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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Literacy Thesis

Asserts writing as the most important technological invention. Writing is the "Technology of the Intellect"

Primary vs Secondary Orality

Primary Orality is the condition and character of societies with no knowledge of writing.


Secondary orality is highly literate societies experiencing a return to orality due to technologies such as television and radio

Milman Parry

Studied Greek literature and hypothesized that Homer was illiterate and a bard. His works were memorized and passed down



Bards

People who remembered long epic poems often putting them to song. Milman Parry studied them in order to prove that Homer could have been a bard

Formulas

Patterns that organize and frame the oral traditions of yore. Repetitiveness, rhythms and rhymes

Creative vs Verbatim Memorization

Creative memorization is employed in non-literate societies where things are memorized and have improvisational additions as opposed to literate societies where the reproduction of a text is expected to be verbatim

Hearing Dominance vs Sight Dominance

Hearing: Perceives events in time


Sight: Eg. hearing takes time and turns it into space thus solidifying it

Back-Scanning

Ability to skip ahead, go back in literature. Eliminates inconsistencies and repetition

Pictograms

Use of graphic signs to convey meanings and represent reality

Scripts

Use of graphic signs to represent speech

Cuneiform

Developed in Mesopotamia in 3200 BCE. First Languages: Sumerian then Akkadian

Clay Tablets

Very durable but required careful planning to write on limited space. easily breakable

Scribes

Small number of people that could write in ancient Mesopotamia. Learned to write and sing hymns. Helped to facilitate law and bureaucracy

Hammurabi's Code of Law

ruled for 42 years, conquered much of Mesopotamia. Created a code of law to extend his rule

Library of Ashurbanipal

Records were kept in archives; age census, etc.

Epic of Gilgamesh

Epic tale describing a great king. One of the first literary works, likely served a political function

Restricted (Scribal) vs Broad Literacy

Small class of scribes are capable of writing vs a large number of a population able to write. (When, how and why does the shift happen? --> Alphabets

Logographic Script (Logograms)

symbols that represent a single morpheme. Depict components of speech. Eg. the smallest unit of meaning


Advantages: Many signs but fewer signs needed compared to Alphabets. Quick to write more intuitive

Alphabets (letters)

Break down language into components of sound. Usually a much smaller number than morphemes


Advantages: Easier to learn compact script, welcoming to new words (morphemes). A great sorting and searching device (dictionaries). Keyboards!

Phoenician alphabet

One of the first alphabets w/only consonants. Adopted by Greeks who added vowels

Codex

Sheets glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers. Differentiates from immaterial content of a book. BOOKS WERE INVENTED

Papyrus

First used by the Egyptians. Brittle, unable to be folded, scrolled

Parchment

Thin layer of skin of an animal eg. Cow. Could be written on both sides, cheaper than papyrus. Taken up by Christians almost as a symbol of defiance

Scriptorium

Workshop in which monks would copy texts. Lettering and rubrication were decorative letters with color

Illuminations

Illustrations depicting contents of a book. Often ornate and made with silver and gold as well as vivid dyes

Pecia System

Pieces of a book coped by university students for their own study. A student would check out a section of a textbook, copy it and then use it for their own studying purposes.