History Of Genetic

Front 1

1) What organizes the universe?

Back 1

aa

Front 2

2) What is the source of energy for lifeforms on Earth?

Back 2

a

Front 3

3) What makes life different from non-life?

Back 3

aa

Front 4

4) What is the information system of life?

Back 4

a

Front 5

5) Describe evolution from the point of view of “blueprints”.

Back 5

j

Front 6

6) What does genetics study?

Back 6

h

Front 7

7) Contrast natural selection with the inheritance of acquired traits.

Back 7

a

Front 8

1) Put in size order: Molecules, cells, atoms.

Back 8

a

Front 9

2) What are the two key molecules in cells?

Back 9

k

Front 10

3) What is the role of proteins?

Back 10

n

Front 11

4) What is the role of DNA?

Back 11

n

Front 12

5) What must happen to chromosomes before cells divide and why?

Back 12

b

Front 13

6) What is the cell cycle?

Back 13

h

Front 14

7) What problem occurs in each of the following with respect to G1 and G0 and how might each be treated?
a) Cancer
b) Spinal cord injuries.

Back 14

kl

Front 15

8) How does cell division relate to aging?

Back 15

b

Front 16

9) What cells are produced by meiosis?

Back 16

aa

Front 17

10) What are the three processes in sexual reproduction that produce new genetic combinations?

Back 17

a

Front 18

1) What is the monomer for DNA?

Back 18

a

Front 19

2) What are the three components of the DNA monomer?

Back 19

a

Front 20

3) Which of these three components differs between monomers?

Back 20

aa

Front 21

4) Which of the three components of the DNA monomer join from one monomer to the next along the polymer chain?

Back 21

a

Front 22

5) What are the base pairs?

Back 22

j

Front 23

6) What are the two steps of DNA replication?

Back 23

JK

Front 24

7) What is gene expression?

Back 24

A

Front 25

8) For what is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA a code?

Back 25

K

Front 26

9) What is produced by transcription?

Back 26

B

Front 27

10) What is the purpose of RNA splicing?

Back 27

V

Front 28

11) What does translation accomplish?

Back 28

h

Front 29

12) What is the role of the mRNA in translation?

Back 29

n

Front 30

13) What is the role of the tRNA in translation?

Back 30

j

Front 31

14) What is the role of the rRNA in translation?

Back 31

h

Front 32

15) Briefly describe the four levels of protein structure:
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) Quaternary

Back 32

b

Front 33

16) Why is it important to learn the 3-d structure of proteins?

Back 33

b

Front 34

17) Why are genes turned on and off?

Back 34

b

Front 35

18) What two factors determine if a particular gene is on or off in a particular cell?

Back 35

v

Front 36

1) List 3 applications of recombinant DNA technology.

Back 36

b

Front 37

2) What does recombinant DNA technology make possible?

Back 37

b

Front 38

3) Make a sketch of a recombinant plasmid.

Back 38

b

Front 39

4) For a single colony on a genomic library plate:
a) How many cell(s) begin the colony?
b) Are there one or more than one different recombinant plasmids in the cells of a colony?
c) Are the cells of the colony the same or different?

Back 39

h

Front 40

5) How do colonies differ?

Back 40

h

Front 41

6) Briefly describe how a particular gene is isolated from a genomic library.

Back 41

hn

Front 42

7) What does a genome project determine?

Back 42

b

Front 43

8) Briefly describe the steps involved in a genome project.
a) What does gel electrophoresis accomplish?
b) What does PCR produce?

Back 43

j

Front 44

9) Briefly explain why DNA technology has greatly advanced the understanding of biology

Back 44

h

Front 45

10) What is gene therapy?

Back 45

h

Front 46

11) What is genetic engineering?

Back 46

b

Front 47

1) Briefly discuss mitochondrial DNA

Back 47

k

Front 48

2) Under what circumstances is mitochondrial DNA used for testing?

Back 48

b

Front 49

3) For what crimes do all states require banking of DNA data?

Back 49

n

Front 50

4) Some locations have particularly extensive requirements for DNA testing. Give two examples of such requirements.

Back 50

h

Front 51

1) What is a single gene disorder?

Back 51

h

Front 52

2) Give two examples of single gene disorders.

Back 52

j

Front 53

3) What is a multifactorial disorder?

Back 53

h

Front 54

4) Give two examples of multifactorial disorders.

Back 54

h

Front 55

5) Give an example of how genetic disorders can defy simple categorization.

Back 55

h

Front 56

1) List 3 forms of damage involved in aging.

Back 56

h

Front 57

2) What clear evidence suggests that longevity is controlled by genes?

Back 57

h

Front 58

3) What is a telomere?

Back 58

b

Front 59

4) How do telomeres protect the cell?

Back 59

h

Front 60

5) What happens when telomeres shorten and why?

Back 60

h

Front 61

6) How do cells that keep dividing deal with their telomeres?

Back 61

h

Front 62

1) Give three hallmarks of malignant cancer.

Back 62

j

Front 63

2) What are two ways in which an individual might acquire mutations that contribute to cancer?

Back 63

hn

Front 64

3) What is believed to be the basis of remission?

Back 64

j

Front 65

4) What is the aim of immunotherapy?

Back 65

k

Front 66

1) Discuss two forms of evidence that genes contribute to personality.

Back 66

h

Front 67

2) Give an example of individual characteristics that appear to be less influenced by genes.

Back 67

h

Front 68

3) What is the function of monoamine oxidase A?

Back 68

j

Front 69

4) What behavioral phenotype results from monoamine oxidase A mutations?

Back 69

n

Front 70

5) Briefly discuss evidence of environmental factors influencing monoamine oxidase A phenotypes.

Back 70

j

Front 71

1) What is gene therapy?

Back 71

j

Front 72

2) What is the first step in developing gene therapy for a single-gene disorder?

Back 72

k

Front 73

3) How is a virus used in the gene therapy process?

Back 73

j

Front 74

4) What technical challenges relative to the vector?

Back 74

j

Front 75

5) What technical challenges relative to the expression?

Back 75

j

Front 76

6) What technical challenges relative to the chromosomal insertion?

Back 76

j

Front 77

7) Briefly describe the current status of gene therapy.

Back 77

b

Front 78

1) Define genetic engineering

Back 78

kj

Front 79

2) Briefly discuss an interesting application of genetic engineering.

Back 79

j

Front 80

3) Describe an example of human genetic modification.

Back 80

k

Front 81

1) Define eugenics

Back 81

k

Front 82

2) Discuss three considerations pertaining to the question of whether individuals should have the right to reproduce even if they will transmit dire genetic disorders.

Back 82

n

Front 83

3) Discuss an example of a trait that is generally perceived to be negative but which has positive aspects.

Back 83

l

Front 84

1) Describe the process by which cloning is accomplished (somatic cell nuclear transfer).

Back 84

j

Front 85

2) Which individual is being cloned: The egg donor or the donor of the somatic cell.

Back 85

j

Front 86

3) What must be done for the cloned embryo to grow into an individual?

Back 86

j

Front 87

4) Give two purposes of reproductive cloning.

Back 87

j

Front 88

5) Give two problems associated with reproductive cloning

Back 88

kj