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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bakufu
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Tokugawa tent government
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Bakumatsu
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period at the end of the Tokugawa period
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Kabu Nakama
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chartered trade associations controlled by the Tokugawa bakufu
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Opium Wars
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Britain forced China to open its ports and then sold opium to the people in exchange for silver
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Matthew Perry
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appeared in Edo Bay in 1853 and forced Japan to trade with the West
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unequal treaties
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treaties between Europe/US and Asian nations that forced them to open their ports to the West for trade, as well as extraterritoriality and others
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Ansei Treaties
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whatever deals Japan had with one Western nation, had to be extended to other Western nations(US, Britain, Russia, France, Netherlands)
AKA Treaty of Amity and Commerce OR Harris Treaty for the US version |
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eejanaika
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"Hey what the hell" riots where people danced in the streets amid paper amiterasu chamrs falling out of the sky
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satsuma
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a powerful han that emerged and was hostile to the bakufu; controlled throughout the Edo period by tozama daimyo, its territory encompassed the southwest region of Hyuga, and had the Ryukyu kingdom as a vassal state
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Choshu
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A powerful han that was hostile to the bakufu;joined forced with Satsuma to overthrow the tokugawa bakufu
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Tosa
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a powerful han that was hostile to the bakufu
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Mito
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a powerful han that was hostile to the bakufu; led dissident coalition against the signing of the Ansei treaties
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Hizen
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a powerful han that was hostile to the bakufu; attack on Korea led from this province, also the site of Shimabara rebellion
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Sonno joi
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"rever the emperor, expel the barbarian" was a Japanese saying from neo-confuciansim, first nationalist thing, social movement
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shishi
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"men of high purpose," they were anti-shogunate, pro-emperor, supported emperor-centered nationalism, engaged in various forms of protest: assassinations, intellectual protest; thought the modernization of Japan (politically and industrially) was the only choice in the face of the West
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Tokugawa Yoshinobu
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last Tokugawa shogun of Japan who tried to reform the shogunate but instead was forced to resign
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Emperor Meiji
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reigned from 1868 until his death in 1912; the Meiji restoration took place while he was in power
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Boshin War
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civil war between the bakufu and those who supported the emperor; the transition between the Tokugawa period and the Meiji period
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Charter Oath
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a document issued by the emperor in 1868 which expressed a spirit of reform and revolutionary change
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Dajokan
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the new structure of government created during the Meiji period, with verious departments including a justice ministry
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Saigo Takamori
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one of the last true samurai, fought for the emperor and helped win Boshin War
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Oyatoi Gaikokujin
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foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government for their specialized knowledge to help Japan modernize
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Kazoku
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former nobles, who under the Meiji abolition of classes became industrialists and such; they were on the emperor's side during the Meiji restoration
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shizoku
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former samurai before the abolition of social classes in 1872
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heimin
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"Commoner's society"
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
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Japanese writer and thinker, leader in helping Japan modernize
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Escape from Asia
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anonymous editorial thought to be written by Fukuzawa Yukichi; declared that Westernization was coming and Japan needed modernize already and leave Tokugawa gov't behind
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Yamagata Aritomo
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led re-structuring of Japanese army based on German model, supporter of Japanese imperialism
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Okubo Toshimichi
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part of gov't overthrow, enacted land tax reform of 1871, helped prevent invasion of Korea in 1873, assassinated in 1878
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Fukoku Kyohei
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"rich country, strong army" became a national slogan during the Meiji period, and central objective of Meiji leaders
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Iwakura Mission
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Japanese diplomatic journey around the world; failed in renegotiating unequal treaties but gathered a lot of information
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Ito Hirobumi
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first prime minister of Japan, established cabinet system of gov't, headed the Privy Council; after Russo-Japanese war lived in Korea but was assassinated there, this hastened Japan's annexation of Korea
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Itagaki Taisuke
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Tosa samurai that pushed for invasion of Korea, this would give former samurai glory in the Meiji period
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Okuma Shigenobu
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advocated the construction of a parliament similar to British model, leader of Progressive Party
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Movement for Freedom and Popular Rights (Jiyuminken undo)
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various anti-government organizations asked for representation and new constitution in the beginning of the Meiji era
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Eto Shinpei
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?
