• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/122

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What do we know about the famous monument at Stonehenge?
Only that it is a testament to the inhabitants' knowledge of engineering and astronomy, as well as their possession of the social, economic, and political capital necessary to complete such a project.
What do we know about Celtic religion in early Britain?
There were likely Druids, who practiced human sacrifice. Punishment for wrongdoings often included exclusion from ceremonies and religious practices.
Which Roman General briefly visited the island of Britain with troops in 55 B.C.?
Julius Caesar
Why did the Romans make their military forays into Britain in 55 and 54 B .C.?
Julius Caesar claimed he had "intelligence" saying that Britain was assisting Gaul, a country he had just conquered.
What factors contributed to the rapid conquest of southern Britain in 43 A.D.?
Many kings simply surrendered rather than fighting. Also, the British were not particularly military-minded.
Who led the revolt of the Iceni in 61 A.D.?
Boadicea.
Why was Agricola was unable bring the whole of Britain under Roman rule?
Domition, the current ruler, was jealous, so he summoned him home.
Which Roman Emperor campaigned in Britain and constructed a wall across the Northumbrian
moors from Carlisle to Newcastle?
Hadrian
Which Roman Emperor, in the early third century, pushed the Roman conquest of Britain into the
far north of Scotland?
Severus Septimius
How long did the Roman occupation of Britain last?
55 B.C. to 410 A.D.
What were some of the benefits of Roman rule in Britain?
Roman luxuries (baths, etc.), stone buildings, connection with Continent for trade, connection with Roman church, more organized towns and some early government.
Which British cities were founded by the Romans?
Colchester, York, Lincoln, Verulamium, Gloucest
Who was Vortigern, and why did he invite Jutish and Saxon mercenaries to fight for him and his
people?
Vortigern was one of the early British kings of Kent. He was being attacked by the Picts and the Scots. He requested a mercenary army, and the Jutish and Saxons responded.
Who were Hengist and Horsa?
Hengist and Horsa were the two Saxon kings who brought their armies to help Vortigern. They settled in the Isle of Thanet, bringing their people. Horsa died, but Hengist was first in a long line of kings of Kent.
Which Kingdoms were founded by the Angles in the old territory of the Brigantes?
Northumbria, Bernicia, Deira
What is the Sutton-Hoo treasure?
A burial site that might house King Redwald of East Anglia. It is filled with Roman style helmets, silver bowls, a shield, coins, swords, and other signs of wealth. Surrounding it are the graves of people who were likely executed, and a horse. It is almost certainly a pagan burial site.
What does the term “heptarchy” refer to?
The seven major kingdoms (spheres of influence) of 6th and 7th century England-East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex.
In 597, which visitor came to the court of Æthelbert of Kent?
Augustine, a monk from Rome sent by pope Gregory, (the one who saw the little boys being sold and thought them angels) and forty monks.
‚ Which factors may have predisposed Æthelbert of Kent to accept a new religion?
His wife, Bertha, was already a Christian, and a member of the Frankish royal family. A Frankish bishop resided in their household. He had given the bishop the church of St. Martin's in Canterbury in which to hold mass.
What momentous change took place in the Kingdom of Northumbria during the reign of King
Edwin?
Northumbria was converted to Christianity.
Which alliance represented a severe threat against Christianity in the North during the seventh
century?
King Pendia of Mercia and Prince Cadwallon of Gwynedd.
Why was Lindisfarne known as the “Holy Island?”
Because it became one of the centers of Christianity in Northumbria.
Who was Oswald of Northumbria, and what were his achievements?
Oswald was one of two heirs of the Bernician dynasty who returned to claim the throne after the fall of the Deiran royal house. He won the Northumbrian throne by defeating the Mercians and Welsh in 634 in the battle of Heavenfield.
What momentous decision was taken at the Synod of Whitby
The date on which Easter would be celebrated. The synod chose to follow the Roman calendar (also used in Canterbury).
What were the achievements of Theodore of Tarsus as Archbishop of Canterbury?
He organized the church of England into dioceses and selected suitable bishops for each. Basically he organized the English church.
What was the function of the Witan (also known as the Witenagemot) in Anglo-Saxon England?
The Witan's major purpose was to advise the King. It was not a representative group, and membership depended on the issue to be discussed. Rarely did a king flout the advice of the Witan.
How did the Vikings impact the first half of the ninth century in England?
They began invasions and upset everything achieved by Oswy.
Why was King Æthelwulf of Wessex such a bad King?
