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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Arago, Francois
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He was a liberal and a progressive member of the Chamber of Deputies, had already sponsored bills for the development of the railroad and the telegraph.
Many of the most creditable national enterprises, dating from this period, are due to his advocacy - such as the reward to Louis-Jacques Daguerre for the invention of photography. On January 7th, 1839, Arago made a statement to the French Academy of Science describing the process in general terms, and emphasizing the originality of Daguerre's invention. Bayard also approached Arago for funds but by that time it was too late. |
3, 5, 15, 16, 22, 33, 34, 46, 58, 83
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Archer, F. Scott
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(1813-1857) Published the collodion process, or wet polate process, a new negative process.
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37
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Atkins, Anna
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(1799-1871) aesthetically pleasing and scientific.
- In the nineteenth century, many men and women of the upper class were active amateur scientists. - Anna created impeccable cyanotype impressions of algae species and other specimens - Member of the botanical society of London and an accomplished book illustrator, Atkins used the technique developed by John Herschel to combine scientific exactitude with aesthetic sensitivity to form and presentation. - Because her prints were originals bore a one-to-one relationship to their subjects, they were though to constitute persuasive documentation. |
28, 34
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Bayard, Hippolyte
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(1801-1887) Intended on making a direct positive print
(He considered his to be a simpler and more elegant sensitive paper that had been soaked in sodium chloride by exposing it to light. He then took the blackened paper soaked it again, this time in a solution of potassium iodide. When this paper was placed in a camera obscura and exposed, the light bleached the paper according to its intensity) - Like the daguerreotype, Bayard's unnamed process produced a single unique print that could not be used as a negative to make multiple copies. - Asked to keep quiet about his process from Arago - Exhibited 30 of his direct positive prints on July 4th, 1839 - Self portrait of a drowned man (comic yet critical response to the nations neglect of his direct positive process) - He then continued to test the limits of photographic representation, exploring ways in which it could be misleading or unsettling. - Ultimately Bayard took up both daguerreotype and calotype photography in which he enjoyed professional success - Self-portrait with Plaster Casts |
16-18, 31, 32, 53
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Bourne, Samuel
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(1834-1912) British photographer made three climbs high in the Himalayan winds. He excluded the hardships from his photographs. Restricting his long difficulties to the BRITISH PHOTOGRAPHIC JOURNAL.
- This helped to make him the epitome of the heroic photographer abroad. - Consequently, he carefully selected scenes and camera angles, in order to depict the Himalayas as a compliant serene landscape, waiting to be recorded by the camera. - Credit Bourne with initiating "an imperial picturesque" - adaptation of European notions of pictorial organization and subject matter to the look of an exotic locale. THE SUBLIME |
117, 134, 161
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Brady, Mathew (and Studio)
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(1823-1896)
- Conceptualized photographs and posed his sitters - He is remembered for the battefield pictures that his firm took during the civil war. However, many of his images were dominated by representation of individuals and groups of soldiers - Brady's emphasis on specific people reveals a philosophy that history is shaped by great persons, not y the abstract historical forces or political controversies - His career began in New York in the 1840s - By 1844 he had opened up his own studio and began winning awards - He produced a series of portraits of criminals, which were made into wood engravings and published in the American edition of Mardmaduke Sampson's RATIONALE OF CRIME - By the late 1840s, celebrity photography had become Brady's stock in trade (Portriat of Calhoun who opposed abolition) - GALLERY OF ILLUSTRIOUS AMERICANS (1850) - Produced during the compromise of 1850 the gallery exhibited portraits of opposing politicians - Some of his portraits were used for publicity, being reproduced as inexpensive popular prints - Famous picture of Abe Lincoln 1860 (address at Cooper Union) - Brady had bad vision so he was not the photographer for many of the images that credit his name - In his civil war work, Brady stressed his conceptual and administrative capacity by frequently appearing in photographs with military leaders - "Mr Brady has done something to bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war." - His photographs were ultimately obtained by the library of congress - Had a studio is Washington - Photograph of CLARA BARTON |
87, 106-108, 110-13, 132, 154, 155
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Butcher, Solomon
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1890
Alongside Emerson era "Sylvester rodding house in nebraska" Printed in the back of his wagon homstead |
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Cameron, J.M
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(1815-1879 Photographer during the Victorian period, she did not began taking pictures until she was 43 in 1863.
