History Of Creativity Exam 3

Front 1

Congress of Vienna:

Back 1

Attempted to turn back the clock 100 yrs and restore monarchies to power all over Europe & pretend the French Revolution & other liberal ideas never happened. People did not agree to this.

Front 2

Klemens Metternich & Charles de Tallyrand:

Back 2

authors of these conservative policies on continental Europe and the two great political leaders of the day were not kings, but foreign ministers of Austria & France. Understood that threats to the established governments would not come from other nations but from two main internal threats: ideological liberals and nationalists.

Front 3

Nationalists:

Back 3

Tried to unite a religious or ethnic group within a larger empire in an effort to gain their independence

Front 4

Monroe Doctrine:

Back 4

Stated that any foreign invasion anywhere in the Americas would be met w/ hostile resistance from the American Military

Front 5

Charles Dickens:

Back 5

Wrote his novels attacking social issues that London slums faced. Authored Oliver Twist, and Hard Times

Front 6

Jane Austen:

Back 6

criticized English manners and class consciousness in her books. Authored Emma and Pride & Prejudice.

Front 7

Charlotte Bronte

Back 7

(Jane Eyre)
examined the roles of women in male-dominated Victorian society.

Front 8

Emily Bronte

Back 8

(Wuthering Heights)
examined the roles of women in male-dominated Victorian society.

Front 9

Jeremy Bentham:

Back 9

British philosopher who developed Utilitarianism, which states that every institution and every law must be measured according to its social usefulness

Front 10

Thomas Carlyle:

Back 10

Supported the idea that progress in society came from great men, or heroes, who personally solved problems, not from majority rule decisions.

Front 11

Karl Marx

Back 11

Developed communism
He authored The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels and Das Kapital by himself.

Front 12

Friedrich Engels:

Back 12

Co-authored The Communist Manifesto and funded Marx's work.

Front 13

Captain James Cook:

Back 13

The foremost naval explorer to ever live, journeyed to Newfoundland and to the south pacific. Discovered Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Samoa, & Hawaii. Cured scurvy w/ limes.

Front 14

John Harrison: .

Back 14

Awarded the prize for a very accurate clock used to determine longitude aboard a ship

Front 15

David Livingstone:

Back 15

A British missionary & explorer in Africa. abhorred the typically abusive treatment of the natives by the Europeans, became famous by mapping the Zambezi River & searching the source of the Nile. Mysteriously disappeared.

Front 16

Henry Morton Stanley:

Back 16

American Reporter that searched for David Livingstone. Sent newspaper reports of his travels & adventures in Africa. Had a perfect ending when Stanley found Livingstone & the two explored Lake Tanganyika together for 4 months.

Front 17

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte:

Back 17

elected president of France. Elections led to split government with republicans running the presidency but monarchists running the Assembly. The Gov. was ineffective. After 3 yrs of stagnant government. he won a coup d'etat & declared the start of the 2nd Empire & named himself emperor Napoleon III

Front 18

Simon Bolivar:

Back 18

led the revolutions of Spain's American territories in the northern half of South America. Modern-day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama & Bolivia can all attribute their independence to Bolivar.

Front 19

Jose San Martin:

Back 19

pushed for freedom from Spanish rule. born in the New World, educated in Spain. liberal & disliked monarchy & the colonial system. helped Argentina, Chile, & Peru gain their independence from Spain.

Front 20

General Santa Anna:

Back 20

elected president of Mexico & in charge when Texas & other Mexican territories north of the Rio Grande were lost to the U.S.

Front 21

King Leopold II:

Back 21

typical constitutional monarch. ambitious & tried to convince the Belgian parliament to acquire colonies. attempted to buy Argentinean Providence & rent the Philippines from Spain, establish colonies in China, Japan, & Vietnam. Failed. Responsible for severe brutality and genocide in Congo.

Front 22

Czar Alexander II:

Back 22

had to acknowledge that Russia had fallen behind the rest of Europe's military capabilities. this realization caused Alexander II to reform and modernize Russia. It was slow & unsuccessful. freed serfs & implemented mild democratic reforms: local govmt & trial by jury.

Front 23

The National Will:

Back 23

The Radical revolutionary organization. A student member murdered Czar Alexander II with a bomb. Succeeded by Alexander III who was reactionary and halted all the reforms his father had set into motion

Front 24

Kaiser Wilhelm I:

Back 24

King of Prussia who hired Bismarck to expand borders whose success created modern Germany

Front 25

Otto von Bismarck -

Back 25

United modern Germany under Prussia leadership. Wanted Germany to focus on their own country rather than oversea colonies.

