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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What constitutes the invention or origin of photography?
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A. Light sensitive material
B. Way of channeling/collecting light C. Way to focus an image D. Capture and keep the image E. Desire F. an extent photography |
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Camera Obscura
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- looks like a breadbox wiith hole - large format camera
- camera = room - obscura = dark - light comes in and is focused - image is projected - process described by Aristotle - eclipse of sun through leave - eclipse taking place -gained various designs and types - could bring it outside -great advantage to artists - you can go out into the world |
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Jan Vermeer
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- used camera obscura
-more genius? experimenting *Canaletto also uses camera obscura |
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Silhouette
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- proto-photographic technique
- form of ID (a common use of photography) - identifiers - signifiers of who you are - quick and cheap - no history of 1,000s photographs - ties image - personal appearance to memories - George Washington, Beethoven - all silhouettes - hold on to memories - what you look like paramount to who you are - physiognomy and phrenology |
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Physionotrace
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- pushing beyond silhouette
- showing actual details Marian " Physionotrace mechanized a technique for making profiles that can be traced back ot the time of Louis XIV. Not only did the pysionotrace permit users to make multiple copies, but it also allowed color to be applied." "The public appearance of the shilhouette, usually a single image, and the physionotrace, which produced multiple, engraved images, accompanied the growth of the middle classes in eighteenth-century Europe, and their taste for likenesses rendered without the idealization and ornament flaunted in aristocratic portraits A seemingly neutral descriptive approach to portraits in all media began to distinguish middle class likenesses from those created for the upper classes. In addition to being quick to produce than a painting and certainly less expensive, the silhouette and teh physionotrace responded to the middle class view of itself as a distinct social group. Such portraits exemplified a sense of individualism and accomplishment among professionals and business people, expressed not simply through the ownership of portraits but also through a preference for likenesses that accentuated such personal features as teh shape of the nose and the slant of the forehead. Treatises on physiognomy, the study of physical features as a means to deduce human character, appealed to a middle class seeking new ways , beyond pedigree, to understand temperament and personal achievement. As they evolved, mechanical aids to drawing became more exact, emphasizing outlines, and contours rather than shadign, or atmospheric effects, or personal interpretation. A similar idea of a netural representation found favor in the sciences, especially biology, botany, and geology, which sought methods to convey visual data objectively." |
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Camera Lucida
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-attaches to table
- 1727 - Johann Heinrich Schulze - discovers light sensitive material (chalk, nitric acid, traces of silver) From book: "An even more trasnportable and lightweight adi to drawing was patented in 1806 by British scientist William Hyde Wollaston. Simple, if somewhat awkward to use, the camera lucida, or light room, consisted of a rod to which was affixed a glass prism having two silvered sides that reflected the scene at which it was aimed. A person wishing to draw a scene would attach the camera lucida to a drawing table and adjust the prism so as to reflect an image directly into the eye. Looking down, the user then moved the prism slightly to create teh illusion of the scene existing on the drawing paper. The would-be artist could then trace teh outlines of the scene directly on to the drawing paper, while looking up occasionally to check the actual scene. The camera lucida was useful to travelevers who wanted to record topographic or architectural views. |
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In which way do pre-photographic devices presage the camera? In which ways are they different from our conception of photography?
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**art historical precedent: capturing reality - goal to be most convincing/illusionary.
From Book: "There were, in sum, two general categories of drawing aids. The first, such as the camera lucida, helped artists produce a single image. The second, such as teh physionotrace, yielded mutliple copies. The development of these devices in the years prior to photography indicates different needs, not a concerted social demand. For example, landscape artists used drawing devices to make a visual record as part of the preparation for a painting. Travelers employed these tools to render mementos of a scene. In either case, the user did not ordinarily intend to make multiple copies of the image, like copy-artists, engravers, and printers. Similarly, when photography was invented by a number of individuals, some created systems that produced unique sinlge images, and others fashioned techniques that could make multiple copies" |
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Joseph Nicepehere Niépce
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LIGHT SENSITIVE MATERIALS
- aristocrat - mother waiting in lady to Marie Antoinette - create 1st internal combustable engine - Joseph explores lithography process - takes cap off camera obscura and exposes it - 8 hours - captures change in light itself - captures buildings and structures - captures time itself *View from Window at Gras** From Book: "Lacking the ability to draw on the lithographic stone, Niépce began to experiment with ways to produce an image through the action of light upon photosensitive materials. His early efforts, begun in 1816, inovlved the use of paper made light-sensitive by the application of a silver chloride solution." "tried without success to use teh negative as it is used today, that is, printing it to create a positive image." Didn't know about other inventors successes - Davy, Wedgewood, Herchel. Approach to photography was largely independent of the research of others HELIOGRAPH |
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John Frederick Herschel
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From Notes:
- instantly attracted to possibilites of Daguerrreotype -Invents: hyposulphite of soda; cyanotpye - iron instead of iodine terms: photographic, negative/positive - clearing house of ideas - freely giving of ideas -also an artist From Marian: "Discovered that hyposulphite of soda dissolved silver chloride, thereby stopping its reaction to light." |
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Louis Jacques -Mande Daguerre
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CAMERA OBSCURA AND LENS
- petit-bourgeois - not a good birth - interested in dioramas - uses camera obscura to paint - talented artists - Niepce - light sensitive materials; Daguerre - camera obscura and lens -Still plays and experiments -experiments with new materials and chemicals January 6 1839 - Arago announces invention of photography to public March 1839 - accounts of process published worldwide August 1839 - process of daguerreotype and diorama published fame and monthly stipend from French public - exposes copper plate coated with sliver to hot iodine -mercury -toxic and flammable chemicals - people dying, studios exploding - too much mercury kills brain cells - go crazy -mercury made the mad hatter mad - Daguerre keeps making photographs - pushing medium - Daguerre recognized around world (monuments in Paris and D.C.) |
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1835 Daguerreotype
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- sheer detail
- 20 min to an hour - direct positives (no negative made) - latent image - needs to be pulled out |
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1837 - Still life (interior of a cabinet of curiosities)
Daguerre |
-experimenting with still life
-trying to show possibilities of medium -capturing different shapes and types of materials - art based - art objects - coming from art background - showing numerous textures - showing potential benefits |
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Hallmarks of Daguerreotype Process
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- captures shape, dimension, texture
- captures contrast/creates volume - way of fixing image - image detail - DETAIL - printed on -Still life - like art; can do things artist's hand can't - limitations: no stop motion |
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Francois Arago
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- important contact of Daguerre
- well connected -scientist - January 6 1839, announces invention of photography to public ^ real start of photography - starts to talk abou tpossibilites of photography |
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Publication of Photography
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January 6 1839 - Arago announces invention of photography to public
March 1839 - accounts of process published worldwide August 1839 - process of daguerreotype and diorama published fame and monthly stipend from French public |
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Daguerreotypemanie
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-people obsessed imagine taking it everywhere (boats, hot air balloons)
- no end of superlatives - hyperbole at this time - people see it as able to freee time - Leipzinger Satandzeiger "God created man in his own image and no man made machine may fix the image of God." |
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Hippolyte Bayard
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1839 - developed own process; direct paper positive
- able to produce images -June 1839 - displays exhibit of his photographs -wants to get in on Daguerre's market - what his method has: * on paper *less expensive *no mercury (uses salt) *shorter exposure time - could do figures |
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October 1840 - Self Portrait as Drowned Man
Hippolyte Bayard |
- feels scorned - no one remembers Bayard
- showing anxiety and depression - associate with text - explains Corpse is Bayard drowned himself because you wouldn't pay him like Daguerre - associates smell with image - same idea as Cindy Sherman (1970s) - seeing potential for photography beyond Daguerre and Niepce - expereminting in broad way |
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Wedgwood & Davy