Aethelwulf succeeds Egbert, who is good at keeping the Vikings out of Wessex. Aethelwulf is not, and England begins to sink back into poverty and barbarism. Aethelwulf responds by going on a pilgrimage to Rome and is eventually deposed.
‚ What events at Eddington and Chippenham led to the turning of the tide against the Vikings?
The Vikings were defeated at Eddington.
What was “Alfred’s and Guthrum’s Frith”?
A peace treaty between King Alfred and Guthrum which states that the Vikings must leave Wessex forever, move to the land of the East Angles, and accept Christianity. Also, Guthrum took the name of Aethelstan.
What were the achievements of Alfred the Great?
He organizes the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, he defeats the Danes, he establishes a set of laws called "dooms," he creates a national defense force, has his men learn to build Danish ships, founds churches, invents things, gives money to missionaries, receives homage from King of Scots, translates important works from Latin into English, some by himself.
Why was King Edward “The Martyr” so called?
He was killed by his mother Elthfryth, he was a supporter of the church, and the party who killed him was irreligious.
‚ Do you agree that King Æthelred deserves the title of “the rede-less”?
Perhaps unready in the sense that he was unprepared, in our modern sense of the world, but not the negative connotation unready had back then. He was a child unready (haha) to succeed to the throne, with a tainted reputation and an aristocratic power struggle.
What was the effect on England of the reign of Canute the Dane?
Canute purged the aristocracy, promoting his own supporters. He also changed the weight of English coinage, bringing it closer to Danish currency. He was generous patron of monastic houses.
What was the role of Godwin , earl of Wessex?
He held something of a stranglehold on the monarchy. He and his sons held more land than the king himself. He acted as advisor to the king, and it was very difficult to accomplish anything in England without his support.
• ‚ To what extent may King Edward the Confessor himself have been responsible for the disputed

succession after his death?
Not only did Edward the Confessor not provide an heir, something he may or may not have been at fault for, he possibly promised the throne of England to William the Conqueror, but left no record of it. Additionally, he was certainly not allowed to make such a promise. Also, he gave no suggestion as to who he thought the English throne should be left to.
Why was 1066 was a banner year in English history?
The current royal family was overthrown by William the Conqueror, bringing the Normans to England. However, the English did have a military victory against the Norsemen, proving they were capable of success. Also, although England was invaded by the Normans, it retained a sense of "Englishness," integrating the Normans into their previously existing customs.
Who founded the duchy of Normandy and when?
A Viking chieftan named Rollo in 911.
‚ What was the outcome of the Battle of Stamford Bridge (September 28th, 1066)?
The English were victorious in the battle of Stamford Bridge, and forced the Norsemen home.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Hastings (October 14th, 1066)?
The English lost the Battle of Hastings, and William the conqueror took over the English throne.
What course did the Witan take immediately after the Battle of Hastings?
The Witan chose a successor for Harold Godwineson, Edgar, great-nephew of Edward the Confessor.
‚ What did William of Normandy do immediately after the Battle of Hastings?
He is uncomfortable with a direct approach to London, choosing instead to pillage towns within a 25 mile radius of the town until it concedes defeat.
After 1066, what happened to the lands of all those English who had fought for Harold
Godwinson at Hastings?
They were taken away to be reassigned to supporters of the Norman conquest.
‚ How were land and land-tenure affected by the Norman Conquest?
Following the Norman Conquest, land was held, above all, by the crown.
What was the purpose of the Domesday survey?
To account for all the land and cattle in England and who it belonged to. This was to determine how much tax William should be receiving from each landholder.
What was the function of the Curia Regis under the Norman Kings?
A council similar to the witan in purpose.
‚ What may be said to have been the legacy of William the Conqueror?
Integrating Normans into English society?
‚ How easily was William Rufus able to establish himself on the English throne?
At first, quite easily, as he was crowned without question, but then a bunch of barons reblled in favor of William Curthouse.
• ‚ As Archbishop of Canterbury following the deposition of the usurper Stigand in 1070, what
reforms did Lanfranc introduce?
Reforms were more in line with the papacy. Simony and marriage of clergy was outlawed. Old monasteries were reformed, new ones were formed, and more stringent living conditions were pressed upon the clergy in line with the monastic reform traditions of the eleventh century.
Pressed to acknowledge the Pope (Gregory VII) as his feudal overlord, how did William I
respond?
He refuses, saying that his predecessors didn't, so he won't, nor did he ever say he would.
