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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was unique about the kingdom of the Franks?
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It was the only one of the Teutonic kingdoms built upon the ruins of the Roman Empire that was to endure.
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What happened to the kings who were descended from Clovis? (They were known as the Merovingian kings).
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They lost their vigour and manliness. They did nothing and became figureheads. The real power drifted into the hands of the mayors of the palace.
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Who was the battle of Tours (or Poitiers) in 732 between and why was it so important?
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It was between the invading Muslims and Charles the Hammer (the mayor of the Franks). The Franks won and stopped the Muslim invasion. "If the Franks were beaten, then all Europe was at the mercy of the Saracens."
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Charles the Hammer was not King in name. Who was his son and how did he make himself King?
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Pepin. He asked the Pope to confirm that he should be given the title of King and the Pope agreed. Pepin was the first Carolingian king.
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Why was the Pope declaring Pepin to be king significant for later history?
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"Kingship took a new and holy character. Here we have the beginning of "kings by the grace of God," and of that "divine right" which in days to come was to bring in its train such grievous woes and cause such desperate struggles between kings and peoples."
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What did Pepin do to repay the Pope for making him king?
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When the Lombards again attacked Rome the Pope demanded that Pepin help him. Pepin defeated the Lombards and gave the conquered territory to the Pope. ("The Donation of Pepin").
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Why was the Donation of Pepin significant for the Pope?
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"By it the Papal States were founded, and the Pope, from being little more than a priestly farmer became a ruling prince and took his place among the sovereigns of Europe. Thus king and pope helped to make each other great...By entering the ranks of temporal rulers the Church was to lose as a spiritual institution and power for good.
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Why was the Donation of Pepin significant for the Byzantine Empire?
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Technically Lombardy belonged to the Byzantine Empire and it was not Pepin's to give or the Pope's to receive. By making Pepin king the Pope had usurped the empire's authority.
"As the Emperor showed himself incapable of defending Rome and indifferent to its fate, both pope and people had begun to forget that they owed any allegiance to him." |
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In 768 Pepin died. Who was his son and successor?
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Charles the Great or Charlemagne.
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What were the main areas that he invaded and conquered?
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Lombardy and the Saxons.
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Why did Charlemagne want to conquer the Saxons ?
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Charlemagne's great desire was to bring all German peoples into one christian empire. He dreamt of a Germanic empire in which the people would speak one language, worship one God, and obey one ruler.
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How did Charlemagne try and conquer the Saxons?
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For thirty years he attacked them yearly and sought to subdue them by force. They would, yearly, rebel and destroy what he had put in place. "He was determined to convert them, even at the sword's point if need be." He made cruel laws against them; he baptized many by force and carried thousands away from their homes. "Thus with the harshest and most cruel of methods, he forced the religion of love and brotherly kindness upon his fellow-men. And at length the Saxons submitted.""
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Charlemagne was cruel as a conqueror; but, what was he like as a ruler?
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Charlemagne was a wise and tolerant ruler. Conquered people could keep their own laws. He held an annual Parliament at which the king's messengers (Missi Dominici), who travelled the empire to listen to complaints and ensure that laws were kept, would report. He was a great encourager of learning; he established schools and libraries and promoted literacy.
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What was Charlemagne's legacy as regards the Byzantine empire?
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"Charlemagne ruled in Italy as the emperors had never done since the days of Justinian. And as years went on the idea that Italy owed any fealty to the emperor faded more and more from the minds of the people, while, at the same time, an enmity between the pope and Byzantine emperor grew."
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What are the 'False Decretals' and the 'Donation of Constantine'?
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These documents have now been proved to be forgeries. The church in Rome used them to gain much of their power. It was said that they showed that Constantine the Great had given to the Pope and his successors the sovereignty of all Italy when he built Constantinople. This was said to be done out of gratitude to the church that they had cured him of leprosy. By this the popes were freed from the overlordship of the emperors.
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What happened on Christmas Day 800?
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Charlemagne, while attending mass, was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III, thus beginning the Holy Roman Empire.
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Did Charlemagne want to be crowned Emperor?
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'Who can say?' He said "had I known what Leo was about to do I would never have entered St. Peter's on that Christmas morning."
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Who gained most from the coronation in 800; Charlemagne or the Pope?
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The coronation 'conferred more power upon the pope than honour upon the emperor and the time would soon come when no king of the Germans would dare to take the title of emperor until the crown had been placed upon his head by the bishop of Rome.'
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Charlemagne died in 814. What happened to his empire?
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Charlemagne's Empire "fell to pieces soon after his death, the whole state being filled with discord and violence. For it was built upon no solid foundation, but upon the will of one man."
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Who were the descendants of Charlemagne?
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He had a son Louis the Pious (ruled 814 to 840) who was ill suited to ruling an empire. Loius had three quarrelsome sons, Lothaire, Louis and Charles.
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What happened at the Treaty of Verdun in 843?
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The three grandsons of Charlemagne met together and agreed to divide their grandfather's Empire between them. Lothaire took the title Emperor and was given what we would call Italy, Charles took France and Louis Germany.
Charlemagne's dream of a united Teuton people speaking one language with one law and one king was dead! |
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What was the Teutonic legacy?
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"In Rome the state was everything, the individual nothing. There was a great gulf between the powerful wealthy and the powerless poor.
Among the Teutons there were no slaves. They were a free people and each man was conscious of his own personal worth in the community. The idea of this individual freedom was the Teutonic bequest to future ages." |
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What was the period that followed the Treaty of Verdun like?
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It was a time of constant turmoil and bloodshed. Kings were feeble and as their subjects were turbulent and rebellious there were frequent civil wars.
The Saracens invaded Sicily and Italy and threatened Rome. Huns swept over north Italy and Germany. And lastly, there came the Northmen. |
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Where did the Northmen come from?
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From Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
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When and where did the Northmen attack?
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The first attack recorded was against England in 787.
Soon attacks spread to all England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, Spain and Italy. |
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How did the attacks of the Northmen differ from the attacks of the Germanic tribes that had come before?
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The Northmen attacked from the sea or along rivers rather than from the land.
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What was the new petition added to the prayers of christian Europe?
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"From the fury of the Northmen, good Lord, deliver us."
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How did Rollo the Northman become King Robert of Normandy?
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He was a Northman who attacked and settled in France. He could not be bought off and eventually the king decided to offer him legally a large part of North-West France if he agreed to be baptized and become a vassal of the king.
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What were the differences between Rollo and Robert.
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Rollo was famed as the devastator of France, the pillager of monasteries, and the slayer of women and children. Robert was leader of what became the best governed part of France, the builder of churches and the framer of righteous laws.
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What were some of the characteristics of the Northmen?
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“They were filled with a great curiosity, they had a genius for order and government, they were fearless, energetic and eager, always ready to adventure and to do. Civilized they retained much of the old vigour which as barbarian heathen had made them such deadly and pitiless foes. Christianized they became passionate champions of the Catholic Church…They became the great upholders of the feudal system and the exponents of the orders of knighthood.”
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