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FROM NOTES:
- son of Josiah - teamed up with scholar/scientist - start to teter with Schulze experiments - mixed camera obscura with light sensitive material FROM BOOK: - Scientist & pottery manufacturer - special interest in new chemistry - experimented with light sensitive materials - They sought to fix the image of an object's shadow cast on paper or leather that had been made light-sensitive by immersion in a silver nitrate soulution, and they also attempted to capture images formed in a camera obscura. " |
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Antoine Florence
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From Notes:
-Frenchman in Brazil - gets sick of drawing - starts tinkering with photographs - develops own photographs -discovered mid-70s From Book: - French artist and cartographer - in 1830 while trying to publish a book on animal sounds, he became frustrated by the lack of nearby printing shops, and inveted his own printing technique which he called poligraphie - meaning "multiple writing." Soon after, Florence conceived photography after noticing that certain fabrics faded when exposed to light. According to Boris Kossoy, Florence was successful because he was removed from centers of scientific learning, and had to think unconventionally. With the aid of the local druggist, Florence experiemneted with the camera obscura to see if he could make its images permanent. Unsuccessful, he investigated the printmaking potentioal of glass plates that were covered with a dark mixture of gum arabic and soot. Like an engraver, he scratched designs into the plates, and then placed them on paper that had been made light-sensitive through a treatment with silver chloride, which darkens in the presence of light. The paper's light sensitivity could be halted by the application of an ammonia solution, which stopped the darkening action. In 1832, he began using the term "photographie" for his process, deriving it from the Greek words for light and wirting. He used his photographic technique to produce diplomas, tags, and labels, but appears not to have fared well in reproducing camera images. When Daguerre's photography was announced in 1839, Florence realized that his humble efforts could not compete and he directed his energeis toward otehr aspects of the printing business. Writing to the newspapers in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, he modestly declared that he would not "dispute anyon'es discovery ... because two people can have the same idea." |
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William Henry Fox Talbot
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- "cranky, ornery, SOB"
- born to aristocracy - year long honeymoon - how to make images - he isn't a very good artist - starts to make PHOTOGENIC DRAWINGS - puts object on photo sensitive paper - plays with process 1835 - 1839 - still experimenting - interested in botanical specimens - cyclical - peopel today going back and making photogenic drawings -ghostly not as much detail - advantage: *notices reversal of light/dark *creates negitave - ephiphany |
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Lattice Window Taken with Camera Obscura
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- using paper negatives
- Magazine of science - area to publish ideas -Daguerre - French can't get credit -Tablot is english counterpunch to French |
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Talbottype
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Hallmarks:
*not as much detail *1830s/1840s Talbot has working process ***negative can produce more than one image*** *cheaper than Daguerreotype *Patents it |
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Heliograph
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Heliography (in French, héliographie) is the photographic process invented by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce around 1822,[1] which he used to make the earliest known permanent photograph from nature, View from the Window at Le Gras (c. 1826). The process used bitumen, as a coating on glass or metal, which hardened in relation to exposure to light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, only the hardened image area remained.
The word has also been used to refer to other phenomena: for description of the sun (cf geography), for photography in general, for signalling by heliograph (a device less commonly called a heliotrope or helio-telegraph), and for photography of the sun.[2] |
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cyanotype
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Anna Atkins
*associated with Talbot *19th C. inventors - white Euro males 1843 - photographs of British Algae: cyanotype impressions - cyanotype are easy - democratic, availabe, no expensive chemicals - disseminating information - botanical//bioligcal info -specimen pages a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print. The process was popular in engineering circles well into the 20th century. The simple and low-cost process enabled them to produce large-scale copies of their work, referred to as blueprints. Two chemicals are used in the process: * Ammonium iron(III) citrate * Potassium ferricyanide. |
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Photogenic Drawings
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- Talbot
- starts to make PHOTOGENIC DRAWINGS - puts object on photo sensitive paper |
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What is photography's second invention? Why is it so important?
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How do I use it? How do I make money?
-1844, Henry Talbot - Reading establishment - started to think about portraiture ***EXPOSURE - heart of industrial revolution - photography part of industry - how to mass produce From Book - "basic outlines of photography's practical uses and social meanings" |
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The Pencil of Nature
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-by William Henry Fox Talbot
-great demonstration of what photography can do - plate after plage of what process can do From book: "The Pencil of Nature" contained twenty four calotype images. Since the calotype process created a negative, from which positive prints could be made, actual calotypes were tipped in (pasted at the corners to the page). Each image was accompanied by an explanatory text. The pencil of nature demonstrated the breadth of Talbot's investigation into the applications of photography. Some images such as artcles of china showed photography;s record-keeping ability, while others demonstrated how photography could variously depict biological specimens, architecture, and sculpture, and reproduce sketches and engravings. Talbot even suggested that int eh future photographs might be taken in the dark, making posibble secret surveillance." "While Daguerre took little part in the development of photography after 1839, Talbot continued his efforts. His 1839 account of photogenic drawing conceived the photographic image as a kind of natural magic with potential for both scien and art. He went on to explore both these aspects." |
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Talbot, The Open Door
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- showing artistic side of photography
- mom calls it "soliqouy of broom" - looks like old Dutch still life |
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The Reading Establishment
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Talbot
The Reading Establishment (as it was known) also produced prints from other calotypist’s negatives and even produced portraits and copy prints at the studio. |
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Hill and Adamson
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- Hill sees potential of photography
- comissioned to do painting of succession of scottis church - 3,000 negatives - creates portraits of each person involved -sometimes work in studio -artistic qualities and technical know how - grand manner portraiture style -quality images -start to get commissions to illustrate poems and text - sweet innocence and poetry - how to photograph kids - while they're asleep -incorporating solid geometry - solidify compositons with form -start to push away |
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Dr. Alexander Keith
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-photograph isn't end
- how to use these instead of sketches - shows him in his element - not straightforward - light ot it - 19th century - paragones of soicety -light and dark - emphasizing key parts of the sitter - one group/photograph @ a time - 1st series - completely artistic |
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Rev. Calvert Jones
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Scottish
taught by Talbot directly |
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Daguerreotype in America
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- wealthy enough to afford
-democracy: accessible, everyone wants image of self/family -photograph: more American than French |
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Daguerreotype and Science
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Pursuit: trying to capture things hard to capture - i.e.: astronomy
-photographs capturing things eyes never could! - some of most sophisticated photography - medical photography -didn't need patient to teach |
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John Adam Whipple and George Phillips Bond
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Daguerreotype and Science
-Boston -Daguerreotype and telescope - pictures of moon! internationally popular - shown @ Paris exposition - create maps/topography of moon |
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Medical Photography
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Dr. Hugh W. Diamond - great experiment early photography ; photographed people as they came into Medical asylum; early age of mental illness/neurosis treatment; this is where you started - hoped for improvement
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Dr. Hugh W. Diamond
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great experiment - early photography; Dr. @ Surrey County Asylum
- 1854 - 1856 ish - photographed people right when they came in - early age of mental illness/neurosis treatment - this is where you started - hoped for improvement |
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Samuel F.B. Morse
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- morse code - scientifically mindd
- wanted to be a painter - making images - establishes important Daugerreotype studio in NYC - mass explosion popularity - 50+ in 1855 on Broadway - obliteration of time and space in 19th century - telegraph, camera, locomotive |
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Post Mortem Photography
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1839 Experience with death?
