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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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60s Soul (Music --> )
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soundtrack for civil rights movement
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Motown =
Atlantic = Trax = |
= the most polished
= forward-thinking indy label = the most raw of the soul |
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Motown and BERRY GORDY
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“Hitsville USA”
The first African-American owned record label to successfully sell black music to white America THE FUNK BROTHERS --> house band who played on hundreds of Motown songs *Groomed artists into polished professionals CHOLLY ATKINS – choreographer MAXINE POWELL – finishing/modeling school MAURICE KING – music director Artists: Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, the Temptations, the Supremes, Stevie Wonder, the Four Tops, Marvin Gaye Berry Gordy = founder of Motown Records Marvin Gaye dated BG’s sister Diana Ross dated BG |
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Listening: The Supremes “Where Did Our Love Go”
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Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, *Diana Ross
Written by HOLLAND/DOZIER/HOLLAND --> *Huge Motown writing team In mid 60s, Motown’s biggest act (on Ed Sullivan 20 times) Ross went on to a successful solo and film career Complicated structure, stream of consciousness |
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Listening: Aretha Franklin “Respect”
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This was the QUEEN OF SOUL’s only #1 hit
Fusion of gospel and R&B Father was Reverend Clarence L. Franklin, a prominent pastor in Detroit *Written and originally recorded by Otis Redding John Hammond (who also discovered Dylan and Springsteen) signed her to Columbia, but her career took off when she signed with Atlantic Records and JERRY WEXLER (producer) *Difference between Motown and Atlantic, b/t Berry Gordy and Jerry Wexler |
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Listening: James Brown “I Got You (I Feel Good)”
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The “Godfather of Soul” / “The
Hardest Working Man in Show Business” Innovator of FUNK MUSIC Horn section stabs Loud, intricate, repetitive rhythm section parts *ALL ABOUT THE GROOVE Stage show influenced late artists, including Prince and Michael Jackson Tiny signals to band members (Every show is different) |
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More on James Brown
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More…
AABABAA (Mirror Image) AABA --> classic Tin Pan Alley A --> 12-bar blues B --> BRIDGE Structure = Important James Brown @ his peak Live performer Extraordinaire |
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Listening: Otis Redding “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
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Posthumous hit was his only #1 on pop charts
Began singing in church (gospel) Recorded on Stax Records, Memphis (rough around the edges) W/ RACIALLY INTEGRATED back-up band, BOOKER T & MGs created sensation @ Monterey Pop Festival Died in a plane crash on Dec. 10, 1967 V1/C/V2/C/B/V3/C |
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1964
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British acts DOMINATED America
British culture TOOK OVER America (accents, clothing, and definitely Music) |
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Rock Music in the Early 60s
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*FRAGMENTATION*
- Elvis Presley – back from the army, making records and films - Doo wop and girl groups - Teen idols and dance crazes like the twist - Surf music (Beach Boys and Beatles @ at the same time) - Folk revival (Bob Dylan influence on John Lennon) |
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The BEATLES (line-up)
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The BEATLES
(1) John Lennon – guitar, vocals, etc. (2) Paul McCartney – bass, vocals, etc. (3) George Harrison – electric guitar, vocals, etc. (4) Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, etc. *They were the greatest and most influential of all rock artists *They were simultaneously the BEST (artistically) and the MOST POPULAR (commercially) @ what they did --> SO RARE!! |
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Musical Influences
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1) Elvis Presley and American rockability music
a)English youths like John Lennon adopted “teddy-boy” style (slicked-back hair, leather jackets) inspired by rockabillies 2) Skiffle music a) 50s British style featuring instruments like banjo, guitar, washboard, etc… b) *Combined Dixieland jazz and country blues c) Lonnie DONEGAN – skiffle artist who hit charts covering Lead Belly songs 3) American R&B music (Motown, Sam Cooke) |
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Early Beatles history (“Just some kids from Liverpool”)
