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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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St. Bernard of Clairvaux
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-(1090-1153) France
-primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order -Example of someone who wrote allligorical interpretation (interpreted certain passages of Scripture to produce statements of doctrine) -Cistercian leader (manual labor, private prayer, no comforts) -Led Dante to God -“Dr. of the Church” after acting as judge between two rivals during Church Schism -previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was also called upon to combat heresy |
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Mendicant Orders
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-early 12th century
-Led by St. Francis of Assisi -mendicant orders are religious orders which depend directly on the charity of the people. do not own property, and vow of poverty "Imitation of Christ" -to combat the Cathar heresy -Means “begging” Lived by alms -Fransiscan order and Dominicans -Franciscans dedicated to preaching, confession, chief duties baptism and saying Mass -Dominicans dedicated to combating heresies education and preaching |
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Erasmus of Rotterdam
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- around 1500
-Dutch humanist and theologian -Erasmus was sympathetic with the main points in the Lutheran criticism of the Church -writings made popular humanist ideal of inner piety -Said many religious practices where superstitious in satire - published first Greek New Testament in 1514 |
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Lateran IV
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-1215-1216
-Met in Rome church leaders to determine Catholic beliefs and doctrine -Most important general council in Medieval time -Significance: pope acting as head of church, reformed clergy & improve laity knowledge, rejected opposing beliefs as heresy, endorsed 12th century doctrines |
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Martin Luther
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- around 1500
-Augustinian monk -Theology professor at Wittenberg (E germany) -95 Theses to protest church authorities (Oct. 31 1517) -Excommunicated -criticized indulgences and scholastic theology -Lutheran Theology – Bible sole authority, salvation by faith, saved by grace, fewer sacraments |
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Deism
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-17th century During Enlightenment period
-God not mysterious, acts in predictable way -God is “divine watchmaker” God created world but left it to run according to principles -Questioned the Bible thus made Jefferson Bible -Said purpose of religion was a set of morals -Started in American and English protestant churches |
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Scholasticism
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(~1300)
-Christianity and beliefs expressed in terms of Aristotelian philosophy -brought by the 12th century Crusades -Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics -Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching: the teacher presenting a text without room for questions, or students proposed a question to the teacher without prior preparation for a debate -conflicts with Christianity: --eternity of world vs. creation --no personal immortality vs. Last Judgment |
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John Wyclif
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(~1350)
-Oxford theology professor and critic of institutional abuses -developed coherent theological argument against catholic beliefs -rejected church hierarchy and transubstantiation -stressed authority of bible and laity’s ability to read and understand for themselves -sponsored translation of bible from Latin to vernacular Middle English -still Cath, because justification by faith (Luthers big revolutionary idea) is foreign to him -followers took his teachings to Bohemia, and therefore Czechoslovakia |
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Elizabethan Settlement
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(1559)
-settled argument of war in England over what state church was to be in place: Catholic or Anglican (Protestant) -compromise to include as many religious characteristics as possible for state church after break with Holy Catholic church -result: Protestant doctrine, but more influence from Reformed church with external similarities to Cath -ivestments, liturgical ceremony, Episcopal church structure and hierarchy -ambiguous phrasing on divisive issues to reduce discontent within church |
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Avignon papacy
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(1305-1376)
-French pope succeeds Boniface 8th, but he doesn’t go to Rome and settles in Avignon -chooses French cardinals instead of original cardinals -church needs new source of revenue since its not in Rome anymore to collect taxes, so they start fining and collecting fees for everything -this strengthened the legal and jurisdictional powers of the pope -problems: preoccupation with money instead of religion, absence from Rome causes unrest |
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Renaissance papacy
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(~1500)
-reassert papacy’s secular control over Italy -patrons of art, lit, and architecture -papacy showed concern for church as source of income -Pope Leo ignored Luther’s reformation as “quarrel of drunken monks” -nepotism (advancing family power through the church’s importance) through younger sons -calls for church reform from populace ignored by church officials lead to unrest in the country |
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Puritans
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-Calvinists who wanted to purify the Anglican church from vestiges of Catholicism
-during the English Civil War (1650) -elimination of traditional rituals, opposed the Episcopalian structure of hierarchy -promoted self-examination and increased levels of moral/ethical content -forced out of church and persecuted, which led to the puritans becoming more radical -flee to New England, but some branch off and become Baptists -they have an emphasis on predestination, salvation through introspection, and the importance of conversion |
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Papal schism
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-began with conflict between pope and ruler in 1377
-French pope didn’t want to return to Rome and couldn’t establish authority without returning to Rome -Roman people pressure cardinals to elect an Italian pope (Urban VI) -the French cardinals in Rome sneak away and elect the French pope Clement VII, installing the problem of 2 claims to papacy -the problem is that with the claim of papal monarchy that the Catholic church insists upon, there is no authority over the church to make the final decision -result: kings gain more control over church by bargaining with rival popes and playing them off of each other -leads to religious uncertainty: who is the right pope and chosen by God? |
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Anabaptists
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-part of the radical reformation in the 16th century
-largest heretical group and survives today -rejected institutionalization of church and strict doctrine -reject infant baptism, follow New Testament church model, high moral life, and withdrawal from society -didn’t recognize other denominations/religious movements as Christians -groups formed from Anabaptists:Mennonites and Amish |
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Liberal theology
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-Roots in the Enlightenment but arose in the 19th century over the problem of faith and history (problems such as Darwinism, Industrial Revolution, etc)
-Jesus was a historical figure and accessible through historical documents. -Emphasized more strict, historical-critical study of the Bible, rationalized Christianity—lessened belief in supernatural, moral improvement and social justice, optimistic views on life. -Leading liberal theologists include Albrecht Ritschl, Adolf von Harnack, and Ernst Troeltsch -tried to get away from the dogma and tradition to reveal the religion of Jesus—Love for God and love for your neighbor. |
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Pentacostalism/Charismatics
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-Developed during Holiness Movement.
