewater treatises

Back 22

treatises for proof of existence of God found in nature. first, by whewell introduces encke's comet and states the world has end and beginning.

Front 23

the 9th bridgewater treatise

Back 23

babbage, attacking concept of treatise. attributing to God powers you can attribute to a machine.

Front 24

lamarck's acquired characteristics

Back 24

same... needed acquired characteristics passed on.

Front 25

volta's battery

Back 25

uses chemical energy as source to release electrical energy. demonstrates conversion of force.

Front 26

malthusian stationary state

Back 26

geometrically increasing population and arithmetically increasion food supply.

Front 27

principle of divergence

Back 27

darwin's principle. over time, given enough, greater divergence of species.

Front 28

naturphilophie

Back 28

tried to integrate everything together. german, every phenomenon can be explained by forces.

Front 29

second law of thermodynamics

Back 29

world dissipates if not directed. from higher state of order to lower. loss of work.

Front 30

subordination of parts

Back 30

whole=sum of parts. indicative of other parts of animal.

Front 31

vis viva

Back 31

moving work. how work moves within a system (pendulum.) mvsquared.

Front 32

1832

Back 32

discover of encke, same year of whewell's bridgewater treatise.

Front 33

productive, unproductive labor

Back 33

productive labor adds to value of product in market. unproductive is more intellectual (teacher).