- died @ home; relaties dress body; viewing in the home Woman Holding Baby 1855: - powerful - beyond art and science - deep and riveting subject matter - sheer agony in mother's face - remind you of your own death; contemplate death, life, religion - usually look like sleeping - sleep & death - sometimes reveal decomposing process tradition usually done 1875 |
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Edgar Allen Poe
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- common/popular subject
-Poe always interested in mystery of life - dark - interested in daguerreotype - portrait - just days after attempted suicide |
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J. T. Zealy
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S. Carolina - Peabody Museum Boston
-photographed slaves -trying to prove polygensis - separate evolutions Problematic: treated like livestock -trying ot prove theoreis at expesne of people -de-humanized Do we still ahve double standard? 1998 - nudes - other cultures -Natl. Geographic Racial Typology |
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Southworth and Hawes
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-culmination of Daguerreotype - apex
-heart of/apex of Daguerreotype - Albert Sands Southwort - art/ideas -Josiah T. Hawes - Science/technique - Hawes marries Southworth's sister Ad: emphasizes sunlight; "no cheap work done"; portraits - postmortem; picturesque execution; all fall plates; specialize in Boston wealthy and elite -anyone who is anyone is photographed by them. |
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Southworth and Hawes, Self Portrait
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-poetic expression
- experiment with dramatic lighting -turning body -romantic sensibility -looking upward -what can photography do? |
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Daguerreotype Portraits
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- quite uncomfortable
- Famous Sitters: Dolly Madison; John Quincy Adams; John Brown; Edgar Allen Poe; Emily Dickinson Family Portraits: -strange but beautiful things -crucial role of photography - what drives photography -braids/hair; jewelry; notes/poems - items found in Daguerreotypes -much more than just a photograph challenges: -kids don't sit still -sometimes photograph painted -blues, pinks -breath -moisture would attach pigment to image -woman sealed holding daugereeotype - photographs of daguereotype |
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ethnology
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the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.[1]
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racial typology
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Typology in anthropology is the division of the human species by races. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different ethnic regions into races, (e.g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by Carleton S. Coon)[1]. This approach focused on traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build, and stature.
The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on similar physical traits. However, author Dennis O'Neil says the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited.[2] Current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures.[2] Claims that typological models are scientific are often criticized as anecdotal and unsupported by credible scientific evidence.[3] This debate is covered in more detail in the article on race. |
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The Disruption or
Act of Separation and Deed of Demission |
Painted by David Octavius Hill
The Disruption of 1843 was a schism within the established Church of Scotland, in which 450 ministers of the Church broke away, over the issue of the Church's relationship with the State, to form the Free Church of Scotland. It came at the end of a bitter conflict within the established Church, and had huge effects not only within the Church, but also upon Scottish civic life. |
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work (emblem) portrait
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Americans - defined themselves by their professions
Boy with Morse Register - glorifying what I can do Copley - Mrs. Ezekial Goldwart -American prsererved her -strong arms, warts, girth -Americah - showing as we are - no spiff/gloss - Republican |
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where and in who hands does the calotype thrive?
Where is its practice hampered and why? |
Scotland - Adamson and HIll
Outside of UK, France, U.S. - patented |
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Dr. Samuel Bemis
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-overexposed images - blue tint
-puts away camera - frustrating -photography is hard! -photography - have to find what you envision -19th century - Niagra falls - most popular site of raw nature -size, scale, sound - massive - impressive! -attracts photographers -people want to buy images of the falls |
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Platt Babbitt
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-captures people @ Niagra Falls - compare to Disneyland pictures
- Entrepreneur - 1853 - captures young kids capsized upstream - one goes over falls, one holds onto log -photojournalist -capturing time itself |
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George Banard
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-captures famous fires @ Oswego Mills
-have to be in the right place @ the right time |
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Claude Glass
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-convex mirror - tinted brown
-draw from mirror - not landscape -wanted to go to Egypt and Macchu Picchu |
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Maxime du Camp
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-decides to go down and photograph Egypt
-only a photographer - 2 years -Abu Symbal - lesser sites - come too far, start to become known - still partially covered with sand - friend -writer Flaubert on top -size, scale, magnificence |
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Missions Heliographiques
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-using calotype process
-able to experiment -Eduodard Denis Baldus -Hippolyte Bayard -Gustave Le Gray *photgraphing French monuments -reappraisng their own past -innovative structures -using calotype process -disadvantage: takes a long time |
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Gustave Le Gray
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-waxes negative
-cuts down on grainineess and length of time -light travels more quickly |
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Edouard Baldus
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-photographing contemporary France - Station @ Toulon
-antiquity - Pont du Gard -see more and more idea of fragmentation -details tell stories -architectural details Cloisters of Satint Trophime Arles -How many negatives? 9 -overcomes challenges of no light -can cut negatives and composite negatives -why is this important? *showing waht eyes can't erceive *showing idea - what's not real (more fantatsic, more control, more like painting -actual world mallable |
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Gustave Le Gray
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-Rogue - constantly in trouble
-San Pierre - Mona Lisa -Notre Dame Paris -French culture Fontainebleau Forest 1848 - making images to compete with Corot and others Whats important? end of 1850s, Mission Heliograhique Mediterranean Sea 1856 -1857 -revolutionary -captured sea and clouds - ALL MOVE -multiple negatives - diss. argeu - 10+ -easy for us to capture -but very difficult in 1850s |
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Albumen Process
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-most prevalent type of print til 189
egg white/salt/silver nitrate published by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Eduard industrial process women doing factory work of albumen process albumen images - impossible to preserve live proteins, decompose |
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Wet Plate Collodion Process
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1851 - 1880
Frederick Scott Archer -Advantage - detailed negatives on glass -Disadvantage: Only photo sensitive when wet!! -crucial innovation -about 10 minutes -always have to carry all equipement al the time -advantages: great images |
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Francis Frith
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-gets rich - grape trade
-goes to Egypt -uses Wet Collodion process -need water - esp. in Egypt -tracks - wagon had to go with all the equipment -comes out in climate of wet collodion and albumen -travel photographer - Egypt and Israel -showing places never been photographed before -Great Sphinx The pyramidso f Dahshoor from the East -beautiful compositions |
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Louis Desire Blanquart Eduqrd
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1. First to publish the procedure for the calotype negative/positive paper process in France
2. 1850 develops the Albumen process - most prevalent type of print til 1890 - egg white'/salt/silver nitrate 3. 1851 starts the "imprmone photographique" in Loos-decille to mass produce photogographic prints by others -industrial albumen process -women doing factory work of albumen process -albumen images - impossible to preserve - live proteins decompose |
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Ambrotype
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-comes out at the end of the daguerreotype
-similar to daguerreotype, but cheaper -wet Collodion process -one negative/positive process -lesser quality than daguerreotype |
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Tintype
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-American phenomenon
-Callodion process on a cheap metal -flat -not as much detail as daguerreotype -really durable - photographs on metal -tintypes - Abraham Lincoln, produces by 1-000s, voting tags |
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Carte de Visite
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Andre Adophe Eugene Disderi
-photography with multiple lenses -can capture motion -photographs can make multipes! copies -prints by 1000s -start to think of markets |
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Cabinet Cards
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photograph celebrities; you can create things
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Stereograph
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by 1880s/1890s - 20 million produced every year
-3D images -Why so popular? tey could take you anywhere -Underwood and Underwood, the Stereograph as an educator -Camera can see things you can't |
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John Thomoson
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Far East 1864 - 1872
-photographs landscapes -mysterious -women -princess's fat -1873 publishes book of images of china adn its people -whole street made of psychics |
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Why do we photograph war?
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images of war resonate;
-fascination; action and response; fear; morbid curiosity; disgust; shock |
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War Painting
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How does it portray war?