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Privy Council
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council that helped create the Meiji Constitution, continued to function as aids to emperor after Constitution written
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Mitsui
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one of the big four zaibatsu, linked to the army I believe
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Misubishi
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one of the big four zaibatsu, linked to the navy I believe
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Sumitomo
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one of the big four zaibatsu
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zaibatsu
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industrial and financial business conglomerates, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the Japanese economy; public/private meant that the government used them for tax collection, military procurement, and foreign trade; US attempted to disband them after WWII (they were too monopolistic) but unsuccessful
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1890 Rescript on Education
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government's policies on Education: to advance the public good, promote common interests, respect Constitution and the law, love the emperor
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kokutai
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loaded term for Japan's national essence, national character, or national identity; basis for emperor's sovereignty; nationalism in one word
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Peace Preservation Laws
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collection of laws designed to decrease political dissident by way of censorship and other questionable means
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Peace Preservation Law of 1894
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suppressed Freedom and People's Rights Movement; imposed restrictions on press, public speeches, and political meetings
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Southern Manchurian Railway
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Japan's RR in China, Japan tried to create unified Asia
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Hara Takashi
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first commoner to become prime minister, many thought he was too cautious, for example didn't push for universal male suffrage
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Natsume Soseki
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wrote memorable evocation about emperor Meiji
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Hibiya Park Riots
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riots to protest the terms after the Russo-Japanese War because Japan did not receive the territory they were expecting, knew it was because of Western racism
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Emperor Taisho
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ruled from 1912-1926, was not an active political leader; so voters and political parties had power for the first time ever
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Great Kanto Earthquake
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1923, after economic boom of WWI, economy crashed. Just as they were starting to recover an earthquake hit Kanto plain and brought recovery to a halt
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Emperor Showa
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THE emperor of Japan from 1926-1989; did a lot of shit like WWII but didn't get punished, worked with US to rebuild Japan
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Kita Ikki
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ultra-nationalist political philosopher, promoted kokutai, united/free Asia, imperial rule only (no diet, Constitution etc)
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21 Demands
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expanded Japan's control over formerly German holdings, joint ownership of a mining and metallurgical complex in central China, prohibited China from leasing any coastal areas to third parties
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Kwantung Army
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guarded Japan's leased territory and rail lines in Manchuria; were responsible for creation of Manchukuo
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Manchukuo
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Japan's puppet state in Manchuria; Puyi last Qing emperor as figurehead; League of Nations said Manchukuo was rightfully China's, so Japan withdrew from the League in 1934
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Konoe Fumimaro
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Japanese prime minister who sought to use military pressure to deal with Chinese nationalists, Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred one month after he came to power and then used the incident to try to take over northern China
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Tojo Hideki
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a general in the Imperial Japanese army and the 40th prime minister of Japan during WWII; took blame for the war so the emperor wouldn't have to and was executed
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Mukden Incident
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1931: a section of southern manchurian railroad was dynamited near Mukden; Japan blamed it on China and invaded; evidence says Kwantung Army did it, but unknown whether the emperor knew or not; the start of Manchukuo
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident
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1937: battle between China's National Revolutionary Party and Japan's Imperial Army, marking start of second Sino-Japanese War; Japanese troop carried out military exercises near MP bridge, Chinese troops thought they were being attacked
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Nanjing Massacre
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1937-8: infamous war crime committed by Japan in which they killed and raped some 200,000 people; Japan still refuses to admit that they did this
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Pearl Harbor
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Surprise military strike on December 7, 1941, led to US involvement in WWII; Japan was trying to keep US out of Pacific, they failed
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Douglas MacArthur
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US general in the Pacific theater; in charge of US occupation of Japan from 1945-1952; credited with implementing far-reaching democratic reforms in Japan; exonerated Hirohito; gave immunity to unit 731, a bacterialogical research unit
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Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
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idea/desire to create bloc of Asian nations led by Japan and free from influence of the West; attempt to establish new world order; but still under power, just of Japan
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Tonarigumi
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the Neighborhood Association, the smallest unit of the national mobilization program; 10-15 households organized for fire-fighting, civil defense, and internal security
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Hiroshima
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the first city in history to be subjected to nuclear warfare; bombed by US with Little Boy
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Nagasaki
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the second city in history to be subjected to nuclear warfare; bombed by US with Fat Man
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Supreme Commander for the Allied Forces (SCAP)
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title held by MacArthur during Occupation; effectively wrote new constitution for Japan; helped Japan rebuild itself
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Reverse Course
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term used to illustrate how after 1948-9, SCAP had already begun to undo policies emphasizing democracy and instead promoted policies that emphasized economic development; meant to keep out communism; reinforcement of censorship, stopped dismantling zaibatsu
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Red Purge
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MacArthur and Prime Minister purged all top Communist Party officials from public office
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International Military Tribunal for the Far East
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Japanese Military and political leaders were charged with war crimes; criticism of "victor's justice" and the fact that Tojo got punished but not the emperor
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Keiretsu
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name for zaibatsu after WWII and 1947 Fair Trading Act; they were basically the same as before
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Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the US and Japan
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US would have bases in Japan and Japan would help pay for them and protect them in emergency; many opposed the seemingly permanent presence of US ad felt that Japan would be drawn into the Cold War; huge riots and demonstrations
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Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
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gov't agency that got involved in the economy as a guide and funder, helped with "economic miracle" of postwar Japan
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Ikeda Hayato
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prime minister from 1960-1964; advocated "income-doubling plan" and "politics of patience & reconciliations," emphasized economic development while minimizing societal conflict
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Minamata
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region of southern Japan where mercury poisoning struck and killed residents near mercury plants; mercury caused by Chissco Corp; as of 2002, 2,265 victims recognized; gov't compensated the victims
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Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society)
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similar to Nichiren Buddhism, begain in late 1930's; newcomers were allowed to be skeptical and believe more strongly when good things came as a result of prayer
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Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
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conservative, largest political party in Japan, founded in 1955, economy boomed under LDP, only lost power/majority like 3 times
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Self-Defense Forces
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Japan's military, since they cannot have one for anything else; recently have become more involved in international peace-keeping operations; but quite large and formidable
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Emperor Heisei
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came to power in 1989 to today, has limited power and wants to bring the imperial family closer to the people
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Koizumi Jun'ichiro
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LDP member/maverick; PM from 2001-2006; cool guy; pledged economic change; named 5 women in his cabinet; he deployed Self-Defense Forces to Iraq; US-centered foreign policy, immensely popular
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Yasukuni Controversy
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shrine dedicated to war heroes, but many of the "war criminals" are also enshrined there, should politicians visit it? Hirohito refused, but Koizumi went, angered many Chinese and Koreans for paying respect to those who committed war atrocities
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