- Born Julia Margaret Prattle - eagerly experimented with the medium, and during he next decade, produced images in order "to ennoble photography and to secure it for the character and uses of High Art by combining the real and ideal and sacrificing nothing of Truth by all possible devotion to poetry and beauty." - Photographed her friends and other Victorian cultural figures such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Tennyson, and John Hirschel - Distinctive approach to mail portraiture: when I have such men in front of my camera, my whole soul has endeavoured to do its duty towards them in recording faithfully the greatness of the inner as well as the features of the outer man." - She transformed her subjects into characters from the bible, greek myth, and renaissance paintings, as well as figure in British lore and literature. - She mostly sat female sitters because women generally did not have the identity and authority in the cultural and intellectual world enjoyed by men. - Most of the time she would choose crucial psychological moment in a story that would be well known to her audience in a story that would be well known to her audience - She illustrated THE IDYLLS OF THE KING AND OTHER POEMS - by Alfred Tennyson - Cameron appreciated the languidly beautiful women in medieval costume who appeared in paintings by artists of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and made several images especially similar to the work of Dante Gabriel Rosetti (1828--1882) - Slightly blurred focus became her characteristic style - Cloudy version appears like an imagined vision or a remembered dream - Unlike many women photographers, she showed her work with the intention of selling it (using well established dealers) - very much frowned upon because she was selling her prints in order to support her family - few 19th century photographers operated like Hawarden and JMC, purposefully posing family members in evocative attitudes suggestive of characters in literature and myth (Ophelia comes from Hamlet) |
94,95, 161, 172, 448, 451, 459, 462, 475
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Carroll, L. (Dodgson)
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(1832-1898)
- Charles L. Dodgson was an ordained clergyman.He lectured in mathematics and also wrote Alice in Wonderland - Created about 3,000 negatives during the 25 years of photography - Photographed Alice Lidell (Alice of his stories) - Child playing a role, but is it a sexually charged image? - In recent criticism, Carroll has been accused of instilling private erotic innuendo into his photographs of young girls - Showed early nude photos of children |
91, 475, 512
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Daguerre, J.L,M.
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(1787- 1851)
- Photography was presented to the world on August 19, 1839, as a joint meeting of the Academy of Science and the academy of fine arts in Paris - He was awarded a life long pension for the discovery of photography: History and Description of the Process of the Daguerreotype and the diorama) - the text was quickly translated and published all around the world - Met Niepce through Charles Chevalier (a parisian maker of optical instruments and devices) - To make a daguerreotype, a copper sheet plated with silver was given a high polish. The plate as it was called, was placed with the silver side down over a closed box containing iodine. The iodine fumes fused with the silver to create silver iodide, which is light sensitive. the plate was then fitted into a camera obscura adapted for it and exposed to light. (Exposure 4-5 minutes) - the plate with its latent images, was then put into a special box and exposed to mercury fumes, which blended with the silver to produce a visible image. The still light reactive image was thoroughly washed with a sodium chloride (table salt) solution, which stopped the response to light, and then carefully rinsed with plain water. - He created optical illusions at the Diorama (perplexed people) - The daguerreotype could not easily be duplicated - Early Daguerreotypes were often rigidly frontal (sitter beneath skylight) |
3, 7, 12-18, 22-3, 32, 33, 58, 59, 74, 347
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Disdéri, Andre Adolphi
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(1819-1889) Patented the carte-de-visite in 1854
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A.E. 82, 83
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Eakins, T.
