History Of Rock 2

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Merging rhythm and blues and Gospel music

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Soul

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made legal segregation unconstitutional and jumpstarted civil rights movement (1954)

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Brown vs Board of Education of topeka kansas

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Blacks demand social changes and racial equality

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Martin Luther king

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Blacks become optimistic hopes of freedom

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ascent of soul music

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King assasinated, blacks become pessimistic

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descent of soul music

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Ascent and decline of soul music mirrored that of the civil rights movement

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.........

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normally did not address directly in music, used?

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as rallying cries

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Soul is sense of pride in being black, cultural solidarity, aligning oneself with black consciousness and culture

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.........

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Hairstyles of blacks

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Afro

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"soul food"

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ribs, chitins, collard greens

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Raw, gritty, powerful sound

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Rural SOuth

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smoother, pop-oriented sound

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Northern cities

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Pride, struggle, love, hope, ecstacy, pain, sorrow

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Emotional expression of black experience in 1960s

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First fusion of R&B and gospel in landmark record " i got a women" became blueprint for soul music. Formula transformed tradition hym "i got a savior, way over jordan" into "i got a women" and adding r&b beat

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Ray Charles

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"SOul Brother #1" "the godfather of soul", "the hardest working man in show business"

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James Brown

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Incorporated backup band, Emcee, Choreography, Exciting live performances, Atleast 10 costume changes, Cast of 2 dozen

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Characteristics of a Stage Show

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At Apollo theatre in front of tough Harlem audience, Tour de force of grit, sweat, power, and raw energy, heroin black community, new crossover appeal to whites

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Live at the Apollo

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 Stripped of all unnecessary elements, distilled to essence: rhythm
 Brown shrieked, screamed, grunted, wailed (“Good God!”)
 Melodic and harmonic instruments in band played in short, staccato, nonmelodic ways—turned into rhythm instruments
 Entire band patchwork quilt of polyrhythms
 Minimalist concept: simple one or two-bar repeating phrases to create a trancelike effect

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Characteristic of music at Apollo

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 Good looks
 Suave and debonair image
 Sophisticated musical settings
 Warm, velvety croon
 Sweet, soulful, restrained delivery
 Appealed to everyone
 Mostly crooning, romantic ballads

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Sam Cooke

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one of gospel’s most popular groups

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Soul Stirrers

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Was inspiration when in Highway QC band, Cooke was chosen to replace lead vocalist

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Soul Stirrers

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Sam Cooke was chosen to replace lead vocalist for

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Soul Stirrers

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Went under the name Dale Cook (to not upset gospel fans) in his conversion to pop music. fans were shocked and outraged

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Sam Cooke

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o Untimely Death…
 Picked up young model took to motel and reportedly sexually assaulted her
• Model escaped
• Cooke went looking for her outraged
• Night manager of motel shot him in self defense

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Sam Cooke

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o Founded by songwriter, producer Barry Gordy for $800 (1959)
o Sign at front door reading “Hitsville, USA”
o Largest black owned business in US in 1960’s
o Tightly controlled business run by Gordy and his family

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Motown

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 Brought young, black talent in off streets of Detroit
 Groomed and cultivated them
 Back up with highly polished production
 Sell to largest possible crossover audience
 Friday meetings to vote on whether to release each of that week’s recordings

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Motown

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• Finishing School (Maxine Powell)
• Dance Lessons with choreographer
• Stage presence
• Music production to fit individual sound of each artist
• Record distribution
• Talent agency: artist contracts, management, touring schedules

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Assembly Line

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 Thick in horns strings and background vocals backed by rhythm section with hard driving beat (“The Sound of Young America”) based off Wall of Sound
 Overdubbing of strings, horns, percussion on top of rhythm section/vocals
• Multi-track tape recorders that allow recording of additional parts independently of each other while listening to previously recorded tracks with head phones
 Core was in-house rhythm section (Funk Brothers)
o Core of Funk Brothers was James Jamerson on electric bass
 Developed syncopated bass style
 Pop-oriented
 Snakepit- nickname of recording studio
• Tiny room in basement

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Motown

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 Most successful writing team at Motown
 46 Top Forty Hits (12 went to #1) (from 1963-1967)

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Holland/Dozier/Holland

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 Artists angered of Gordy’s stingy contracts
 Overbearing control over artists
 HDH team left
 Gordy finally sold for $61 million

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Decline of Motown

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• “America’s greatest living poet”
• Primary writer/producer for Miracles
o Wrote love songs about passion, loneliness, forgiveness
 Used clever rhyming schemes and metaphors
• Falsetto singing (sing in high voice above natural range)