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- *The Quarry Men = the 1st band that Lennon and McCartney had together
- Early name change to “Silver Beetles” was a reference to Buddy Holly & the Crickets (by 1960, name shortened to “The Beatles”) - 4 piece line-up - COMMON MAN - Anyone can start a rock band - Pete BEST --> original drummer (Starr joined in 1962) - Stu SUTCLIFFE --> Lennon’s friend from art school who played bass in the early days |
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Hamburg, Germany – 1960 apprenticeship
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Reeperbahn – area of strip clubs and bars
*Kaiserkeller – one of the clubs where the Beatles were booked Sutcliffe’s German girlfriend, ASTRID KIRCHHERR, styled and photographed the band (the famous haircuts, leather jackets) 6-7 hours of playing every night honed the band’s skills (GOT THEIR EDGE) |
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Brian Eppstein, manager
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Born into a wealthy family which owned furniture stores
Met Beatles @ CAVERN CLUB, a jazz club in Liverpool that began booking “beat” rock bands Cleaned up Beatles’ leather-clad rocker image and had them wearing matching suits Brilliantly guided the band’s career until his death in 1967 |
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George Martin, producer
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*The Fifth Beatle
Head of Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary label, when he met the Beatles Classical music background Produced all of the Beatles work except for Let It Be (which was recorded by Martin by assembled by PHIL SPECTOR) Contributed greatly to experimental techniques in the studio, from orchestra arrangements to tape effects |
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BEATLEMANIA
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(1963) --> huge success in Britain, but initially had trouble getting record contract in US
(1964) --> Beatlemania hits the US!! - Beatles appearance on Ed Sullivan seen by 70 MILLION PEOPLE - At one point, the Beatles singles held the top five positions on the charts - After JFK’s death, the US needed a fresh face - *COMPLETE domination of sales and charts unseen since Elvis Presley - Film A Hard Day’s Night released Feb. 7, 1964 --> Beatles arrive in US (JFK airport) Feb. 9, 1964 --> Ed Sullivan show w/ the Beatles |
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Beatles
“I Wanna Hold Your Hand” |
Capitol Records reluctantly agreed to release this song in the US
Other British groups had tried to failed to make it in the US Had been #1 for a week before the Beatles’ arrival in the US *Classic AABA pop structure |
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Creative Growth (“Middle Period”)
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1964-1965 Complete domination of the charts AND still EXPERIMENTATION
By 1965, band began to experiment * “Yesterday” – use of string quartet unusual at the time for a rock band Rubber Soul – new 4-track recording technology expanded creative options…Harrison’s first use of INDIAN SITAR Yesterday and Today – US-only release w/ infamous “butcher cover” |
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Creative Growth (“Middle Period”): 1966
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Revolver – beginning of psychedelic influence
* Lennon’s controversial “We’re more popular than Jesus” comments spark BACKLASH * August concert in San Francisco --> last live performance (the screaming girls were TOO loud) |
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Later Period
1967 |
Sgt. Pepper
TV special beamed via satellite included performance of “All You Need is Love” Met the Maharishi (transcendental meditation) Brian Eppstein’s death Magical Mystery Tour = one of the very few missteps of their record Opening of Apple boutique and Apple Records (James Taylor recorded for Apple Records) |
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Sergeant Pepper
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Semi-unifying theme = Sgt. Pepper’s band introduces a series of “acts” throughout the album
Considered FIRST rock “concept album” Use of orchestras, brass bands, crowd noises, etc. Experiments w/ timbre, meter, form, and chord progressions Psychedelic, LSD-influenced lyrics and sounds Included some free IMPROVISATION by session players |
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The Beatles
“A Day in the Life” |
Last song on Sgt. Pepper
Surreal lyrics taken loosely from newspaper Tape edits connection various sections Lennon’s “I read the news…” Orchestra crescendos --> “giant orgasm of sounds” McCartney’s “Woke up…” Orchestra Lennon Orchestra |
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Later period, contined
1968 |
Yoko Ono’s relationship w/ Lennon becomes serious
The White Album Double album w/ extreme shifts in style and content Released on Apple Records “Hey Jude” / “Revolution” single Yellow Submarine cartoon |
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The Final Years
1969 |
Arguments over new management (Alan Klein? Lee Eastman?)