Death of General Wolf -dramatic grand, -great deeds of great men -grand theater -making heros and martyrs -noble and clean -photograpy will completely change how we see and depict war |
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Crimean War
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1854 - 1856
-Crucial modern war -Russsia vs UK, Fance, Ottoman, Sardinia -UK -hadn't fought for decades -Queen Victoria - realized send a photographer - sent Fenton |
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Roger Fenton
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-studies with Delarohce
-becomes official photographer for Queen -Fenton embroiled in Crimean War -England, France, etc. Colnial war -hadn't fought since Napoleon -Queen Victoria sends photographer to War to counteract drawings/cartoons of demoralized troops -Wet collodion - has to bring studio with him -but - shows desolation -shows backside of war -can't sto time - 10 to 15 second delay -shows overall scene -portraits -French troops, Turkish troops -Scottish highlander -limited by technology - can only show backsied |
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Valley of the Shadow of Death 1856
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Roger Fenton
-denoted Crimean landscape -road with cannonballs -cannonballs everyweher -using objects and aftermath to tell story of war -"Charge of the Light Brigade" English Alfred Lord Tennyson poem -completely absent bodies -no reminder of defeat -wouldn't want bodies to detract from epic granduer heroics warfare should be heroic |
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Charge of the Light Brigade
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Alfred Lord Tennyson poem that is about the same area/event that Roger Fenton's photograph is
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Robert Capa
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"If your pictures aren't good enough, you aren't close enough"
- no more wet collodion -small 35 mm camera -need a lot of guts & a more conveneint camera -Spanish Civil War, Sin-Jap War, World War II, 1948 Arab-Israeli war -revolutionizes way we make images of war - Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain 1936 -real? -lightning strike twice? two photos at same place -consensus now: not foged D-Day images goes into invasion with soldiers -"if you want to get good action shots, they mustn't be in the focus. FI your hand trembles a little then you got a fine action shot "this is very serious business" |
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Larry Burrows
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-English, dies in Laos (one of 9 photogs who dies in Vietnam war)
-developed Capa's Dday photographs -documents some of the most memorable images does a lot of work in color -color: makes it more real, less attractive - gritty reality, sucks out romance of war |
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John Paul Filo
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-pullitzer prize winner
-Untitled (Kent State) -protest turned violent, Natl. guard opened fire on Americans -captures emotion -action in agonizing -agonizer almost beocmes a Mary like figure -what are we doing here? -inherent problems: post right out of Mary Vecchio's head (often edited out) |
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Eddie Adams
General Loan executing a Vietcong suspect |
-anybody could be an enemy
-cruelty of humanity -dilemmas and challenges of war -actual moment - graphic and gruesome -complicates our ideas of good and evil on homefront - you can never really understand war front |
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Abu Ghraib Prison Photos
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-escalated war
-new icons of war (exposing parts of war we've never seen) |
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Joe Rosenthal
Marines Raising the American Flag at Iwo Jima |
-crucial, but costly battle
-all about spirit of the moment -3 soldiers don't survive the day -2 soldiers go on to raise 6 mil in war bonds -memorial in Washington D.C. for mariens |
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Mexican American War
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-fought for land
-America victorious - get Texas and all the West (UT, CO, AZ, CA, etc.) -1st war with surviving photographs General Wool and Staff - *not absolutely heroic *equalizes people - photography *not a heroic grand moment *gives you the reality Lithographs: fantasy - dramatic; death heroic and grand; atually shown and reproduced; Courier and Ives |
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Mexican American War
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-fought for land
-America victorious - get Texas and all the West (UT, CO, AZ, CA, etc.) -1st war with surviving photographs General Wool and Staff - *not absolutely heroic *equalizes people - photography *not a heroic grand moment *gives you the reality Lithographs: fantasy - dramatic; death heroic and grand; atually shown and reproduced; Courier and Ives |
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Felice Beato
Interior of North Fort |
-taken immeditaely after capture
-what's important?: -dead bodies laying down all over -documenting REAL nature of war -carnage and chaos -photography bound to show what's there -what's not there? English coming over on ladders -leave Chinese, take out British -British are his audience -Propaganda -don't want to show in unflattering light -supposed to die heroic death -Colonial attitudes: OK to depict dead Chinese but not dead British |
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Civil War
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1861 - 1865
slavery anatagonism between North and South post office, dead letter society -profuse practice to send pictures of self |
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Civil War
Matthew Brady |
-had learned Dageurreotpye from Morris
-had elaborate and extensive studio -able to make full length portraits -can make and document things ABRAHAM LINCOLN: -how do you make him look good? -retouching -noble and refined "photograph by Brady" -decides at beginning to document war -battle of bull run -North thought war would be quick and easy -1st battle - complete win for South -everyone flees, congress, photographers -realize war won't be clean and nice Brady sends out - Alexander Gardner, James Gardner, Timothy O'Sullivan -every image taken needs glass plate |
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Battle of Antietum
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-Brady showed images of war people had never seen
-bloodiest American battle -seeing own countryemen -no distinguishing between North and South - blue/grey -SHOCKING -not pretty to look at |
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Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of War
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-pricey
-too fresh -people didn't buy - financial flop -images - shape how we now see the civil war |
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Incidents of War, The Harvest of Death, Gettysburg
Alexander Gardner |
Civil war photography
-looking at the dead -Gettysburg - crucial battle -for the 1st time - faces, can actually see image of death -turned out pockest, shoes off - scavengers have already come through -compositionally organized actually being composed props added |
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Timothy O'Sullivan
Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter |
-plate 41
-face of Southerner -sharpshooter - killing those over the wall -true, gruesome nature of war Gettysburg Historian - Frassanito - -noticed irregularitites in photos -by time Sullivan and Gardner got there - had rained, most were buried and off battle field -same body - different images -different vantage points -moving bodies 40 yards/120 feet |
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George Banard
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-one of Matthew Brady's guys
-captured Burning Mills @ Owsego -embeds self in Sherman's troops and puts together album - $100.00 -for Northern audience -shows landscape, aftermath, nature itself mowed down Charleston: -ghost town, completely desolate -shows crushing defeat -South to its knees -Old, ancient city -scale figures - contemplative Ruins of RR Depot Charleston: -Sad, southern point of view -destruction -North - edn of war -ruinus and victorious? what do yousee -repetition of form -open charmsm of old firepit -unidentifiable object in center of composition |
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Bradys' Civil War Results
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-5,712 plates
-cost $25,000 -went bankrupt -two copies of documentation - one at library of congress -dies penniless -literally bled for this project -litterally gets nothing - needed a short war |
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William Bell
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-Army medical museum photographer
-documents aftermath - injuries and wounds -many people survived than other wars - never been seen in Modern soceity |
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Abe's assassin in Photography
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-Alexander Gardner documents all figures associated with plot
-able to capture Lewis Payne Powell -cuffs -about ready to go to scaffold -thinking about $$$ - puts images into album |
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Spiritualism
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-tremendous explosion after Civil war
-people wanted to connect to metaphysical, etc. |