Front 26

Victor Emmanuel II:

Back 26

was made a constitutional monarch (more liberal than his father). Sardinian king's son. Under him the Italian kingdom was declared

Front 27

Giuseppe Garibaldi:

Back 27

brought southern Italy into the Italian kingdom when his red-shirt army freed Sicily from the control of the ruling bourbon family & marched northward & captured Naples

Front 28

Manifest Destiny:

Back 28

the feeling that all of the American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific should be part of the United States

Front 29

Washington Irving:

Back 29

first American author to gain international notice. Wrote stories based on American folk tales: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle

Front 30

James Fenimore Cooper:

Back 30

first American author to have his works fully embraced by Europe. The Last of the Mohicans.

Front 31

Henry W. Longfellow:

Back 31

wrote The Song of Hiawatha, a poem that romanticized the Indians. He also wrote and Americanized translation of Divine Comedy

Front 32

Nathaniel Hawthorne:

Back 32

spent his life in Massachusetts & became obsessed with America's Puritan history. The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables

Front 33

Herman Melville:

Back 33

used his own experiences aboard ships &; traditional sailors' tales as a basis for his novels. He wrote Moby Dick

Front 34

Edgar Allan Poe:

Back 34

survived a rough/tragic childhood & a failed military career before becoming a successful writer. Used own expenses to publish first book: Tamerlane & other poems. He invented the mystery story and was the master of the horror story

Front 35

Walt Whitman:

Back 35

independent, brave, & close to nature. He wrote his poetry in a radical free verse style. Whitman financed publication of his own work. Authored Poetry collection Leaves of Grass

Front 36

Mark Twain:

Back 36

Considered by some Europeans as the most creative American author; Wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.

Front 37

Transcendentalism:

Back 37

a belief that some knowledge could be gained beyond what we get from the five senses. The ability to trust one's own insight is the secret to truth. Based on philosophies of Immanuel Kant.

Front 38

Ralph Waldo Emerson:

Back 38

the leader of the transcendental movement in the U.S. Wrote the essays Nature and Self Reliance

Front 39

Henry David Thoreau:

Back 39

Emerson's great disciple, Moved in w/ Emerson post-grad & helped him write some of his books. Thoreau wanted to experience transcendentalism & went to live at Walden Pond to be alone with nature. Thoreau wrote about his experiences of living 'one w/ nature' in his book Walden. He also wrote On Civil Disobedience

Front 40

Emily Dickinson:

Back 40

American premier poetess. Socially uncomfortable and lived secluded in her Amherst, Massachusetts home. There she found transcendentalism a philosophy she could embrace and most of her poems show her dealing with her inner-self and the outside world. Wrote over 1,700 poems, only 7 were published in her lifetime

Front 41

Louisa May Alcott
(0nly one thing)

Back 41

Little women

Front 42

Abraham Lincoln:

Back 42

Republican against slavery. his election spurred the secession of South Carolina. Other southern states seceded as well, because they stated that they joined the union freely & can leave it freely as well. Emancipation Proclamation. Gettysburg Address

Front 43

American Civil War:

Back 43

Officially began with the Union army's attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Lasted for 4 years.

Front 44

Eli Whitney:

Back 44

invented the concept of interchangeable parts in order to save military money & effort. Invented the cotton gin.

Front 45

Thomas Edison:

Back 45

Invented the light bulb, vote recorder, stock ticker tape machine, phonograph, motion pictures, storage battery, cement mixer, dictaphone, & a duplicating machine. Has more patents than any other American

Front 46

Quantum Theory:

Back 46

developed by Neils Bohr, this theory supported Max Plank's "quanta" (theory that light was composed of particles) as it investigated the energy states of hydrogen atoms

Front 47

Uncertainty Principle

Back 47

- Proposed by Werner Heisenberg. This principle states that the position of an electron or light cannot be determined. An electron or light can, however, be described generally by statistics.

Front 48

Butterfly Effect:

Back 48

small disturbances in nature can eventually lead to large catastrophes.
- The butterfly effect led to the chaos theory (similar events will continue to occur throughout nature and civilization but never in the exact way).

Front 49

Chaos Theory:

Back 49

examines how seemingly random and unrelated events can still lead to patterns like human history

Front 50

Synchronicity:

Back 50

The awareness that some events which should not be related, occur in a related way. the mind set that your thoughts or actions will influence the outcome of an event that is not related... if you imagine something long enough, it will eventually come to be

Front 51

Nihilism:

Back 51

Philosophical movement that strongly echoes the general feeling within the scientific community at the time-questioning whether anything is real or true. Strong idea in Russia

Front 52

Existentialism:

Back 52

- The belief that no truth is universal but truth is decided by each individual.
-emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice

Front 53

Gustav Courbet

Back 53

credited with developing realism. Paintings: The Sleeping Spinner, Burial at Ornas, The Stone Breakers.
*other paintings:The Gleaners, NightHawks, Third Class Carriage.