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(1844-1916)
- Was an American realist painter - Was one of Muybridge's supporters at the university of Pennsylvania - Was an accomplished amateur photographer, and he used Muybridge's photographs in his teaching and his art to show how humans and animals actually moved. - Blending scientific accuracy with artistic color and composition, Eatkins made his point that modern art had to take the findings of science into account - Made paintings based off of what the photographs showed instead of what the eye perceived - Beauty in modern day life - Painter recognized how the human brain confirms the truth of optical realism, and adapted science to art - The pole vaulter (1884-85) - Research shows he traced images projected by lantern slides on to several of his well-known canvases, but also condensed figures from disparate photographs on to the picture plane, thus building his image in a way that anticipated how digital artists now use Photoshop. |
211, 213, 497, 502
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Eastman, G. (Kodak)
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- The no. 1 Kodak, introduced in 1888, used what the company founder, George Eastman (1854-1932) called american film, a roll of paper coated with light sensitive material.
- The camera came loaded with 100 exposures. When all the pictures had been taken, the entire camera was sent back to the company in Rochester, NY. where the prints were developed and the camera was reloaded. In other words, Kodak invented a customer-friendly photo-finishing bussiness, as well as an uncomplicated camera. - Indeed Kodak camera was one of the first standardized consumer items mass-produced in the US. - The company slogan, "You push the button, we do the rest" - No. 2 Kodak in 1889 - Brownie 1900 - Sold in department stores instead of camera shops - Snapshots reduced the number of portrait photographers - George Eastmen sponsored the photographic expendition of Frederick Monsen (1865-1929) - Monson's With a Kodak in the Land of the Navajo (1909) was both a photographic booklet and an advertising device - In 1947, George Eastman House in Rochester, NY, named for the founder, began collecting and archiving historic film and photographer under the guiding hand of historian Bueaumont Newhall |
169, 193, 388
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Emerson, P.H.
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NATURALISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY
(1856-1936) Eagerly took up the challenge of combining science to art and art photography - Acquired first camera during medical history at Cambridge - 1885 ditched medicine for photography - study of human eye's range of focus - attempted to align the art with the cutting edge of science - The days of metaphysics are over - NATURALISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY (1889) - he rejected the idea of art as primarily a vehicle for personal and emotional expression. He derided works of the imagination untrue - His own notion of naturalism was based on contemporary science, not art theory - Helmoltz's idea that "perfect artistic paintings is only reached when we have succeeded in imitating the action of light upon the eye" - Emerson denied that the camera could make art by merely transcribing reality. Instead he argued that the artist should translate EXACTLY how the eye sees, concluding that the photographer should focus on the main subject of a scene allowing the periphery and the distance to become instinct. - called DIFFERENTIAL or SELECTIVE focus, this idea came from William Newton's earlier idea of making the entire image slightly out of focus - Much of his work came from the Norfolk broads (little industrialization) - LIFE AND LANDSCAPE ON THE NORFOLK BROADS (1886) folio of mounted platinum prints - tones in a photograph could be manipulated to a greater degree than chemists now proved possible - Disliked H Peach Robinson - Renunciation of naturalistic photography |
170-3, 197, 401
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Fenton, R.