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Mumler Portraits
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-conjure up dead
-provides solace -focuses on wealthy of Boston -Abe Lincoln spirit |
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Spiritualism and WWI
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-spirit emanations
-levatations Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths - "Cottingley Fairies" -innocent children -belief in fairies -aftermath of war - people want to believe Ian Wetherell - The Loch Ness Monster -admitted: Wetherell set up the whole thing -one foot tall toy dinosaur -throughout 20th century - supernatural images Billy Edward Albert Meier - photographs UFOs Ted Serios - Thoughtographs -creepy -how did he do it? -can't explain - no one explains |
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WWI Photography
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-soldiers not allowed to carry cameras - phootso so demoralizing
-more photos of civil war than WWI Edward Steichen -convinces U.S. he can take camera to WWI and it would serve a purpose -photography can see paths of enemy - aerial -used as war tactic -photography can serve any ends -mapping, topography - knowing what's coming up |
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Eugene Smith
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WWII
Life Magazine -brings the war to you -photojournalism -important venue for photography -see highs and lows of what WWII has to offer -DEC 1941 - "How to tell Japanese from the Chinese" -"U.S. Soldier Pleading for Help" |
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Korean Conflict
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-David Douglas Duncan - specializes in war photography
-images - unpopular war -much different than WWII |
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Vietnam War in Photography
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-military allowed journalists to embed themselves in with troops
-different kind of war -David Douglas Duncan - moves from one war/skirmish to the thenxt Don McCullin - "Shell Shocked Marine, 1968 - pyschologically wounded) -photographs other side as mucha s he could - humanizes enemy -silent majority -behind war -vocal minority - college kids Life Magazine -positive images of war -but showing all the casualties in way never shown before |
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Brian Walski
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LA Times
-edited photos - combined two -changed whole essence -war in age of photoshop -can't fabricate journalism |
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Iraqi War Photography
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-Abu Ghraib photos
James Nactwey, Rwanada, 1994 -documentary "war photographer" -claimed 9 lives - came close several times -captures genocide on horrific scale in Rwanda -sometiems accused - too beautiful images of such ugly subject matter CURRENT SITUATION: -journalists embedded with soldiers -soldiers as photographers -digital images -see photographs instantly |
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Korean Conflict
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-David Douglas Duncan - specializes in war photography
-images - unpopular war -much different than WWII |
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Vietnam War in Photography
|
-military allowed journalists to embed themselves in with troops
-different kind of war -David Douglas Duncan - moves from one war/skirmish to the thenxt Don McCullin - "Shell Shocked Marine, 1968 - pyschologically wounded) -photographs other side as mucha s he could - humanizes enemy -silent majority -behind war -vocal minority - college kids Life Magazine -positive images of war -but showing all the casualties in way never shown before |
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Brian Walski
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LA Times
-edited photos - combined two -changed whole essence -war in age of photoshop -can't fabricate journalism |
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Iraqi War Photography
|
-Abu Ghraib photos
James Nactwey, Rwanada, 1994 -documentary "war photographer" -claimed 9 lives - came close several times -captures genocide on horrific scale in Rwanda -sometiems accused - too beautiful images of such ugly subject matter CURRENT SITUATION: -journalists embedded with soldiers -soldiers as photographers -digital images -see photographs instantly |
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Korean Conflict
|
-David Douglas Duncan - specializes in war photography
-images - unpopular war -much different than WWII |
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Vietnam War in Photography
|
-military allowed journalists to embed themselves in with troops
-different kind of war -David Douglas Duncan - moves from one war/skirmish to the thenxt Don McCullin - "Shell Shocked Marine, 1968 - pyschologically wounded) -photographs other side as mucha s he could - humanizes enemy -silent majority -behind war -vocal minority - college kids Life Magazine -positive images of war -but showing all the casualties in way never shown before |
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Brian Walski
|
LA Times
-edited photos - combined two -changed whole essence -war in age of photoshop -can't fabricate journalism |
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Iraqi War Photography
|
-Abu Ghraib photos
James Nactwey, Rwanada, 1994 -documentary "war photographer" -claimed 9 lives - came close several times -captures genocide on horrific scale in Rwanda -sometiems accused - too beautiful images of such ugly subject matter CURRENT SITUATION: -journalists embedded with soldiers -soldiers as photographers -digital images -see photographs instantly |
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Nick UT
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- Vietnam Napalm, June 8, 1972
-children victimized -American bombers Napalmed a villages -penetrating, piercing -children suffering |
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American West
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reality VS ideal perception
sublime VS suburban photograph = reality 1st photographers out west come with railroad |
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Humphrey Lloyd Hime
The Prairie, on the Banks of the Red River, Looking South |
-absolutely flat
-lunar landscape in 1858 - as unknown as mars/the moon -we can put anything here - attitude of exploration -lithograph transfer - to make it readable -artist added contextual details: clouds, birds, sky, skull -what on earth to do with the land |
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What justified push westward?
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-John Gast, Westward HO! 1872
-Manifest Destiny - foreordained for U.S. to have all this terrain -wild nature mixed |
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Alexander Gardner and American west
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-making images interesting to East - prairie dogs
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A.J. Russell
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-official photographer of Union Pacific line
-embeds himself with building of transcontinental railroad -engineering feat - layed up to 8 miles of track a day - good composition/aesthetic - not only documentary -western landscape - interesting and photogenic Hanging Rock - projected image V. reality = starkly different union pacific pushing from Omaha westward central pacific - Sierra Nevadas, love to blast out mountains |
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American West
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reality VS ideal perception
sublime VS suburban photograph = reality 1st photographers out west come with railroad |
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Humphrey Lloyd Hime
The Prairie, on the Banks of the Red River, Looking South |
-absolutely flat
-lunar landscape in 1858 - as unknown as mars/the moon -we can put anything here - attitude of exploration -lithograph transfer - to make it readable -artist added contextual details: clouds, birds, sky, skull -what on earth to do with the land |
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What justified push westward?
|
-John Gast, Westward HO! 1872
-Manifest Destiny - foreordained for U.S. to have all this terrain -wild nature mixed |
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Alexander Gardner and American west
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-making images interesting to East - prairie dogs
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A.J. Russell
|
-official photographer of Union Pacific line
-embeds himself with building of transcontinental railroad -engineering feat - layed up to 8 miles of track a day - good composition/aesthetic - not only documentary -western landscape - interesting and photogenic Hanging Rock - projected image V. reality = starkly different union pacific pushing from Omaha westward central pacific - Sierra Nevadas, love to blast out mountains |
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Charles R. Savage
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-Mormon convert
-why do we ignore Savage? can see him in bottom right hand corner of Russell's photograph -meeting of the Rails May 10, 1869 -learns Daguerreotype process -photographs Brigham Young over and over Dale Creek Bridge: -brings back images - too hard to believe -rickety train bridges Devil's Slide -prolific interest -geologic information |
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U.S. Geological Survey Basics
Hayden: |