McCartney and Lennon each get married Abbey Road “Paul is dead” controversy Lennon and Ono release “Give Peace a Chance” |
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The Final Years
1970 |
Breakup of the band
Let It Be --> Phil Spector sifted through and mixed tracks recorded earlier (Let It Be Naked) |
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Post-Beatles
Starr |
Starr – solo albums, acted in films, still sometimes tours
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Post-Beatles
Harrison |
*All Things Must Pass – triple album released right after breakup
Benefit Concert for Bangladesh was a model for large-scale benefit rock concerts Died of cancer in 2001 Known for CHARITY WORK |
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Post-Beatles
Lennon |
1970 Plastic Ono Band album
1971 solo record Imagine, subsequent retirement from music business, final solo record Double Fantasy Shot and killed by Mark David Chapman on Dec. 8, 1980 |
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Post-Beatles
McCartney |
Band WINGS (including wife Linda) was a HUGE critical and commercial success
SOLO ALBUMS before and after Wings |
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The Rolling Stones =
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“The World’s Greatest Rock and Roll Band”
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The Rolling Stones
Members: |
Mick Jagger – vocals
Keith Richard – guitar Bill Wyman – bass Charlie Watts – drums |
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The Rolling Stones
Organize eras based on extra guitar players: |
*Brian Jones – founder and original band leader / guitars until death in 1969
Mick Taylor – replaced Jones on guitar, quit in 1974 Ron Wood – replaced Taylor on guitar - Ian Stewart, Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, Chuck Leavell – keyboardists at various times (*Preston = model for rock n roll keyboard players) - Bill Wyman left the band in 1993 - Billy Preston = ONLY person to play w/ Stones AND Beatles! |
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Andrew Loog Oldham, manager/producer
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Former assistant to Brian Eppstein; former employee of London fashion maven Mary Quant
*Helped fashion the Stones’ “bad boy” image |
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Allen Klein, manager
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Also worked w/ Beatles after Eppstein’s death
Initially worked with and eventually edged out Oldham |
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Ian Stewart
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original keyboardist
fired by Oldham because of his “look” worked as ROAD MANAGER until his death in 1985 |
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Stones’ Musical Influences
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1950s rock and roll: Elvis, the rockabillies, Little Richard, Chuck Berry
American R&B and blues By late 1950s, there was a community of blues fans and record collectors in London, including Alexis Korner and John Mayall Band name taken from a MUDDY WATERS song On early American tour, Jagger saw James Brown perform and set out to imitate his STYLE - American jazz - Brian Jones and Charlie Watts were big fans of jazz * STONES = More R&B than the BEATLES |
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Rolling Stones
“Satisfaction” |
Recorded during their 3rd tour of the US
#1 on charts summer 1965 **Many people consider this the quintessential rock song Famous guitar riff (short musical idea) Controversy over ambiguous lyrics about being on the road |
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Altamont
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1969 free outdoor concert at Altamont Raceway in California (venue chosen the day before the concert)
Intended to be “Woodstock West” (Woodstock had been a big success earlier that year) Hell’s Angels were supposed to provide security but beat people instead Violence in the crowd, escalating all day and often initiated by the Angels, climaxed with the stabbing death of a young black man Gimme Shelter – film documenting the event Marked the end of the idealistic hippie era |
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Some Classic Stones Albums
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Brian Jones era
(various singles were cut in the early years) 1968 – Beggar’s Banquet Mick Taylor era 1969 – Let It Bleed 1971 – Sticky Fingers (Please note the tone Stuessy/Lipscomb uses to describe this album. Are the authors “Beatles” or “Stones”?) 1972 – Exile On Main Street Ron Wood era 1.1978 – Some Girls |
