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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Donatus
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Bishop of Carthage in 3rd Century. The effectiveness of the sacrament depended on the administrator, not the sacrament.
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Benedict of Nursia
(480-540) |
Set up 12 monasteries of 12 monks each. His rule was exact and comprehensive, stressed moderation and order. Placed monasteries under an abbot. This form of monasticism was dominant in the 8th-12th centuries.
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Augustine of Hippo
(354-430 |
B. in North Africa. Christian mother, Monica. Ambitious academic, rhetorician and philosopher. Had an intellectual conversion to Christianity but struggled with lust until becoming an ascetic.
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Jerome
(347-420) |
Wrote with passion and often too quickly. Wrote the Latin Vulgate. Promoted asceticism and attacked luxury.
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Gregory I (the Great)
(540-604) |
Was a prefect in Rome but retired to become a monk. Became Pope after Pelagius II. Servant of the servants of God. Mutuality of Church and State. Wrote "The Pastoral Rule" an essay on humility as the key to the unity of the church
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Book of Kells
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Latin Manuscript of 340 folios. The book was not really for reading or teaching. Rather it is an act of worship by the Celtic monks who created it.
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Celtic Spirituality
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Monastic life, associated with clan life--therefore abbots are more important than bishops. Missionary zeal. Perigrination was the ascetic ideal. Had their own date for Easter, tonsure and liturgy. Also had a purer form of the Biblical Texts.
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Alcuin
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Saxon from Britain who taught Charlemagne in many subjects including rhetoric, dialectic, and astrology, and a revival of classical learning. His "Questions and Answers for Children" a catechism. Wanted to create a new, better "Athens", better becasue it would be based on wisdom of Christ, not Plato
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City of God
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Augustine's most famous work Human history is a conflict between the City of God and the City of Man
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3 Views of the Atonement
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Ransom Theory, Moral Exemplary Theory, and Satisfaction Theory
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Ransom Theory of the Atonement
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Bernard of Clairvaux was most popular proponent. Jesus paid the ransom to release us from slavery to the devil due to our sin.
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Moral-Exemplary theory
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Abelard. Jesus is the revelation of God's love, a teacher, and example that awakens a loving response in humans which leads to forgivness
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Satisfaction Theory
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Tertullian and Anselm. Offense of sin must be repaid. It is so great that only God can repay it. Jesus lives perfectly and dies undeservedly.
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Hugh of St. Victor
(1096-1141) |
called the Heart of God. Student and director of studies at St. Victor, a school in Paris. Combined spiritual and scholastic theology. Emphasized the virtuous life, prayer, meditation. "All Christian life is sacramental."
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Leo I (the Great)
(400-461) |
Led centralization of the Catholic Church. Claimed authority over councils, over emperors, and successor of Peter. Negotiated with Attila the Hun to get him to turn aside from Rome.
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John Cassian
(365-433) |
Latin Patristic writer from Gaul. Introduced Egyptian monasticism to the West. Gave early formation of the 4 meanings of scripture- Historical, allegorical, anagogical, tropological. Humans are weakened but not destroyed by the fall--sick but not dead.
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Peter Lombard
(1100-1160) |
Rare humility for a theologian. Compared himself to a widow offering 2 coins at temple. Taught at Notre Dame, bishop of Paris in 1159. Scholastic wrote "Four Books of Sentences". Established the 7 sacraments
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Guigo
(12th Century) |
First to describe the progression from Bible reading to meditation, to prayer, to loving regard for God. Four Steps- lectio, meditatio, oratio, contemplatio.
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Augustinian Order (canons)
(Early 8th Century) |
Lived in community under the Augustinian rule (derived from Augustinian teaching) and shared property in common as a vow of poverty. Engaged in public ministry.
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Bernard Gui
(1261-1331) |
Inquisitor of Toulouse against the Albigensians. Dominican, writer. His inquisitions led to over 900 guilty verdicts in 15 years. Made bishop as reward.
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1st Eucharistic Controversy
(9th Century) |
Radbertus wrote the first actual doctrine of the Eucharist. He realistically identifies the eucharist with Jesus' body and blood, stating that the elements undergo a change and become actual flesh and blood. It is a result of God's activity and not a matter of faith of people. Ratramnus argued that the elements are representative.
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Boniface
(673-754) |
Placed in a monastery at 7, didn't have enough books so he went to another monastery until 40, went on a mission to the Frisians. Bishop and then Archbishop. Instituted some reforms.
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transubstantiation
(Canonized at 4th Lateran Council in 1215) |
The substance of the bread and wine change into the body and blood of Christ, but the accidents remain the same.
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Boethius
(480-524) |
Philosopher and Statesman. Wrote "The Consolation of Philosophy." Man is a rational substance
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Whitby
(664) |
Called by King Oswy of Northumbria to consider the differences between Celtic and Roman Christianity. Met at the double monastery led by Hilda.