-William Henry Jackson
-West of Colorado |
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U.S. Geological Survey Basics
Clarence King |
-40th Parallel
-Timothy O Sullivan |
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U.S. Geological Survey Basics
John Wesley Powell |
-Southwest
-John "Jack" Hillers |
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U.S. Geological Survey Basics
Wheeler |
-Timothy O' Sullivan
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U.S. Geological Survey Basics
|
Hayden:
-William Henry Jackson -West of Colorado Clarence King: -40th Paralell -Timothy O'Sullivan John Wesley Powell: -Southwest -John "Jack" Hillers Wheeler: -Timothy O'Sullivan **All interested in intermountain West |
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Clarence King Expedition
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40th Parallel
-1st expedition photographer - Timothy O'Sullivan -war photographer: used to moving around; not such bad conditions -harsh landscape Pyramid Lake, Nevada 1867 -so diffferent from landscape of East -SO desolate -very different from what anyone is used to -flattened out - abstract forms - exposure time -copy image: adds reference, clouds, waves, mountains - to hlep us understand what we are seeing Steamboat Springs: -totally different landscape/environment Sand Dunes, Carson Desert, 1867: -abstracted landscape -seeing his wagon -footprints go up to vantage point -reveals his own process Karnak Ridge: -alien, foreign -hard to wrap your mind around -mystique of west -not as friendly - trecherous -tiltling camera - making landscape steeper, more dramatic, etc. Cornstock Mine, Virginia City, Nevada -takes camera a mile underground -documents poor mineworkers - not those getting rich off mines Tropical Forest, Darian Expedition -down to Panama -wild open battlefields and landscapes -documents jungle curtains GOES BACk Shoshone Falls: -South central Idaho -one spot Sullivan will go twice - with King in 68, with Wheeler in 74 -really close to edge -good composition design ROMANTIC - SUBLIME -many waterfalls -draws you in and excites your eye |
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Wheeler Survey
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-Wheeler = military man
-primarily interested in Native Americans |
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Timothy O' Sullivan
Ancient Ruins in the Canon de Chelley, Arizona |
-part of Wheeler survey
-Ansel Adams - best site in West -give America a place in world of antiquity -old argument - America doesn't have pyramids, castles, etc. -precursors 30's usable past -poses uncomfortable questions -falat images - precursor 20th C. modernism - shape and form -cut off, straightforward -incredible image! doesn't make sense as regular landscape -artistic choices set him apart Ansel Adams - 1942 - follows O'Sullivan's record |
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Historic Spanish Record of the Conquest South side of Inscription
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Tim O' Sullivan
-includes ruler -gets scale -later - rulers show up in all young photographer followers of Sullivan Ansel copies this one, too |
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U.S. Geological Survey Basics
|
Hayden:
-William Henry Jackson -West of Colorado Clarence King: -40th Paralell -Timothy O'Sullivan John Wesley Powell: -Southwest -John "Jack" Hillers Wheeler: -Timothy O'Sullivan **All interested in intermountain West |
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Clarence King Expedition
|
40th Parallel
-1st expedition photographer - Timothy O'Sullivan -war photographer: used to moving around; not such bad conditions -harsh landscape Pyramid Lake, Nevada 1867 -so diffferent from landscape of East -SO desolate -very different from what anyone is used to -flattened out - abstract forms - exposure time -copy image: adds reference, clouds, waves, mountains - to hlep us understand what we are seeing Steamboat Springs: -totally different landscape/environment Sand Dunes, Carson Desert, 1867: -abstracted landscape -seeing his wagon -footprints go up to vantage point -reveals his own process Karnak Ridge: -alien, foreign -hard to wrap your mind around -mystique of west -not as friendly - trecherous -tiltling camera - making landscape steeper, more dramatic, etc. Cornstock Mine, Virginia City, Nevada -takes camera a mile underground -documents poor mineworkers - not those getting rich off mines Tropical Forest, Darian Expedition -down to Panama -wild open battlefields and landscapes -documents jungle curtains GOES BACk Shoshone Falls: -South central Idaho -one spot Sullivan will go twice - with King in 68, with Wheeler in 74 -really close to edge -good composition design ROMANTIC - SUBLIME -many waterfalls -draws you in and excites your eye |
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Wheeler Survey
|
-Wheeler = military man
-primarily interested in Native Americans |
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Timothy O' Sullivan
Ancient Ruins in the Canon de Chelley, Arizona |
-part of Wheeler survey
-Ansel Adams - best site in West -give America a place in world of antiquity -old argument - America doesn't have pyramids, castles, etc. -precursors 30's usable past -poses uncomfortable questions -falat images - precursor 20th C. modernism - shape and form -cut off, straightforward -incredible image! doesn't make sense as regular landscape -artistic choices set him apart Ansel Adams - 1942 - follows O'Sullivan's record |
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Historic Spanish Record of the Conquest South side of Inscription
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Tim O' Sullivan
-includes ruler -gets scale -later - rulers show up in all young photographer followers of Sullivan Ansel copies this one, too |
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Hayden Survey
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William Henry Jackson
-decides to go to Yellowstone -two other photographers there - there work does not survive Castle Geyser, Yellowstone -something really close to you - then many layers of depth -scale figures -don't know what it is! amazing - nothing like it -skies - eggshell white - Wet Collodion doesn't capture blue -^creates solid forms -fantastic landscape! -can't capture color -1st to document something like Tower Falls Tower Falls -heroic -look back with/reverence Thomas Moran accompanies expedition Liberty Cap -don't show the hotel beginnings in the background Grand Tetons: -Jackson jimmy rigs camera - creates mammoth sized plates Jackson, Mount of the HOly Cross: -located in highlands - high rockies of Colorado -"God's holy land" "manifest destiny" -cross in Rock itself -"God coming and kissing landscape" -Virgin Mary kneeling and giving down crown to cross on right -Jackson considers this peak of career -people want a copy of this in their home -second version - trying to have his cake and eat it too, adding reference points - clouds, waterfall, etc. -moment of heroism for expedition Thomas Moran, Mount of Holy Cross -color! -much more lush, exciting -home in back way in wildnerss -Moran shows pilrimage |
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William Henry Jackson
Colorado Work |
-all images of West vital in shaping our view of the West
-shaping the West as we know it |
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John Wesley Powell Expedition
|
John "Jolly Jack" Hillers
-associated with Powell expedition - John Wesley Powell explores grand canyon -earlier Powell photographers - E.O Beaman, James Fennemore -one armed - lost arm in civil war - John Wesley Powell capture grand canyon Thomas Moran also goes with Wesley Powell |
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John Hillers
Ethnography |
-Hopi Mesa, 1872
-Moki Girls, 1879 -interested in costumes, language, people -other bpeople - obliterating left and right -wonderful documentation of pueblos -West made up of landscape and Native Americans |
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San Francisco
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-headquarters of Photography in West
-Gold rush - 48/49 -becomes hub of culture and everything else -lure of landscape - Yosemite Bierstadt -domes of the Yosemite 1867 Yosemite offers - Manifest Destiny Charles Leander Weed - goes in and photographs Yosemite |
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Darian Survey
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Timothy O'Sullivan
Following a brief period with the Darien Survey to the Isthmus of Panama, where both the humid atmosphere and the densely foliated terrain made photography difficult, he found another position on a western survey |
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100th Meridian
|
As Weston Naef has pointed out, photography on the Geological Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, as the expedition commanded by Lieutenant George M. Wheeler of the Army Corps of Engineers was called, "was not so much a scientific tool as it was a means of publicizing the Survey's accomplishments in the hopes of persuading Congress to fund military rather than civilian expeditions in the future."
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Alexander Gardner and railroads
|
-two years after civil war
-Gardnerr appointed chief photographer to the eastern division of the Union Pacific Railrway -along with images made by photographers under his supervision, his photographs were published in an album titled "Kansas Pacific Railway" |
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Westward teh Course of Empire Takes its Way!
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-shows workers and pioneers laying track at the end of the line.