• ‚ Following the death of Lanfranc in 1089, why did William II leave the See of Canterbury vacant
for four years until appointing Anselm as successor in 1093?
So he could divert the money that was going to the church into the royal treasury.
In what spiritual and political struggles was the great Primate Anselm involved?
He wanted to visit the Pope in Rome but William Rufush wouldn't let him. He later didn't want to pay homage to Henry I because of a papal decree.
Did William Rufus die an edifying death?
No, he was shot with an arrow while hunting, a la Dick Cheney. His murderer, though the killing was accidental, fled the country.
By what means was the Conqueror’s youngest son able to establish himself on the throne of
England?
He had to race to be crowned and make a bunch of promises, The Charter of Liberties, and hope everyone supported him. He was going to have to fight his brother Robert for the throne but they reached an agreement.
What were the provisions of Henry I’s coronation charter?
He promised not to sell of anyone's land during the interim between death and succession, not to take money from the church during this period, to force anyone to fight for their land back, or to force any widow's to marry should they not consent.
Who won and who lost - and what was won and lost - at Tinchebrai?
Henry the First and his army were victorious at Tinchebrai, winning the duchy of Normandy for Henry and bringing back the Anglo-Norman forged by William the Conqueror forty years before.
‚ What were the terms of the Compromise of Bec (1106)?
Henry relinquished lay investiture, the pope permitted Henry to receive homage from his ecclesiastical tenants. The English church was never fully under the royal thumb again, however.
What was the long-range effect on the attitudes in England of King Henry I’s marriage to a
Scottish princess of Saxon ancestry?
She was a member of the old English royal family, which was good?
‚ Why did Securing the succession to the throne became a difficult problem in 1120?
The heir to the throne, Henry I's son William, died in a shipwreck.
‚ Why did Civil War broke out in England in December 1135?
Matilda and Stephen of Blois, grandson of William the Conqueror (by a daughter) both wanted the English throne, and some of the nobles wanted Stephen even though they 'd promised Henry to pick Matilda because they had fought against her.
What was the claim to the throne of England of the widowed German Empress, Matilda?
Her father had been Henry I, King of England, and he wanted her to be queen.
‚ How did the writer in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle characterize the reign of King Stephen?
He was a mild man, and gentle and good, and did no justice.
In what w ay do the events of 1135-1154 prove that even the most powerful Kings cannot rule
from beyond the grave?
Even though Henry I was king and decided he wanted his daughter Matilda to succeed him, this didn't occur just because he wanted it, and since he was dead no one cared what he wanted.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Wallingford?
Upon Stephen's death, Henry II will succeed to the throne of England.
Becoming King in 1154 at the age of 21, who were the parents of Henry II?
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and Geoffrey, the Count of Anjou.
Who was the consort of Henry II, and what w as the political (and territorial) significance of this
marriage?
Eleanor of Aquitane was the consort of Henry II. This was significant because it gave him a bunch of territory in Normandy.
What was the full extent of the dominions ruled over by Henry II?
King of England, Held Brittany, Normandy, Perche, Maine, Anjou, Loire, Poitou, Aquitaine, and Gascony as a vassal of King of France, Scotland Anglo Norman Feudal Colonies and Lords Marchers were held by vassals of Henry.
What issue(s) divided King Henry II from his sometime boon-companion Thomas Becket?
The varying opinions on the rights of the church and the crown divided Henry II and Thomas Becket.
What did the Constitutions of Clarendon represent?
The Constitutions of Clarendon were a list of customs bearing on Church-state relations.
• ‚ What event in early 1170 triggered the sequence of events that culminated in the assassination of
Thomas Becket?
Henry II had his eldest son crowned by the bishop of York since the bishop of Canterbury was unavailable.
‚ What developments in the evolution of Common Law took place during this period?
Development of the exchequer court and Court of the Common bench, justices in eyre, reports of notorious criminals to sheriffs who would be put on trial using indictmentish juries, royal jurisdiction into land disputes,
• ‚ Who were Justices in Eyre? The Justices in Eyre were royal justices who traveled the country hearing cases, and, for the first time, taking the power of ruling in cases from the shire courts.
First pronounced in 1166, what did the A ssize of Novel Disseisin deal with?
Unfair ejections from land. Novel disseisin means "recent ejection."
‚ Under what circumstances would a writ of Mort d’Ancestor be issued?
When the death of a landholder was followed by an incorrect succession.
