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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Act psychology
the name given to Brentano's brand of psychology because it focused on mental operations or functions. Act psychology dealt with the interaction between mental processes and physical events.
Franz Clemens Brentano
believed that introspection should be used to understand the functions of the mind rather than its elements.Brentano's position came to be called act psychology.
Clever Hans phenomenon
the creation of apparently high-level intelligent feats by nonhuman animals by consciously or unconsciously furnishing them with subtle cues that guide their behavior.
Context theory of meaning
Titchener's contention that a sensation is given meaning by the images it elicits,. That is, for Titchener, meaning is determined by the law of contiguity.
Creative synthesis
the arrangement and rearrangement of mental elements that can result from apperception.
Franciscus Cornelius Donders
used reaction time to measure the time it took to perform various mental acts.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
the first to study learning and memory experimentally.
Elements of thought
according to Wundt and Titchener, the basic sensations from which more complex thoughts are derived.
Feelings
the basic elements of emotion that accompany each sensation. Wundt believed that emotions consist of various combinations of elemental feelings.
General impression
the thought a person has in mind before he or she chooses the words to express it.
Edmund Husserl
called for a pure phenomenology that sought to discover the essence of subjective experience.
Imageless thoughts
according to Kulpe, the pure mental acts of, for example, judging and doubting, without those acts having any particular referents or images.
Immediate experience
direct subjective experience as it occurs.
Intentionality
concept proposed by Brentano, according to which mental acts always intend something. That is, mental acts embrace either some object in the physical world or some mental image (idea).
Introspection
reflection on one's subjective experience, whether such reflection is directed toward the detection of the presence or absence of a sensation (as in the case of Wundt and Titchener) or toward the detection of complex thought processes (as in the cases of Brentano, Stumpf, Kulpe, Husserl, and others).
Oswald Kulpe
applied systematic, experimental introspection to the study of problem solving and found that some mental operations are imageless.
Mediate experience
experience that is provided by various measuring devices and is therefore not immediate, direct experience.
Mental chronometry
the measurement of the time required to perform various mental acts.
Mental essences
according to Husserl, those universal, unchanging mental processes that characterize the mind and in terms of which w do commerce with the physical environment.
Mental set
a problem-solving strategy that can be induced by instructions or by experience and is used without a person's awareness.
Perception
mental experience that occurs when sensations are given meaning by the memory of past experiences.
Phenomenological introspection
the type of introspection that focuses on mental phenomena rather than on isolated mental elements.
Principle of contrasts
according to Wundt, the fact that experiences of one type often intensify opposite types of experiences, such as when eating something sour will make the subsequent eating of something sweet taste sweeter than it would otherwise.
Principle of the heterogony of ends
according to Wundt, the fact that goal-directed activity often causes experiences that modify the original motivational pattern.
Principle toward the development of opposites
according to Wundt, the tendency for prolonged experience of one type to create a desire for the opposite type of experience.
Pure phenomenology
the type of phenomenology proposed by Husserl, the purpose of which was to create a taxonomy of the mind. Husserl believed that before a science of psychology would be possible, we would first need to understand the essences of those mental processes in terms of which we understand and respond to the world.
Savings
the difference between the time it originally takes to learn something and the time it takes to relearn it.
School
a group of scientists who share common assumptions, goals, problems, and methods.
Sensation
a basic mental experience that is triggered by an environmental stimulus.
Stimulus error
letting past experience influence an introspective report.
Structuralism
the school of psychology founded by Titchener, the goal of which was to describe the structure of the mind.
Carl Stumpf
psychologist who was primarily interested in acoustical perception an who insisted that psychology study intact, meaningful mental experiences instead of searching for meaningless mental elements.
Edward Bradford Titchener
created the school of structuralism. Unlike Wundt's voluntarism, structuralism was much more in the tradition of empiricism-associationism.
Tridimensional theory of feeling
Wundt's contention that feelings vary along three dimensions; pleasantness-unpleasantness, excitement-calm, and strain-relaxation.
Hans Vaihinger
contended that because sensations are all that we can be certain of, all conclusions reached about so-called physical reality must be fictitious. Although fictions are false they are nonetheless essential for societal living.
Volkerpsychologie
Wundt's 10-volume work, in which he investigated higher mental processes through historical analysis and naturalistic observations.
Voluntarism
the name given to Wundt's school of psychology because of his belief that through the process of apperception, individuals could direct their attention toward whatever they wished.
Will
according to Wundt, that aspect of humans that allows them to direct their attention anywhere they wish. Because of his emphasis on will, Wundt's version of psychology was called voluntarism.
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
the founder of experimental psychology as a separate discipline and of the school of psychology called voluntarism.
Wurzburg school
a group of psychologists under the influence of Oswald Kulpe at the University of Wurzburg. Among other things, this group found that some thoughts occur without a specific referent (that is, they are imageless), the higher mental processes could be studied experimentally, and problems have motivational properties that persist until the problem is solved.