-photograph by Gardner -title alludes to famous painting/mural by Emanuel Leutze -mural shows pioneers crossing the continent on horseback and in covered wagons - in applying the title to his static, posed photograph - Gardner may have hoped to associate the railroad with teh sense of adventure and accomplishment depicted by Leutze |
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Carleton Watkins
Columbia River Album |
Watkins - Cape Horn Near Celilo, 1867
-what's impressive? -embracing negative space of sky -sumptious -high contrast -feels like landscape painting - atmospheric and linear perspective -can tell he is thinking about capturing image in artistic way simplicity to Watkins' work -simple and complex all at once making streographs simultaneously - way to make money Solar Eclipse -knows he can market and sale -travels all the way to Mexico |
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Muybridge in Yosemite
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-frotnal lobe damage - wildly create; constant state of mania
"Helios" -starts making images of yosemite -have to photograph differently than Watkins -starts to create images no one had ever seen -goes to dangerous places - cut down whole groves of trees - lowered down 300 feet precipice - dangerously close to edge |
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Muybridge in Guatemala
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-makes beautiful album
-hikes to top of volcano - captures light from volcano -becomes more interested in motion than landscape |
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Muybridge
Anthony Bros, Broadway from Boone Street |
-stopped time
-speed best represented by the horse -Equine soceity -horse culture and speed |
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Muybridge
The Farm |
-gets involved with Leland Stanford - wealthy individual has an enormous farm with horses of top quality - horse, status symbo
-Stanford brings in Mubridge - Stanford knows horse; Mubridge knows photography -WANTING TO KNOW MOTION -STOPPING TIME -is there a moment in time - horses are completely off the ground? -black/white silhouette - exposure times - technology limitations -repeat experiment over and over, different animals -grids give project scientific air -goats, etc. sky was the limit |
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Zoopraxiscope 1879
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--starts to combine images
-photography - light motion -Pioneer of Film The zoopraxiscope is an early device for displaying motion pictures. Created by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879, it may be considered the first movie projector. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. The stop-motion images were initially painted onto the glass, as silhouettes. A second series of discs, made in 1892-94, used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand. Some of the animated images are very complex, featuring multiple combinations of sequences of animal and human movement. |
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Muybridge
Animal Locomotion |
- "An electrophotographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movement"
-continues experiments in Pennsylvania - invited/paid by Eakins/Univ of Penn -no longer silhouetes - dry plate - able to capture more detail -more than one bank of cameras - cameras to the side and to the front -no more trip wire - shutter technology -can see muscles working - way in which muscles move, how anatomy works -can learn about efficiency Women: -more varied and more suspect treatment -woman with fish and tackle - jumping from rock to rock -woman crawling children: -spanking -walking -infantile paralysis - walking on hands and feet -normal and abnormal locomotion Animals: -has access to Philadelphia zoo -Muybridge casting an incredibly wide net *Muybridge gets in camera itself sometimes |
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What was Muybridge trying to accomplish? w/ Animal Locomotion
|
-eyes can't stop time
-cameras see what eye can't -seeing what bodies do - how they move -see efficiency - pick ax |
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Thomas Eakins and photography
|
-instrumental in bringing Muybridge to Pennsylvania
-Muybridge photographs movement of hand drawing a circle -Eakin starts incorporating scientific knowledge from Muybridge's photos -horses -interested in realism -uncompromising realism |
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Eakins Motion Study with Edward Muybridge Notations
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-combined all images
-one negative -shuttering system -better @ revealing motion? |
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E J Marey
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-Scientist - not a photographer
-photography is simply a otol -interested in how things move - invented wind tunnel -influenced by Muybrdige -camera gun - capturing motion - birds -becomes more and more scientific |
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E.J. Marey
Elastic Rod, chronophotograph |
-how is his process different? multiple exposures - same negative
-proving how rope flexes -waves -trying to understand how waves are performing |
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E. J. Marey
Experiments |
Cat Falling - how does a cat always land on its feet?
uses circle course - able to capture other speeds -pole vaulting -outlined skeleton - circles on joings -analgous to motion capture -pivot points in spcae -this ish uman -animal locomotion -see waves of motions -sense of motion - how one moves |
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Marey
Joinville Soldier Walking |
-patterns
-like abstract painting -layers -reveals how human motion can be broken down and studied -could see variation with a line, etc. -reveals beauty of things we can't see -simple patterns - what makes up flux of life How can this improve soldiers? -instruction - how to teach, down to basic level - used to train Bird in motion - converts photographs to sculpture -show up in medical clinets, etc. underlying these experiments - money and military WE ARE STILL DOING THIS; -golf siwng -Harold Edgerton -help us make tiny adjustments Marey finds resonance in Duchamp |
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Bacon after Muybridge
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Bacon and Duchamp looking to science
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The Lumiere Brothers
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Invention of film
-Muybridge and Marey often seen as film pioneers 1st film - exiting the factory |
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Wilhelm Rontgen
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The hand of Mrs. Wilhem Rontgen - the 1st xray image, 1895
radiophotographer |
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Wilson Bentley
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snowflake photographer
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Art and the Daguerreotype
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making it looke like actual paintings
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Academy
|
-set style and taste
1. importance of the figure 2. history painting - biblica, mythology, history "great deeds of great men" Alberti 3. portraiture - photography good difficult to make valid history photograph *Bourgereau |
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Merits of photography sketches
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-cheaper
-faster -more accurate -less need for models |
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Eugene Durieu and Eugene Delacroix
|
-Delacroix starts to incorporate these things
-work together |
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Cliche Verre
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-draw on photographic plate and expose it
problem: artistc no man's land - not photography or etching/engraving |
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Nadar
|
AKA -Gaspare Felix Tornachon
-lithographer, artist, revolutionary, spy, photographer -photography holding hands with art Studio Nadar - place of first impressionism exhibition -showman, artist -eclectic collection of stuff -almost theatrics -comes to photography through art -idea for lithograph - Pantheon Nadar - uses photos to help -reminscent of Hill and Adamson -realizes early on he has a knack for portraiture "The Titian of Portrait Photography" photographs: -Fran Liszt, Victor Hugo, Edward Manet, Rossinio, George Sand, Ettiene Marey -capturing intangibles -exceptional photographer of his day Sarah Bernhardt: -almost a glamour shot -you could sell these things - like base ball cards -contrast wtih Sarony's photos -Nadar captures personality - looking into here -there is beauty there Eugene Delacroix -Robust -begs Nadar not to make his photograph -you can see the character -capturing a moment of contemplation -shutter - a little early or late -different window into sitter -Nadar - cuts up Disderi pictures -combines to something new -wants to elevate photography -also interested in lighter than air travel The Giant Inflating: -marriage of photography & hot air balloon interests -photographs Paris from a balloon -1st in Europe to do - aerial photography -provides new view, perspective aerial photos abstract landscape Nadar - also goes underground Paris, not 19th C. tourist sites -needs light to make Subterranean photographs Sewers of Paris, 1865 -thoroughly modern -new sewer systems - being discussed all over world -sci-esque -sleek lines, effeciency, haunting photographed interview with Cehveral EXPEREMINTATION pushing photography beyond what it can do |
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Gustave Le Gray
|
-seen during Mission Heliographique
-landscape photography/seascapes -stop motion: composite image of multiple negatives |
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Oscar Reijlander
|
-influenced by Le Gray
-uses composites for multiple things |
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Oscar Reijlander
The Two Ways of Life, 1857 |
- submits to important exhibition
-multiple plates -technologically sophisticated -mimicking accepted models - Raphael, school of Athens -History Painting - a la Thomas Cature, Romans of the Decadence -always a moral! -choose deabaucher or moral lfie -bought this work and gave to husband - Queen Victoria -PRB influence |
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Henry Peach Robinson
Fading Away, 1857 |
-profoundly influenced by Gustave Le Grey
-proselytes for art photography -produces 1st important work - 1857 -from Le Gray: -composite images for proper exposure -8/9 negatives -interested in it being JUST RIGHT - took actress 3 weeks to get it right |
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Henry Peach Robinson
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-propopent of combination printing
-art -same morality/didactic nature -resonated well with culture @ time: nobilizing, simple hardworking life VIRTUOS LFE -light emphasizes virtuosit over the top sentimental country virtues and country life -trying to emulate art a la Thomas Kinkade - what people wanted to see Lady of Shalot PRB influenced |
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Julia Margaret Cameron
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BEAUTY
"I longed to arrest all beauty that came before me" -photograph - her medium - picks up photograph lat ein life -husband in export trade -cottage - Dimbola, Isle of Wright -tremendous energy -Cameron - homely, looking for beauty outside Albumen Wet Collodion Kids give camera for birthday Isle of Wright - collecting point for important people in British society Photographs Charles Darwin, Alfred Lord Tennyson Thomas Carlyle: -famous historian and writer -what's unique about Cameron? -out of focus - gives it unique mood -Robinson - clear art focus gives = raw, unexpected moment - capture real image "inner forces of man, clutlure, and nature and their unity" JMC -capturing a moment in their life - not still -all sorts of impurities in technical process -interested in aesthetics -fragmented these individuals -using contrast to create depth -angular spotlight effect - only face shown, only head - no other context, fragmented head -emphasizing thinkning head -Thomas Carlyle Herschel -invented cyanotype; shows wrinkles - true Cameron's style MEN - head thinkers Portrait of women - BEAUTY women - more of a narrative ,someone out of a painting -female images emphasize femininity -curving soft -soft light - ethereal -female beauty, female virtue -hired housemaids - more beautiful thank skilled -wanted ot be surrounded by beauty -moves to Sri Lanka with family: -struggles in creating in this new culture -can't apply same aesthetic - two cultures |
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Lewis Carroll
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-wrote Alice in Wonderland
-by trade - professor, matematician -science and art -last page of 1st ed AIW - photograph of Alice Liddel |
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Alice Liddell as the Beggar Maid
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-Alice becomes important part of Carroll's work
-Carroll all about make believe -same hand gesture - is Cameron looking back @ Caroll's image? |
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Art and (VS) Photography
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-Academic naturalism/realism
-becomes increasinlgy photographic -using colors more true to natural world -photography would never be able to capture color Degas and Rodin both photographers Degas looking at Muybridge -interested in photographic quality Degas - solarization, reticulation - TRANSFORMS Image -playing with movement Rodin - protomodern sketches models in movement |
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Latent Image
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an image that had been registeredon the silver surface of a plate, but which was not yet visible.