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We Love Bad Boys…. (EDGY, DANGEROUS)
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The Stones were the first (but certainly not the last) rock band to consciously market a negative, anti-social image
Drug busts, hedonism & generally rough behavior are part of the band’s mythology Returned a raw, edgy, visceral power to rock that had been missing since the early days of Little Richard & Jerry Lee Lewis |
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The British Invasion (Part 3)
The Kinks “You Really Got Me” |
Ray DAVIES = brilliant songwriter (vocals)
Dave DAVIES --> powerful catchy guitar riffs Mick Avery: drums Peter Quafe: bass *Bigger success in the US than in Britain Influenced 70s punk rock, 80s new wave, and mid-90s Britpop trends Strophic form |
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British Youth
MODS vs. ROCKERS |
Mods --> R&B, blues, Motown, Kinks, Who, suit-wearing youth
Rockers --> Rockabilly, black leather, motorcycles, greased back hair (“teddy boys”) |
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Beatles vs. Stones
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Both bands have main duo of songwriters (Lennon/McCartney & Jagger/Richards)
Originally, the Stones aped the Beatles image and musical style Soon adopted a more menacing, surly, overtly sexual tone & look in opposition to the Beatles more clean-cut image (encouraged by Oldham) Critics & fans still often define rock music in terms of this dichotomy Beatles: good boys, w certain sound ambition, technically proficient Stones: rebellious, loud, grunge |
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The Who “My Generation”
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Roger Daltrey (vocals); Pete Townshend (guitar); Keith Moon (drums); John Entwistle (bass)
This song is from their early MOD “Maximum R&B” era Continued developing through psychedelic, rock opera (i.e. Tommy, Quadrophenia) and hard rock phases **Electrifying, equipment-smashing live shows (Ex: Smothers Brothers show, their ONLY live TV performance) TOWNSHEND = creative genius of the band Keith Moon = Sweet |
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Rolling Stones Line-up (one of the line ups)
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Mick Jager: vocals
Bill Wyman: Bass Kieth Richards: guitar Charlie Watts: Drums Brian Jones: guitar |
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Cream “Crossroads”
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Cream = Blues-rock *POWER TRIO* (Ex of power trio --> Nirvana)
Rock’s first “SUPERGROUP” Song written by blues legend ROBERT JOHNSON |
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Cream: Group:
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Ginger Baker – drums
Jack Bruce – Bass/vocals Eric Clapton – Guitar/vocals Clapton had already played with John Mayall’s Bluesbreakers and the Yardbirds AAB form (typical of blues) 12 BAR BLUES FORM Psychedelic rock has improvised guitar solo |
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The Yardbirds
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British band with 3 legendary guitarists:
(1) Eric Clapton – Cream, Blind Faith, Derek & the Dominoes, solo (2) Jeff Beck – went on to solo career (3) Jimmy Page – later formed Led Zeppelin |
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The Beats (Acid Rock)
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Countercultural philosophical movement of the 50s --> *ORIGIN of the 1960s hippie movement
Writers included: Jack Kerouac (On the Road), Allen Ginsberg (Howl), William S. Burroughs (Naked Lunch), and Ken Kesey (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) *Challenged traditional values, emphasized the INDIVIDUAL and self-expression, challenged authority; express yourself message) |
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San Francisco = MECCA of the HIPPIE movement
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“Acid rock” named after LSD, a hallucinogenic drug
Timothy Leary argued that taking LSD expands consciousness “Turn On, Tune In, and Drop Out *Haight-Ashbury* --> cross-streets at center of district where hippie scene grew Rejection of materialism, experimentation with drugs, rejection of sexual taboos, spiritual quests, communal living MUSIC was a central part of the life style Many of these artists died young |
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Grateful Dead
Acid Rock |
Great stereotypical hippie band