Front 54

Claude Monet

Back 54

one of the first to begin this movement with his painting Impression: Sunrise, Water Lilies, Japanese Bridge at Giverny. He focused on light and color as he painted out doors and tried to capture the natural lighting during different parts of the days, often painting the same subject multiple times.

Front 55

*Edouard Manet

Back 55

(impressionist) painted the controversial Luncheon on The Grass where he painted a casual nude women among clothed men. Also painted the Fifer

Front 56

Pierre Renoir.

Back 56

He painted people famous painting was Le Moulin de la Galette, Girls at the Piano

Front 57

Edgar Degas:

Back 57

focused on the nature of the moving body. Liked painting Ballerinas and race horses. Famous painting Rehearsal of a Ballet on Stage.

Front 58

Mary Cassatt:

Back 58

American painter (female). she painted children and mothers. Painted Children on the Beach, Mothers and Children, Naturalist Poses.

Front 59

George Seurat:

Back 59

Created his own technique for painting called Pointillism, using thousands of small dots to create an image with strict color theories. Famous painting is A Sunday on La Grande Jatte.

Front 60

Paul Cezanne:

Back 60

First person that could be labeled as a post-impressionist. He searched for natural forms in nature such as cones, spheres, and cylinders and incorporated them in
View over Mont St. Victorie

Front 61

VanGough

Back 61

Expressionism, expressing the dream-like nature of the artist's work. In many of his paintings, Van Gogh used swirl-like patterns. Painted Starry night, Sunflowers, and The Night Cafe.

Front 62

Paul Gauguin: .

Back 62

He mainly painted the people of Brittany and Tahiti. Used strong colors and flat backgrounds to emphasize the emotional content of his work. Painted La Orana Maria

Front 63

Henri Matisse:

Back 63

man who captured the style of fauvism. Famous painting is The Red Room. His works displayed positive feelings that were unusual for his time

Front 64

Auguste Rodin:

Back 64

Sculpted "The Thinker" and "The Burghers of Calais". Used Classical style with modern technique.

Front 65

Marcel Duchamp:

Back 65

the "bad boy" of art. His goal was simply to aggravate people. Was the leader of the Dadaism movement, abstract meaningless images. Nude Descending A Staircase

Front 66

Surrealism:

Back 66

the application of psychology's subconscious mind in art, world of dreams

Front 67

Salvador Dali:

Back 67

captured surrealism with his painting The Persistence of Memory.

Front 68

Louis Sullivan:

Back 68

Together with the Chicago school, used steel framing to push the height of buildings to new levels, eventually leading to the skyscraper. Considered the "Father of Modernism" (architecture)

Front 69

Frank Lloyd Wright:

Back 69

created the style of “Organic Design”. This was characterized by incorporating the surrounding environment in the design of the building/structure. Built the famous “falling water” house in Penn.

Front 70

Louis Armstong:

Back 70

Known as the ambassador of Jazz. Master of the Dixieland style, and later became an actor.

Front 71

Duke Ellington:

Back 71

Wrote more 2k jazz pieces. Famous song that helped spread jazz was Take The “A” Train

Front 72

George Gershwin:

Back 72

Wrote jazz in a classical form, helping jazz gain critical approval, allowing it to become more accepted worldwide

Front 73

Stream of Consciousness:

Back 73

genre developed by James Joyce. Traces a character's stream of thoughts throughout the novel, allowing the reader to understand the characters views

Front 74

Claude Debussy:

Back 74

his music had no progression, at least no feeling of it. The tonic key was asserted repeatedly. Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, Claire de Lune

Front 75

- Feodor Dostoevsky:

Back 75

master of the psychological novel. Wrote powerfully about life and death. Wrote Crime and Punishment and The Brothers of Karamazov

Front 76

Maurice Ravel:

Back 76

Bolero is highly progressive, Pavanne for a Dead Princess which is without progression

Front 77

Henrik Ibsen:

Back 77

A play writer. Exposed controversial themes. His most famous work is A Doll's House

Front 78

Friedrich Nietzsche:

Back 78

He challenged the belief of progress. He rejected religion and claimed that "god is dead". Mankind should rely on basic animal passions and not intellectuality. He advocated the the superiority of certain groups, mainly those who could free themselves from bondage.

Front 79

Opium Wars-

Back 79

between Great Britain and China. GB refused to keep Chinese laws by selling opium to them, GB won and forced China to give them Hong Kong as a trading center/military base

Front 80

Causes of WWI

Back 80

colony race between GB, Germany, Japan, US
Fall of Ottoman and Austria-hungary empires

Front 81

Young Turks-

Back 81

Ottoman Empire group of liberals forced the Sultans to establish a constitution and an elected parliament

Front 82

The Triple Alliance:

Back 82

Germany, Austria, and Italy

Front 83

The Triple Entente:

Back 83

GB, France, and Russia

Front 84

Czar Nicolas II:

Back 84

He struggled maintaining the people's acceptance of WWI and his son's medical condition.