During Henry II’s many absences from the realm, who ruled England?
The courts he had formed, like the judiciary thing.
What kind of preparations did Richard (the “Lion Hearted”) make in order to go on Crusade?
He taxed everyone.
Under what circumstances did Richard I die?
After being held captive, he had been at war for some time with France, quite successfully in fact. He recovered all the land that had been lost during his captivity, and was threatening the French throne when he died from a battle wound in 1199.
Why did King John’s marriage to Isabelle of Angoulême cause such outrage?
Isabelle was already promised to Hugh the Brown, a Lord of Lusignan. John made no effort to make up for this, instead scorning the Lusignans.
On June 15th, 1215, by signing Magna Carta, John undertook to do what?
1) English church shall be free from royal interference
2) Feudal rights of king over tenants in chief are clearly defined. The tenants in chief promise to accord the same rights to their own vassals. Reciprocal rights and obligations throughout society, not just at the top.
3) No taxation without consent of the Great Council
4) Regulations concerning the administration of justice; fairness, impartiality, due process
5) No foreigners should be appointed to high judicial or administrative posts in England
6) The City of London and all other cities with Charters is to be confirmed in its rights.
‚ How was the King’s compliance with Magna Carta to be enforced?
25 "Guardians of the Charter" were to ensure John's adherence to Magna Carta.
After Henry III became King in 1216 at the age of 9, which two men served successively as
regent?
The Justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, and the aged earl William the Marshal.
What enterprise did Pope Alexander IV persuade Henry III to undertake in 1257?
The ensurement that Sicily would never again be part of the Holy Roman Empire.
Why was Simon de Montfort’s 1265 Parliament so unique?
Because, unlike the witan or great council, it was, more or less, a representative meeting.
Who was Robert Grosseteste?
Robert Grosseteste was a 13th century scholar of many things, including the work of Plato and Aristotle. He was apparently taught entirely in England, and became a chancellor of Oxford University and bishop of Lincoln. He could be considered the "foster father" of science in western Europe, and was a trailblazer in the area of scientific methodology. He greatly influenced the English scholars of the Franciscan order.
‚ Although he succeeded to the throne in 1272, Edward I did not begin to rule until 1274. Why not?
Because he was on Crusade on the Continent.
What was the purpose behind the Statute of Mortmain (1279)?
It prevented the giving of land to the church without a license from the granter's lord, because once lands went to the church, there was never a chance of the crown winning them back, because the church never died.
By issuing writs of Quo Warranto, Edward I hoped to:
This told that ancient privilege allowed you to hold your land as well as actual proof-rusty sword. This spread the acceptance of the primacy of royal jurisdiction.
What was the purpose of the Statute of Quia Emptores (1290)?
It meant that once you sold your land, you had no control over the buyer. The buyer held their land directly of your lord. Subinfeudation. This kept a convoluted chain of 'holdings' from occurring.
How did King Edward I secure his control of Wales?
I suppose, by killing Llywelyn, ruler of Wales, and installing his son as prince of Wales, so that title was never again an independent Welsh ruler.
How and why was the accidental death in 1286 of King Alexander III of Scotland a catastrophe?
It caused issues with the succession, because pretty much the only available successor was a 4 year old girl, his daughter's daughter, daughter of the King of Norway, Eric. She also died. Who would rule Scotland?
Which crucial victory over the English catapulted W illiam Wallace to leadership of the Scottish
cause?
The Battle of Stirling Bridge??
Why did the capture and death of William Wallace not mark the collapse of Scotland’s hopes for
independence?
Robert Bruce, grandson of the former claimant to the Scottish throne, eventually took over the rebellion in 1306.
‚ Which title was given to Edward I’s eldest son in 1301, symbolizing the conquest of that country?
Prince of Wales
Why did prospects for Scottish independence improve greatly in 1307?
Edward I died, leaving his incompetent son Edward II to take over.
‚ How worthy a successor to his father was King Edward II?
Not at all worthy. Edward I was pretty successful, and took over Wales, at least. Edward II is considered by some to be the worst English king ever to sit on the throne.
Why was Edward II’s favorite, Piers Gaveston, such an object of hatred?
Because he had formerly been a simple "man-at-arms" and now he was an earl, not only from a foreign land, but cocky and obnoxious with no basis for being so.
Who were the Lords Ordainers, and what were the provisions of the Ordinances of 1311?
