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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ptolemaic model of the universe
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everything orbits around the sun
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Copernicus
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Challenged Ptolemaic model of the unverse; said everything orbits around the sun instead
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Tycho Brahe
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Said everything orbits around the sun except for the earth
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Keplar
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Made the Copernicus model simple.
Came up with the Keplar's laws of planetary motion |
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Thomas Kuhn
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Scientist > everything works under a paradigm
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Deductive vs. inductive logic
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Deductive: (decrease) go from general to specifics. Pre-enlightenment thinking
Inductive: (increase) go from specifics to general. Result of scientific awakening. |
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Francis Bacon
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Pushed inductive reasoning, made the "idols" (preconceived ideas), and invented scientific method.
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Bacon's idols
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Idols of the tribe: flaws from being a human
Idols of the cave: personal/individual flaws Idols of the marketplace: flaws from culture Idols of the theatre: flaws from philosophy systems |
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Rene Descartes
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"I think, therefore I am."
Came up with Reductionism (breaking down a problem to understand it) |
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Isaac Newton
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Wrote "Principia Mathematica"
"Law of Universal Gravitation" 3 laws of motion Developed calculus |
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"If I have seen further, it's because I have stood on the shoulders of giants."
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Isaac Newton
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Consequences of the scientific awakening (2)
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Determinism: there is an ordered universe
Deism: God no longer is involved in the world |
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Pascal
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Wrote "Pensees": pro-religion and God.
Wrote the Wagers on Faith |
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Wager on Faith (4)
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Written by Pascal
4 outcomes from believing in God. 1. He exists and you don't believe 2. He exists and you believe 3. He doesn't exist and you believe 4. He doesn't exist and you don't believe in him. Best outcome: God exists and you believe in him. |
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Enlightenment theory
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Scientific method can be applied to society as well as nature.
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Enlightenment years
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1650 - 1800
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Enlightenment characteristics
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1. Glorifies reason
2. Humanistic view of the world 3. Rising middle class 4. Optimistic about humankind 5. Applying science laterally - science can be applied to EVERYTHING. |
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Enlightenment and Religion (3)
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1. Reason beats faith.
2. Science guides better than religion 3. Humans are naturally good |
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Determinism
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God makes the universe and it is then governed by natural laws
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Thomas Paine
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Pro-Deism.
"Believe in God, and there it rests." |
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Thomas Hobbes
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English philosopher
"All that is real is material, and what is not material is not real." |
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State of Man
Locke vs. Rousseau vs. Hobbes |
Locke: man existed in a natural state.
Roussea: Noble savage (inherently good) Hobbes: man is a bad savage. |
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Role of Government
Locke vs. Rousseau vs. Hobbes |
Locke: Social contract to protect individuals
Rousseau: Social contract for the benefit of society Hobbes: We need a king |
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Corrupt Government
Locke vs. Rousseau vs. Hobbes |
Locke: Corrupt government results when it doesn't protect the individual rights
Roussea: Corruption comes when people see another who has more; unequal sharing |
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When should people revolt?
Locke vs. Rousseau vs. Hobbes |
Locke: Individual thinks gov. isn't protecting rights
Rousseau: The society together decides to rebel Hobbes: any rebellion is wrong |
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Alexander Pope
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Wrote "Essay on Man" and "Essay on Criticism"
Cautioned enlightened thinking |
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"A little learning is a dangerous thing"
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Alexander Pope
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Adam Smith
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wrote "Wealth of Nations"
Free-enterprise system Invisible hand Market forces are better than gov. |
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Swift
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Satirist
Wrote "A Modest Proposal" |
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Edward Gibbon
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Criticized Christianity's influence in politics
Separation of Church and State Wrote "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire": Christianity made Rome fall |
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Voltaire
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French Enlightenment Philosopher
Wrote "Treatise of Enlightenment" Wrote "Candide" about Lisbon's earthquake |