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(1819-1869)
1852, Fenton was employed to photograph prints, drawings, and sculpture at the British Museum in London, a position he took up again at the end of the Crimean War - The valley of death (where many British troops met their death) - photographed this after the fact - British, amateur photographer, helped found the photographic society in 1853 - Learned wax paper photographic process from Gustav Le Gray - By mid-1850s, governments began speculating about war photographs - Most of his photographs did not make direct reference to calamities of war - Made heroic images (lacking fear) - Went back to Crimea 1855, public and press did not raise issues of content- Fenton's photographs were [raised by critics for their factual quality and superiority to words. |
83, 100-3
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Frith, Francis
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(1822-98)
- "We can scarcely avoid moralizing in connection with this subject; since truth is a divine quality, at the very foundation of everything that is lovely in earth and heaven; and it is, we argue, quite impossible that this quality can so obviously and largely pervade a popular art, without exercising the happiest and most important influence, both upon the tastes and the morals of the people" - photography was "too truthful" - Traveled extensively - First pylon view of the great temple (1850s) - Photographs in Egypt encompassed well known monuments as the pyramids in Giza, and less familiar works such as the buildings on Philae - Was a publisher of photographic books, and arranged his pictures in "Egypt and Palestine" 1858-1860 - The books mix the ancient with the modern - Worked on an 1862 edition of the bible - Firth and his assistants set out to photograph every city and town in England and Scotland, Ireland and Whales, (including historic monuments and natural sites) "Encyclopedic urge" took hold and the images were sold in the thousands |
77, 79, 97, 126-7
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Gardner, Alexander
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(1831-1882)
- Moved to the US from Scotland to work for Brady - The Harvest of Death, Gettysburg 1863 - "Photographic sketchbook of the civil war" Published in two volumes 1865-1866 -The initial enthusiasm for the vast photographic record that could be made of the war was replaced by a sense of what could not be photographed - Saw potential market for photography thought about by the impending civil war - Most of Gardner's images of Gettysburg feature death and destruction. It was on the Gettysburg battlefield that Gardner reconfigured a scene for the camera , so as to intensify its visual and emotional effects to make: Home of a rebel sharpshooter - Briefly after, he was captured by confederate troops, photographers were observed as neutral observers not partisans of war - "Execution of Lincoln conspirators" - Two years after the civil war, Gardner was appointed chief photographer to the eastern division of the Union Pacific Railway - "Across the Continental on the Kansas Pacific Railway" (1869 for sale) - "Westward, the Course of Empire Takes its way" (1861) - Peace treaties at Fort Laramie - William Tecumseh Sherman (idea of total war) |
108-13, 132-3, 140, 220, 309, 453, 495
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Hawarden, Lady Clementina
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(1822-1865)
- One of the most intriguing amateur photographers in the Victorian era - Elected to the photographic society of london in 1863 - Expert in lighting and composing a scene that seems tantalizing part of a story - Usually used a mirror -- added to depth and employed a favorite Victorian symbol - Photographed her daughters (sometimes in a tableaux viviant - chiefly historical -- a silent and motionless group of people arranged to represent a scene or incident.) - Not many 19th century photographers operated like her, purposefully posing family members in evocative attitudes suggestive of characters in literature and myth. |
96, 191, 462
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Hill and Adamson
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(1802-1870) 47, 55, 66, 69, 71, 73, 87, 107, 172, 176, 181/ (1821-1848) 47, 55, 66, 69, 71, 73, 176, 181
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Jackson, William Henry
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(1843-1942)
- Photographs of yellowstone, though not the first Philisophical outlook was influenced by Thoreau and RW Emerson, who saw nature as infused by a higher spiritual intelligence - He was a shrewd bussinessman - Embellished his photographs with descriptive words such as "castle" and "temple" - "The descriptive catalogue of photographs of American Indians" (1877) - Worked for a government-sponsored survey of the yellowstone area - WHJ joined with two other entrepreneurs to form the Detroit publishing company |
138, 170
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Lartigue, J.H.
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(1894-1986)
- Took his first photograph at age 6. In an eccentric privileged french family. - Was very interested in stopping action than making art images - Used stereograph to capture motion but was not meant to be three-dimensional/ commercial - My Cousin Bichonnade |
196
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Le Gray, G.