The Lords Ordainers have complete authority over the government. Their job is to protect the Ordinances of 1311. They can keep the king from declaring war. The provisions included the exile of Gaveston and Edward's banker Americo dei Frescobaldi, that Parliament would meet twice a year and could endorse or reject the high officials like chancellor and treasurer, they could also reject household officials, and the king was required to submit to the advice of a council appointed by Parliament between sessions. Also, he couldn't declare war without Parliamentary approval.
What was the significance of English defeat at Bannockburn (1314)?
It completely shattere the northern policy of the first two Edwards. It doomed for a generation all English efforts to subdue the northern kingdom.
How did Edward II die?
He was murdered by his enemies after he was imprisoned in Berkley Castle.
Who ruled England during the minority of Edward III?
Queen Isabella, his mother, and Mortimer, earl of March, who she was involved with.
What were the consequences of English victory over the Scots in the Battle of Neville’s Cross
(1346)?
The English defeat the Scots and capture David Bruce.
Who were the sons of Edward III?
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, John V, duke of Brittany, Edward, Prince of Wales, Lionel of Antwerp, duke of Clarence, Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester
What was the purpose of the Statutes of Labourers (1349 & 1351)?
The first froze wages at pre-plague levels, the second limited wage increases, though not altogether, because so many people were dying there were no laborers.
What were the origins and root causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Long-standing arguments over England's royal possessions in France.
What was the basis of Edward III’s claim to the French throne?
He is duke of Aquitane, he possesses Pontieu and Calais. Also, the French king was captured.
‚ Which English weapon contributed most to English victory at Sluys, Crecy and Poitiers?
The longbow
Who was John Wycliffe?
Wycliffe was an anticlerical Oxford philosopher. John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, used his inflammatory writings to scare the English clergy to grant taxation to the government.
Who was the father of King Richard II?
Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Edward II.
‚ What were the terms of the Provisions of Oxford?
15 member council to watch over the king, the royal castles, local administration, ministerial appointments, etc. the king had to listen to them. Also, parliament met 3 times a year.
How just a judgment was 1264's Mise of Amiens
Just in the sense that Louis tried to be impartial, but he was really leaning towards royal prerogatives, saying he'd hate to live in a country with the provisions of Oxford.
How were Pope Boniface VIII and Archbishop Winchelsea obliged to concede that Edward I could tax the church?
He confirmed magna carta and other concessions, and plus he had issued a writ of prohibition.
Who were the 'lord's appellant?'
5 of the wealthiest english lords who decided the case against Richard II's favorites.
What government measures helped to trigger the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381?
Newly levied poll taxes, the way the Statute of Labourers was enforced, which kept the peasants from benefiting from the labor shortage following the Black death.
ow did the death of John of Gaunt in 1399 lead ultimately to the overthrow of Richard II?
Richard II refused to give John's son, Henry Bolingbroke his inheritance, so he rallied the magnates against Richard II while he was in Ireland, and upon his return he was throne in prison and Henry was crowned. Basically he gave the lords reason to fear for their hereditary succession, which was dumb of him.
‚ What were the economic and demographic effects of the “Black Death” in England?
Richard II refused to give John's son, Henry Bolingbroke his inheritance, so he rallied the magnates against Richard II while he was in Ireland, and upon his return he was throne in prison and Henry was crowned. Basically he gave the lords reason to fear for their hereditary succession, which was dumb of him.
How did the Good Parliament of 1376 challenge royal authority?
It gave the king a new set of councilors, Mortimer, Courtenay, and Wykeham, threw some of the Royal Court in jail, and selected the king's successor.
What was the intent of the Barons who compelled King John to affix his seal to Magna Carta?
To get King John under control, and make him do his job.
In what way may we say John's death in 1216 was timely?
The barons were not divided amongst themselves, they were divided against John, and when he died the French invasion had no chance of succeeding.
What role did the great William the Marshal play at the outset of the reign of Henry III?
He revised Magna Carta and had Henry sign it.
What constitutional developments took place in England during the reign of Richard I?
There were none.
What w as the effect on England of the fact that Richard I was captured and held for ransom while
returning from the Third Crusade?
They're all really annoyed and raise a huge ransom by taxation. Also, John begins to become powerful.
‚ What does the issuance by Parliament of the Confirmatio Cartarum reveal?
Parliament was now a second branch of government, as Edward I had given away the right to tax as he pleased.
Why was the fourteenth century such an important epoch for Parliament?
It saw the organization of members into the Houses of Lords and Commons, the dependence of the king for taxation. The development of the house of Commons was especially important.