Began playing at parties featuring the “Kool-Aid Acid Test” (Provided background music to acid trips) Original name = Warlocks *Jerry Garcia = singer/lead guitarist Band lived communally in the Haight Fans known as “Deadheads” *Audience = Part of the show, the entertainment (the EXPERIENCE): emphasis of the audience over the band (the audience members are having acid trips) |
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Grateful Dead “Turn On Your Lovelight”
Acid Rock |
From 1969 album Live/Dead
*Emphasis on instrumental improvisation Influenced by folk music, bluegrass, R&B The Dead’s unprecedented touring career inspired today’s JAM BAND SCENE |
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FM Radio
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The new “progressive” psychedelic (acid) rock (later, album-oriented) rock appeared on FM, not Top 40 AM Stations
Played longer songs and sometimes entire albums by artists who couldn’t get Top 40 airplay Because of FM promotion, these artists began to sell records FM opened up space for new songs to be played |
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Janis Joplin “Piece of My Heart”\
Acid Rock |
Born in Texas
One of the 1st female rock stars (along w/ Grace Slick), still one of a kind Her band = Big Brother and the Holding Company BIG BREAK @ Monterey Pop Festival Blues-based style --> *GIANT Bessie Smith Fan Died in 1970 of a heroin overdose **Went out on a limb with her Singing Style |
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Jefferson Airplane “White Rabbit”
Acid Rock |
Grace Slick and Marty Balin, lead singers
Song’s imagery taken from Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland Overtly extols the virtues of psychedelic drugs From album Surrealistic Pillow Influenced by classical composer Ravel’s Bolero |
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Psychedelic Concerts
Acid Rock |
Featured light shows which enhanced the concert-goers’ drug experiences
Poster art influenced by ART NOUVEAU advertised concerts (distorted lettering, bright colors, etc.) Fillmore Theater --> run by BILL GRAHAM = Important Venue |
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Santana “Oye Como Va” (At a young age)
Acid Rock |
Earliest shows were booked by Bill Graham at the Fillmore
Performed at Woodstock Latin-influenced psychedelic blues rock (even more of an influence early in career) Written by Tito Puente --> part of 70s salsa movement groove oriiented |
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Doors “Light My Fire”
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*Jim MORRISON: lead singer
Ray Manzarek: key boardist John Densmore: drummer Robbie Krieger: guitarist *NO Bass player: Manzarek’s left hand played bass notes on organ Dark imagery, overtly sexual tone (Morrison was arrested for lewd onstage conduct) Morrison died in 1971 in Paris Literary approach (Doors) / well-trained AND Sexual / animalistic |
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Guitar Tone (early 70s)
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Advances in technology helped guitarists like Hendrix, Clapton, and others achieve louder and more diverse tones
Jim MARSHALL --> developed amplifiers A “MARSHALL STACK” is an amp set on top of a speaker cabinet Stomp boxes – foot pedals which create special effects like FUZZ, DELAY, CHORUS, WAH, PHASE SHIFT, etc… *Jimi Hendrix did more to expand the musical vocabulary of rock electric guitar than any other player |
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Jimi Hendrix
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Grew up in Seattle
Short stint in the army Played w/ Little Richard, B.B. King, James Brown, and the Isley Brothers before going solo Discovered and brought to England by CHAS CHANDLER, bassist in the Animals 1966 --> Formed The Experience Drummer Mitch Mitchell Bassist Noel Redding Initial success came in England Legendary performance at the Monterey Pop Festival (iconic footage of guitar burning “Wild Thing”) and Woodstock (including “Star-Spangled Banner”) Rivalry between Hendrix and Townshend (The Experience and The Who) Later formed Band of Gypsies Bassist Billy Cox Drummer Buddy Miles *Considered by many to be the greatest rock guitarist in history |
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Jimi Hendrix “Purple Haze”
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Blues-based psychedelic rock
Died in 1970 of complications from sleeping pill overdose *Played left-handed --> a right-handed guitar upside down* One of the most influential guitarists in rock history Woodstock: Star-Spangled Banner --> Purple Haze |