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(1820-1882)
- Member of Societe Heliographique - were chosen by the historic monuments commission - theory of sacrifices - giving up particulars, and composing the picture surface either with sharply defined tonal areas, or through softness, either with sharply defined tonal areas, or through softness (similar to William Newton's views) - His views combined science and art - Forrest of Fontainebleau - Invented his own wax-paper process (allowed the photographer to develop the it up to a week after exposure - His famous seascapes reveal the extent of his resistance to the idea that photography was merely an automatic recording of scenes before the lens. - He manipulated the photograph in a number of ways - He would sometimes photograph cloud formations separately and then combine the negatives - Mediterranean Sea at Sete - concern with overall aesthetic harmony led him to retouch clouds, subtract figures, and accentuate horizontal or vertical elements, and vignette scenes - As well as the use of combination printing - Teacher of Nadar - Roger Fenton learned the wax-paper process from him |
53, 55-8, 87, 102
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Nadar (Gaspard Felix Tournachon)
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(1820-1910)
Drew political catoons - conceived the pantheon Nadar as a lithograph/ 1,000 portraits of contemporary celebrities - learned photography late in 1853 (same time as his brother Adrien) - Nadar ended up capitalizing on the upper class taste images for creative people - sold very expensive images - sensitive to nuances of character as well as rules of composition - he conceptualized his sitters and posed his photographs - promoted balloon riding - He was the first person to produce pictures of paris by balloon - Experimented with artificial use of light - Multi talented originator - The sewers of paris |
85-7
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Nièpce, J.N.
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(1965-1833) 10-16, 23, 74
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Muybridge, E.
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(1830-1904) 137-8, 140, 210-11, 213-15, 229, 231
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O'Sullivan, T.
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(1840-1882) 98, 108, 109, 133-4, 134, 135, 141
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Rejlander, O.G.
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(1813-1875) 88, 89, 90, 153, 246, 342, 453
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Robinson, H.P.
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(1830-1901) 90, 172, 176, 342, 453, 459
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Southworth and Hawes
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(1811-1894) 39, 66, 67, 141, 298/ (1808-1901) 39, 66, 67, 141, 298
Talbot, W.H.F. (1800-1877) 9, 17, 19-20, 22, 25, 30-1, 32, 35, 52, 73, 73, 74, 83, 214, 462, 519 |
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Thomson, J.
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(1837-1921) 97, 122, 123, 124, 150, 151, 161, 217, 279
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Watkins, C.
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(1829-1916) 136-8, 141, 273, 477
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camera obscura
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6, 7, 9-10, 12-13
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camera lucida
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6-7, 9, 19
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daguerreotype
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14-15, 22-3, 25, 28, 29, 32-3, 37-40, 42, 45, 47, 49, 71, 74, 159, 476; portraits 58-63, 65, 66, 106
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empiricism
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positivism
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Enlightenment
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Calotype
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20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30-2, 45, 51, 62, 69, 74
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orientalism and colonialism
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latent development
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14
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politics of representation
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photogenic drawings
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the "Other"
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The Pencil of Nature
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WHFT
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Manifest Destiny
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stereography
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three dimensional pictures that became very popular
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combination printing
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Used to perfect the photographic process
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Pictorialism
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tintype
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popular during war
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politics of representation
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photogenic drawings
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the "Other"
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The Pencil of Nature
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WHFT
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Manifest Destiny
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stereography
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three dimensional pictures that became very popular
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Eastman Kodak, snapshot photography
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combination printing
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Used to perfect the photographic process
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Pictorialism
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tintype
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popular during war
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Naturalistic Photography (1889)
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wet plate (collodion)
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advanced process of photography
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Pictorial Effect in Photography (1869)
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?
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carte-de-visite
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the first post cards that became very popular
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phrenology/physiognomic ‘science’
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?
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albumen print
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made out of egg whites
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geological survey photography
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people wanted to be the first to photograph famous places. It became a race against others.
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Gardner’s Photographic Sketchbook of the War (2 vols. 1865-66)
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platinum printing
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Animal Locomotion (1887)
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photographic salons, societies
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Many people started these or joined them in order to perfect their photographic skills, talk about their beliefs around photography, and feel the companionship of other photographers of their time.
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