History Of Infectious Disease

Front 1

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Back 1

• Provided science with the knowledge that the world teemed with small single celled organisms.
  
• Constructed simple 1 lens microscopes
• Examined pond water, tooth plaque, blood and more
• First to discover and report existence of “animalcules”, what we call “micro-organisms” (1676)
• First person to describe a bacteria
  

Front 2

Micheli

Back 2

• published the first description of fungal infection in “Nova plantarum genera”
  

Front 3

Robert Hooke

Back 3

• finds fruiting bodies of mold
  

Front 4

Vinegar Eels

Back 4

• Creeping animalcules observed in milk and vinegar
  

Front 5

Galen’s Miasma Theory

Back 5

• “bad air” or “night air” comes from rotting organic matter
• behaved like smoke or mist and moved on air

Front 6

Fixing Miasma

Back 6

• Urban garbage was cleaned up
  
• Cleaned up clinics to make them fresh-smelling
• influenced the first sanitary reforms for cities and hospitals
  

Front 7

Plague of Justinian

Back 7

• kills 50% of Europeans
• (est. 10,000/day)
  

Front 8

Black Death

Back 8

• Kills 100 million people
• (1 in 3 Europeans died)
  

Front 9

Yunnan Plague

Back 9

• Kills 12 million in China
• spread around the world in 50 years
  

Front 10

John Snow

Back 10

• British physician investigated cholera
• traced the source of infection to the water source
• Changed the water systems so that sewage and drinking water were separated
• Other cities in Europe followed
• Significantly changed public health without recognizing the pathogen
• considered the father of epidemiology
  

Front 11

Germ Theory

Back 11

• caused by minute, unseen organism that are in the air, soils, feces, and/or rotten material
• enters the body through nose or mouth, grows and reproduces and this causes disease
• first proposed in the 16th century
• very slowly accepted from the 17th to 19th century
• Eventually supplanted the Miasma Theory
  

Front 12

Robert Koch

Back 12

• First to link a specific microorganism with a specific disease
• rejection spontaneous generation and supporting the germ theory
• Developed the technique for growing bacteria
• Developed famous postulates to identify causative disease agents
• Determined the causative agent of anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, cholera, Vibrio cholera and of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Front 13

Anthrax

Back 13

• Dried fixed cells that he found in infected animals onto microscope slides

• Used dyes to stain the material and observed them under the microscope

• Developed techniques to grow them to make pure laboratory cultures

• Developed growth nutrients from potatoes, then gelatin and finally agar which remained solid at 37C
  

Front 14

Koch’s Postulates

Back 14

• The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease
• should not be found in healthy organisms
• microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
• cultured microorganism should cause disease
• microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
  

Front 15

Louis Pasture

Back 15

• Microbial fermentation
• Pasteurization (organisms grew in broth sealed in a tube – but not when the broth was boiled)
• Disease prevention through sterilization
• Proved the germ theory
• Developed the principles of vaccination
  
• Fermentation
• Defeated the doctrine of spontaneous generation

Front 16

Spontaneous generation

Back 16

• formation of organisms without descent

• spontaneously generated in swamps or marshes – in garbage or septic

• Fleas appeared from dust…Tapeworm proglottids found in sewage

Front 17

How did Louis Pasture disprove the spontaneous generation theory?

Back 17

• Boiled meat broth in a flask with a long neck that curved downward

• curve prevented objects in the air from falling into the broth but allowed air flow

• flask remained free of growth

• he opened the flask and quickly the broth became clouded

• Concluded that microorganism spores were on dust
  

Front 18

What did Robert Koch win his Nobel Prizes in?

Back 18

Physiology and medicine

Front 19

What did Louis Pasture create vaccines for?

Back 19

Rabies, anthrax, fowl cholera

Front 20

What is Louis Pasture considered the father of?

Back 20

The germ theory

Front 21

Louis Pasture was the director of what?

Back 21

The Pasteur Institute

Front 22

Puerperal Infections/Childbed fever

Back 22

• bacterial infections of female reproductive tract after childbirth
• Still happens today
• an infection of the uterus with Streptococcus
• Resulted in many tens of thousands of deaths
• caused by doctors with contaminated hands and without knowledge of germs
• Women that gave birth at home alone had very few or no infections
• women that gave birth at maternity wards had a ~ 20% chance of infection
• Pasteur helped to convince physicians to improve hygiene
  

Front 23

Rabies Vaccine

Back 23

• Pasture artificially weakened disease
• Grew rabies pathogen in rabbits
• he killed them and dried their nervous tissue
• dried material was ground into a powder and injected into dogs that were subsequently exposed to rabies
• they didn’t become ill
• used his vaccine on a boy that had been mauled by a rabid dog
• boy survived
  

Front 24

Smallpox

Back 24

• earliest known case 35,000 years ago in ancient Egypt
• Decline of Roman Empire – Red plague
• Came to the Americas with Columbus
• 1-35% mortality
• airborne

Front 25

What are the two variants of the Smallpox virus?

Back 25

Variola major w/ 35% mortality and V. minor w/~1%

Front 26

Variolation

Back 26

• inoculation with small pox with material taken from a sick person

• smallpox scab was removed from a patient then dried and crushed to a powder

• scratch was made in the skin of the person to be protected

• powder was rubbed into the wound

• Greatly reduced disease – with mild infection, less scaring, rapid recovery

• First used in China and Middle East
  

Front 27

Royal Experiment

Back 27

• 6 prisoners sentenced to death
• Variolated
• Survived
• Royal children variolated
• Troops variolated
• Edward Jenner’s Pox VaccinationAmerican colonies
  

Front 28

Edward Jenner’s Pox Vaccination

Back 28

• English Doctor introduced the first smallpox vaccine
• Milkmaids/farmers won’t catch smallpox if they have had “cowpox”
• Jenner takes fluid from cowpox lesion and inoculates 8 year old boy
• waits 6 weeks
  
• inoculates boy with smallpox fluid
  

Front 29

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Back 29

• suggested lack of hand washing after examining corpses and before examining women on maternity ward was contributing to high fatality rates of patients

• doctors insulted, harassed Semmelweiss who later had a breakdown, died

• decreased disease from 20% to 2% by washing with chlorine
  

Front 30

Joseph Lister

Back 30

• Aseptic techniques
• surgical antisepsis
• developed use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic and disinfectant
• sprayed over surgical sites
• bandages soaked in carbolic acid
• Greatly reduced mortality rates of his patients