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diorama
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The word diorama can either refer to a nineteenth century mobile theatre device, or, in modern usage, a three-dimensional full-size or miniature model, sometimes enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum. Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of related hobbies such as military vehicle modeling, miniature figure modeling or aircraft modeling. The art of creating miniature figures and landscapes first made its appearance in the sixth century, in Japan. This art of miniature landscapes is called "Bonkei." The art of "Bonsai", the art of growing miniature trees in pots, and making them look like their natural counterparts, is thought to have its origins at around this same time period.
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John Thomson
"The Crawlers" from textbook |
"street dwellers such as the woman pictured here were termed 'crawlers' because tehy would occasionally have enough cash to buy tea leaves, then "crawl" to a pub for hot water. The image of the crawler shows greater emphasis on the individual, in contrast with Thomson's often static presentation of street types.
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Adolph Smith
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undertook a photographic survey of London's poor with John Thomson
writer and social activist preface stresses teh function of photography to document objectively without omission or exaggeratoin. |
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Street life in London
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Adolph Smith and John Thomsen's book of London poor
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Excursions Daguerrean
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multi volume work of imporatn views and monuments
published by Noel Marie Paymal Lerebours - a Frenchman "discounted the efforts of the many anonymous photographers who contributed Daguerreotypes and credited the publisher for conceptualizing, organizing, and printing the work. In the era of early photography, conceptualization was routinely prized over the actual taking and making of a photograph. travel subjects Holy Land, Ancient Greece |
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Stereographs
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"Sterographic photographs helped turn photography into an industry, by stoking the viewer's desire to see more of the world.
two images - l and r eyes - receding space |
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Oliver Wendell Holmes
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loved the stereograph
helped promote its use invented hand holder |
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combination printing
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Combination printing is the technique of using two or more photographic images in conjunction with one another to create a single image.
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woodbury type
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The term Woodburytype refers to both a photomechanical process and the print produced by this process. The process produces continuous tone images in slight relief. A chromated gelatin film is exposed under a photographic negative, which hardens in proportion to the amount of light. Then it is developed in hot water to remove all the unexposed gelatin and dried. This relief is pressed into a sheet of lead in a press with 5000 psi. This is an intaglio plate. It is used as a mold and is filled with pigmented gelatin. The gelatin layer is then pressed onto a paper support.
The Woodburytype was developed by Walter B. Woodbury in 1864, first used in a publication in 1866 and widely used for fine book illustration from about 1870 to 1900.[1] It was the only commercially successful method for producing illustration material capable of replicating the subtleties and details of a photograph. It is the only mechanical printing method ever invented which produces true middle values and does not make use of a screen or other image deconstruction method. |
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Waxed paper negative
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One of the original forms of photography was based on the paper negative process. Talbot's waxed-paper negative process, which was used to create his work "The Pencil of Nature", used a negative created on paper treated with silver salts, which was exposed in a camera obscura to create the negative and then contact printed on a similar paper to produce a positive image.
When Talbot created this process it was intended to be a way to reproduce nature as accurately as possible (hence the name of his work, "The Pencil of Nature"). Through the years afterward, however, better and more accurate ways of producing exact replicas of nature were developed, and these processes relegated the paper negative process to obsolescence. The process of the paper negative is still relevant, though, in the realm of alternative-process photography. Photographers employing alternative processes reject the idea of the exact replica of nature and seek to use the inherent inexactness of antiquated processes to create a more personal and emotional image. The paper negative is an extremely versatile process that allows all manner of reworking and retouching of an image, and is the perfect medium to bridge the gap between camera operator and artist. |
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tintype
Civil War |
Tintypes were light weight and more durable than daguerreotypes. An improved postal system could speed the images from teh war zone to families at home.
particularly popular, cheap, lightweight |
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Where were civil war photographs published?
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The war was extensively reported by newspaper reporters and magazine journalists. Of the more than 1,400 photographers who made images of troops, military installations, and battle sites most were from teh north
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What is different abotu Civil war?
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There are few differences among the subject categories found in Civil War photographs, whether of battlefields or individals, Civil War photographs tend to be stiff and foral. Casual camaraderie among soldiers, such as that pictured in Roger Fenton's work in the Crimea, was seldom recorded. Although African-American troops were photographed and occassional images were made of abused slaves, the Civil Wr did not engender a far-reaching photographic record of slavery and its aftermath
photography was a type of history writing - restraints and omissions, carefully balanced compositions |
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2nd Opium War
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The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China,[1] was a war pitting the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China, lasting from 1856–1860.
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Orientalism
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With the global expansio of Western political and economic interests in teh mid-nineteenth century, photographers sought to highlight the cultural differences. One of the most persistent such types of photograph showed women from te ME and Asia in sexually suggestive poses. The term "orientalism" adopted by cultural critic Edward Said in a 1978 book of the same title, has come to mean teh wholesale social labeling of non-Western peoples as passive, rather than active; childlike, rather than mature; feminine,rather than masculine; and timeless, that is separatre from the progress of Western historay.
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Photo gun
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Marey's chronophotographic gun was made in 1882, this instrument was capable of taking 12 consecutive frames a second, and the most interesting fact is that all the frames were recorded on the same picture, using these pictures he studied horses, birds, dogs, sheep, donkeys, elephants, fish, microscopic creatures, molluscs, insects, reptiles, etc. Some call it Marey’s "animated zoo". Marey also conducted the famous study about cats landing always on their feet. He conducted very similar studies with a chicken and a dog and found that they could do almost the same. Marey also studied human locomotion. He published another book Le Mouvement in 1894.
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chronophotography
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Chronophotography is a Victorian application of science (the study of movement), and art (photography). It is a precursor to the technique to cinematography.
The word is from the Greek chronos and photography, "pictures of time." Chronophotography is divided into two separate processes: Motography (continuous exposure of the subject) and Strobophotography (intermittent exposure of the subject). Notable chronophotographers include Eadweard Muybridge, Etienne-Jules Marey, Georges Demenÿ, Ottomar Anschütz, Thomas Eakins, Harold Eugene Edgerton, who all used chronophotography for the scientific study of motion. Many of their photographs are also praised for their aesthetics, however, and the technique further influenced the art world. Futurist painter Giacomo Balla used imagery similar to chronophotography in his painting Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash as did Marcel Duchamp in his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. Art photographers have also used this technique. Modern photo editing software allows photographers to create chronophotography images by combining a series of images. |