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Smokey Robinson and the Miracles (Motown)

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• Five school girls
• “Mr.Postman” became Motown’s 1st #1 pop hit

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The Marvelettes (motown)

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• Signed with Motown at age 10
• Played all instruments himself, produced, sung, wrote songs

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Stevie Wonder (motown)

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• Grew up singing and playing organ at father’s church
• Cocaine abusing lifestyle caused self-inflicted anguish
• Father shot him to death

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Marvin Gaye (motown)

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• Gritty lead vocal of Levi Stubbs

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The Four Tops (motown)

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• Most commercially successful male vocal group of 1960s
• Precise choreography—best of any Motown groups

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The Temptations (motown)

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• Most commercially successful of all Motown groups
• 10/14 releases went to #1
• Diana Ross

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The Supremes (motown)

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• Worked as secretary at Motown
• Earthiest and most soulful

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Martha and the Vandellas (motown)

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under fathers management

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Jackson 5 (motown)

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 In Memphis (same time as Motown)
 Evolved with large doses of luck
 Unique transracial environment—no prejudice against blacks/whites
 Started by Jim Stewart in friend’s garage called Satellite
 Moved to abandoned Capital Theatre—bad conditions
• Had attached record store/concession stand
 Wexler impressed with raw energy

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Stax the beginning

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 “Soulsville, USA” on theatre marquee
 Variety of in-house songwriters
 Sound
• Raw, gritty, powerful, emotional
• Bare bones instrumentations
• Very tight, yet uncluttered groove
• Horns scored in punchy unison lines and chords
• Generally no vocal harmonies or backup vocals
 Everything done in live and spontaneous environment
 Stax is more punchier, direct, emotional, not as overly produced, and more authentic than Motown

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Characteristics of Stax

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 “Green Onions”
 Both black and whites in the band
 Memphis version of Funk Brothers

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Booker T. and the MG's

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 Most important in-house song writers at Stax

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Issac Hayes/David Potter

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 Atlantic wrote clause in fine print giving them ownership of all master tapes
 Dr. Martin Luther King assassinated just a few blocks away
 Tensions between white and black employees
 Questionable accounting practices involving IRS

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Demise of Stax

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• Tried to make name for himself, not many hits
• Performed with Bar-Kays “(Sittin’ on) The Dock of the Bay”
• Died in plane crash—only #1 hit after dead

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Ortis Redding (stax)

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• “In the Midnight Hour”
• “Wicked Pickett” bc roughly hewn aggressive style and husky voice

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Wilson Pickett (stax)

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• Classic soul anthem “Soul Man”
• Exciting live shows
• Dave shot wife in domestic dispute/drug problems

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Sam and Dave (stax)

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• Brought many artists to Stax (also screwed them over in Atlantic agreement)
• Brought Aretha Franklin to the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section

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Jenny Wexler (stax)

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• Rick Hall opened it started small
• Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section- famous in house band

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FAME studios (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) (stax)

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• Columbia Records was first recording contract
o Signed with John Hammond
o Tried making her into jazz/pop singer
o 1 hit in 6 years (10 albums) –not success
• Gospel music influence since father was pastor

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Arethra Franklin (stax)

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Arethra Franklin Left Columbia and signed with Jerry Wexler at Atlantic

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o Went to Muscle Shoals (I Never Loved a Man (the Way I Love You))
o Under Wexler she was allowed to do what did best
o Career sky rocketed
o Took Muscle Shoals with her to New York Studio
o Gave songs definitive soul renditions
o Fine pianist and composer
o Ecstatic, gospel-filled voice

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Brill Building Pop

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story lines related to teens. not offensive to adults

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Aldon Music

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preferred writers to work in pairs

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Leiber and Stoler

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Architects of early pop/rock, formula of telling mini stories with humerous lyrics, paid attention to every detail

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Phil Spector

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most important pop producer. sensed all girl groups would succeed

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The Wall of Sound

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combined large instrumental groups with multi tracking. (makes biggest sound possible)

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Dick dale

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1st important surf band. imitate sound of waves

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Instrumental rock

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before surf bands. similar to surf music but no reference to surfing

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Brian Wilson

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Most talented, primary songwriter, responsible for pet sounds

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Pet Sounds

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Songs about young mans difficult coming to age.

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Good Vibrations

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"mini symphony"

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Bacharach and David

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lyrics contained adult storylines that were straight forward and clever

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Pomus and Shuman

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Wrote for drifters and Elvis

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The Monkees

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got famous from ad placed in magazine, bubblegum