-Started in revival meetings in Topeka Kansas in 1901 when a woman began to speak in a ‘foreign language’. -‘tongues’ was proof that the Holy Spirit was present in her. Back to act 2:4 continuation of gift of tongues given to disciples. -Preachers stress millennialism, faith healing, revivalism, and charismatic gifts. -Major denominations include Church of God, Assemblies of God |
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Neo-orthodoxy
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-approach to theology that was developed in the aftermath of the First World War with the end of the optimism of 19th Century because of the mass killings during WWI.
-New advances in science and technology led to more destruction of human lives. -Reaction against liberal theology—emphasis on supernatural. -Karl Barth—Swiss theologian—emphasized God’s sovereignty, pessimistic view of human nature, accepted higher criticism of Bible. -Influential in between wars, but lost followers during and after WWII. |
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John Calvin
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-Converted to Protestantism between 1533-1534 and was in France, but he fled to Switzerland because of an order from the king to arrest Lutherans.
-leader of church in Geneva and founded university there -Calvin had close ties with Zurich Church of Zwingli and his successor (Reformed Church). -Helped spread Protestant Beliefs in France (Huguenots) |
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Jesuits
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-Formed in 1540 as seperate religous order with the approval of Pope Paul III.
-elite of highly committed preists-rigorous screening process-only let in highly dedicated men -extereme love for pope and Catholic church -founded such great schools that Protestants would send their kids there -trained young elite, who grew up depending on them -politically involved as spritual advisors to rulers |
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Pius X/Vatican I
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-Pius struggled against liberalism and nationalism and in 1854 he declared the immaculate conception of Mary—Mary was free from all taint of original sin from moment of her conception because of the Holy Spirit.
(first dogma created without church council) -called first Vatican Council of 1869-70 which defined the papacy and papal infallibility—pope is infallible in doctrinal decisions when he speaks for the whole church on faith and morals. -Roman Catholicism became an absolute monarchy without constitutional restraints. -ultramonatism - Absolute Papal authority over church |
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Fundamentals/Evangelicals
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-Early 20th century with disagreements in liberal theology vs. Protestants with conservative literal translation of Bible
-Conservatives held to five points of faith: inerrancy of Scripture, deity of Christ, virgin birth, substitutinoary atonement, Christ’s bodily resurrection and second coming of Christ. |
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Great Awakenings
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-began in 1720's as local revivals
-stressed personal religious experience "Evangelicalism" -became national movement -coversion experience, devotional life, moral conduct -shared religious and national consciousness through colonies -2nd -camp meetings, emotional religious experience -current churches grew significantly -both ecumenical and devisive -revivalist techniques became characteristic of American religion |
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Americanism
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-Problem facing catholics about how to retain Cath distinticives in Prot society
-attempt by bishops in late 19th cent to prove Caths could be good Americans and Caths - rejected by pope -traditional until mid 20th century |
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Mega-churches
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-Began in 60's and 70's in CA
-roots in charismatic -their goal was to make Christianity attractive and relevant to non-church types --conversion experience and changed life, contemporary music, no old hymns, no religious symbols or names -reached specifically to students, professional groups and soccer moms RESULT -large# of attendees, but not necessarily members -network of daughter churches to replicate mother church -main church service emphasize (no pressure) conversion, with small group meetings during the week for committed members -teaching emphasis -applying Christian faith to life, not preaching IMPACT -mainline denominations adopted their nontraditional style of worship |
