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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forensic Science
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application of science to criminal and civil law
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AAFS(American Academy of Forensic Science)
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criminalistics, engineering science, jurisprudence, odontology, pathology, anthropology, psychiatry, questioned documents, toxicology
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criminalistics
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study of criminal behavior
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engineering science
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buildings, hurricane proofing, how WTC collapsed, etc.
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Jurisprudence
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philosophy of law
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odontology
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dental and teeth
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pathology/ biology
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diseases
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anthropology
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study of bones
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psychiatry
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mental health
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questioned documents
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frauds and forgery
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toxicology
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chemicals
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"forensic"
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Latin word "forensis" meaning forum
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200BC- Archemedes
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displacement test for density of gold crown
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66AD- Nero
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murdered wife- identified by discolered teeth
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3rd century- Chinese manuscript Yi Yu Ji
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referenced arson case
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Marcello Malpighi(1653)
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used microscopes for bio investigations; ist notes of fingerprints
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Carl Wilhelm Scheele(1775)
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1st succesful test for detecting arsenic in a corpse
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Mathieu Orfila(1787-1853)
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Father of Toxicology
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Francois- Emanuel Fodere(1798)
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paper on forensic medicine; better understanding of the workings of the human body
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William Nichol(1828)
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polarizing microscope
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Henri Louis Bayard(1839)
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microscopic detection of sperm; used toxicology results in trials
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James Marsh(1839)
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1st testified, arsenic in victims body
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1853
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microcrystalline test for hemoglobin
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1863
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1st presumptive test for blood
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Thomas Taylor(1877)
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suggested fingerprints as identification
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Alphonse Bertillion(1853-1914)
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Father of Anthropometry
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle(1887)
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wrote Sherlock Holmes
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Francis Henry Galton(1822-1911)
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Father of fingerprinting
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Karl Landsteiner(1868-1943)
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ABO blood groups, identified Rhesus(Rh) factor
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Sir Edward Henry
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Henry's classification system(fingerprinting)
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Albert Osborn(1858-1946)
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Father of document examination
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Edmond Locard
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father of crime lab; exchange principle
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Colonel Calvin Goddard
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father of ballistics
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Walter McCrone(1916-2002)
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Father of Microscopic Forensics
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Sir Alec Jeffrey(1984)
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DNA profiling
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1986
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1st time DNA used in solving a case, Innocence Project
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Humane Genome Project(2003)
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identification of all 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA and the sequences of 3 billion base pairs of DNA
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Expert Witness Testimony
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witness must establish to the satisfaction of a trial judge that he possesses credibility that will aid the court in determining the truth of the matter at issue(accepted as expert witness)
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Supreme Court Case: Frye Standard(Frye vs. US, 1923)
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general acceptance test- must be generally accepted in the scientific community
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S.C.C.: Daubert vs Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
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establishes judge as "gatekeeper". Judge decides if evidence is admissable in court
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Crime Labs
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(1923) 1st forensic crime lab started in US; before FBI lab; established in LA
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1930s
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1st university of crimonology & criminalistics
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J. Edgar Hoover
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Father of FBI(very controversial)
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FBI Lab
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worlds largest; 1 million examinations per yr
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why more crime labs
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foresight into potential criminal investigation, increasing demands of casework, supreme court decisions of the 1960s, exponential increase in crime rates in US
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Basic Services Provided by Full Time Crime Labs
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physical science unit, biology, firearms, document examination, photography
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Optional Crime Lab Services
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toxicology, latent fingerprints, polygraph, voiceprint analysis, crime- scene investigation unit
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