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Woodstock (PEAK of hippie era)
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August 15-17, 1969 --> Bethel, NY
Performances by Santana, Hendrix, the Who, Crosby Stills & Nash, Canned Heat, Joan Baez, Joe Cocker, Arlo Guthrie, Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Sly & the Family Stone, and others A few months later, Altamont and then the murders at Kent State |
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The end of the hippie era
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By 1967, the heyday in the Haight was over and the neighborhood started having trouble with crime
Many people fell prey to drug addiction Businesses began to co-opt and exploit the popularity of the hippie lifestyle and image The end of the 60s was Marred by race riots and violent clashes between police and campus anti-war protesters (many of whom were radicalized by the violence) |
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Music in the 1970s
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Fragmentation continued
Folk-, Country-, and Pop-rock; Jazz- and Classical-influenced rock; 70s soul; Funk and disco; Heavy metal; Glam; Hard Rock; Etc… Music moved away from political activist themes (ie Bob Dylan) and toward a focus on personal experience (*The “Me Decade”) *One trend included virtuosic rock instrumentalists and writers who were influenced by classical and jazz music “Prog rock” Rock operas written by bands like the Who; Broadway shows like Jesus Christ Superstar |
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Yes
PROG ROCK (AKA Jazz/Art Rock) |
Quintessential “prog” group
Extended instrumental breaks Long songs Complex song forms High quality of musicianship (technical expertise) by all players Keyboardist Rick WAKEMAN = virtuoso who exploited new synthesizer technology |
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Yes “Roundabout”
PROG ROCK (AKA Jazz/Art Rock) |
Influenced by classical music (esp. acoustic guitar intro)
Listen for virtuosic solos by Wakeman and guitarist Steve Howe About 6 minutes in when most rock songs are long over This song is from Yes’ album Fragile Complicated structure --> instrumental breaks connect various sections Interest in new music echnology (ie synthesizers) |
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Chicago
PROG ROCK (AKA Jazz/Art Rock) |
Successful and lengthy career
Charted albums in five consecutive decades 10 gold (500,000 sold) and 5 platinum (1 million) albums Original name = Chicago Transit Authority Drummer Peter Cetera also had successful solo career in the 1980s |
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Chicago “Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?
PROG ROCK (AKA Jazz/Art Rock)” |
Influenced by jazz music and R&B horn bands
Unusual for rock band to have horn sections in this era Distinctive horn parts are ESSENTIAL to the group’s sound Trumpet/trombone/sax/flute Alternating verse/chorus structure |
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Procol Harum
PROG ROCK (AKA Jazz/Art Rock) |
Influenced by classical music and blues rock
Started out as studio musicians, became a band when “Whiter Shade of Pale” was an unexpected hit *Played their FIRST gig ever opening for Jimi Hendrix in London |
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Procol Harum “Whiter Shade of Pale”
PROG ROCK (AKA Jazz/Art Rock) |
Music for this song adapted from Bach’s “Air on a G String”
*Theme played on a Hammond B3 organ w/ Leslie speaker cabinet (QUINTESSENTIAL ROCK KEYBOARD COMBO) Surreal lyrics Verse, Chorus, Verse, Chorus, Solo, Chorus Structure |
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Carole King “You’ve Got a Friend”
Folk, Country, and Pop Influences |
Began career as Brill Building writer in the 60s, penning many hits before going solo
Accompanies herself on piano *This song was a hit for both King and James Taylor, and is from her album TAPESTRY (a classic) Form: Verse, Chorus, Verse, Chorus, Bridge, Chorus structure VERY popular structure Artful arrangement (piano and bass --> add congas --> add strings) |
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The Carpenters “(They Long to Be) Close to You”
Folk, Country, and Pop Influences |
The Carpenters “(They Long to Be) Close to You”
Written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David Sophisticated pop writing AABA structure reflects Tin Pan Alley influence Brother/sister duo Karen (vocalist/drummer) Richard (keyboardist/vocalist) Karen died at age 32 of complications from anorexia |