Front 85

League of Nations:

Back 85

Popular idea formed by Woodrow Wilson, but congress refused to ratify it. America never joined and it eventually crumbled.

Front 86

Vladimir Lenin:.

Back 86

Led the Bolshevik party and established the political system of communism in Russia

Front 87

Josef Stalin:

Back 87

Defeated Trotsky in a takeover dispute. Took Marx's ideas too far when he began to institute communist ideals in agriculture and forcing the political system on other nations. Forced people to comply, killing millions of dissenters

Front 88

Adolph Hitler:

Back 88

aspiring artist. His political debut was with the Workers Party, later changed to the Nazi party. Wrote Mein Kampf (meaning "My Struggle"), his autobiography which outlined his political ideas for restoring Germany, while in jail. He was eventually elected to the German Reichstag and from there weaseled his way in to main stream politics, becoming chancellor.

Front 89

Benito Mussolini:

Back 89

came up with the system of fascism, government sponsored monopolies. This was adopted by Hitler and proved to be very helpful to Germany along with rapid military production.

Front 90

Third Reich:

Back 90

1,000 years of German rule that Hitler thought would shortly come.

Front 91

Mohandas Gandhi:

Back 91

leader of the nationalists group in India. His vision for change was non-violence, an idea adopted from Henry Thoreau idea of civil disobedience. Led thousands in a "salt march" to the Indian ocean and this was a turning point for the people in India. Shortly after WWII, GB granted India it's independence.

Front 92

jazz Age:

Back 92

characterized by loose morality and disregard for the law as well as consumerism and frivolity. Everyone was trying to live a lavish life that the industrial revolution offered. This led into the Roaring Twenties a time where people were merry, dancing, drinking at speakeasies. and etc.

Front 93

Black Friday

Back 93

Stock market crash in U.S. on Oct. 28 1929. The beginning of ten years of extreme economic depression. This was the day when the depression that the rest of the world was in after WWI hit America. It was delayed because America chose to isolate itself from the rest of the world after WWI.

Front 94

FDR:

Back 94

succeeded Pres. Hoover during the great depression. Instituted the New Deal, a series of government programs to help ease the effects of the depression by creating government-funded public works projects.

Front 95

Axis Countries:

Back 95

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Front 96

Allies:

Back 96

Great Britain and France... and the US

Front 97

Winston Churchill:

Back 97

Prime Minister of GB during WWII. Very powerful and influential speaker. Boosted the morale of his people and gave them hope. Followed Neville Chamberlain as P.M.

Front 98

Blitz of London:

Back 98

British people would go to work and then if an attack came they would leave their offices and go into the British subway. Hitler's air raids on GB civilian cities. His plan back fired, giving the people of GB a stronger desire to fight back.

Front 99

Cuban Missile Crisis-

Back 99

Russia placed missiles on Cuba which could hit most of the eastern U.S. to counter the missiles placed in Turkey by U.S

Front 100

Red Scare:

Back 100

The wide spread fear of communism that hit America powered by Joseph McCarthy. If anyone was thought to be a communist or support the system, they were accused, destroying a lot of peoples reputation.

Front 101

Jean-Paul Sartre:

Back 101

His novel Being and Nothingness captures this style when a man becomes convinced that inanimate objects and daily situations are encroaching upon his ability to define himself.

Front 102

Albert Camus:

Back 102

Famous novel is The Stranger. Its a tale of a man living in Algeria who kills a native. While in jail he ponders and begins to understand the value and meaning of life. Comes to the conclusion that man, not God, is responsible for their own actions.

Front 103

fantasy-

Back 103

pioneered by JRR Tolkien and CS Lewis, used escapism to tell stories of mankind's ability to do noble and heroic things and overcome impossible tasks

Front 104

science fiction-

Back 104

created in the late 1800s by HG Wells and Jules Verne until it was expanded by others who used the genre as a means of showing the heights that humans could attain and the dangers if certain trends were not changed

Front 105

Jackson Pollack:

Back 105

Took art to a whole new level by splattering paint onto a canvas. Brilliant! Famous painting is Number 1.

Front 106

Andy Warhol:

Back 106

Pop art! took everyday items or iconic celebrity figures and gave the pictures of them strange twists ex. Mick Jagger, Marilyn Monroe, Campbell soup cans

Front 107

John Cage-

Back 107

wrote four minutes, thirty three seconds. a piece silent for the entire length of time (random sounds in the concert hall makes the music and is different every time)