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Leo III
(d. 816) |
Crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800--ushering in the Holy Roman Empire. Begins the struggle of power between church and state.
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peregrinatio
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Self imposed exile as penitential duty. Like Reepicheep
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lay investiture
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The appointment of ecclesial positions by lay persons--namely kings/emperors. Investing signified power over the office.
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Charlemagne
(742-814) |
Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas day 800. Inspired by "City of God" tried to submit the world to the church. Great consolidation of Power. Compared himself with David and Josiah
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Cistercians
(1098- ) |
Reform movement within Benedictine monasticism, became a new order. Founded by Robert and solidified under Stephen Harding. The community's rule was "The Charter of Love". Aimed at decentralization in response to Cluny's power and wealth.
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7 Sacraments
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Latin sacramentum, Greek mysterion. 1) baptism, 2) confirmation, 3) penance, 4) eucharist, 5) unction, 6) marriage, 7) ordination. The last two are not for everyone.
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Great Schism
(1378-1418) |
2 or 3 claims to the papal office. Settled by Council of Constance (1414-1418)
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Cluny and the Cluniac Revival
(910- ) |
Abbey founded in 910. Autonomous accountable only to the pope. Free to elect its own abbot, adopted monasteries under its organization. Promoted the Peace/truce of God. Emphasis on learning and liturgy. Serfs did the hard work, monks prayed, learned and worshiped.
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4 Effects of Crusades
(11th-13th Centuries) |
1) promotion of a sense of unity in Western Europe, 2) Increased prestige for the papacy, 3) Stimulation of an intellectual revival in Western Europe, 4) Direct contact with Muslim thought in Spain and Sicily that contributed to the 12th century Renaissance in Europe.
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Boniface VIII
(1235-1303) |
Strong willed, shrewd, ambitious. Declared a Jubilee in the year 1300. Dante made a fateful, pilgrimage and was horrified at the pope and the spiritual state in Rome. Became anti-papal and wrote the Divine Comedy. Writes Unam Sanctum and is therefore kidnapped by Philip of France. Marks the beginning of Papal decline.
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Columbanus
(543-615) |
Irish Monk-missionary educated in Bangor. One of the most learned Latin Christians of his day. Established monasteries in eastern France and northern Italy, corresponded with Gregory the Great. Brought to England the Irish penitential books that spread the practice of private penance.
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Oratores, bellatores, laboratores
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popular division of the people in the middle ages. Prayers, fighters, and laborers.
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Simony
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Selling of church office named after Simon Magus from Acts who tried to buy the empowering of the Holy Spirit from Peter.
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Leo IX
(1002-1054) |
Instituted a papal revival, upheld clerical celibacy. Institutionalized the cardinals as a senate of the Roman church, less importance for liturgy and more assistance for the popes. Conflicted with Michael Cerularius, the patriarch of the Eastern Church
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Cardinal Bishops
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Became more institutionalized under Leo IX as a senate of the Roman church. The elect the pope.
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Henry IV
(1050-1106) |
Conflict with Gregory VII over investiture. Repented barefoot in the snow, gained great political power through the controversy
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Gregory VII
(1020-1085 |
Conflict with Henry IV over investiture. Henry repents in the snow. Reinstates Henry, but later tries to excommunicate him again, but this time it doesn't take.
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Dante Alighieri
(1265-1321) |
Made pilgrimage to Rome in 1300 and was disgusted with what he saw. Became anti-papal, wrote Divine Comedy. His Hell reserves special places for evil popes.
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Urban II
(1042-1099) |
French Cluniac monk. Started the first crusade. Combined motifs of pilgrimage to Jerusalem and pious violence. Deus le Volt.
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Crusades
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Military campaigns from europe against percieved enemies of Christianity
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Hildegard of Bingen
(1098-1179) |
Noble, placed in a convent at age 8, became abbess in 1136, then built her own convent nearby. Received religious visions from an early age, sense of being a divinely appointed prophetess, not predictions of the future, but depths of meaning in scripture. Visions centered on process of salvation and the last judgment. Writings were accompanied by remarkable drawings, diverse interests, writing songs, natural history, and medical texts.
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Donation of Constantine
(Date uncertain. c. 774- 850) |
The legend that Pope Sylvester healed and converted Constantine, who then moved his capital to Constantinople and gave rule over the West to the Pope, from whom he received the imperial crown.
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Bonaventure
(1217-1274) |
Franciscan counterpart to Dominican's Aquinas. Studied and taught theology. All learning is about Love of God. Dominicans sought to enlighten the mind, Franciscans sought to enlighten the soul. Theory of Divine Illumination. Everything in the universe speaks to us of God.
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Gothic architecture
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Indulgences granted to those who contributed to the building of the great cathedrals. Art moved from judgment to passion, from damnation to hope of salvation. Mary is prominent. Higher and thinner walls with stained glass.
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Francis of Assissi
(1182-1226) |
founded the mendicant order that takes its name from him. Decided to marry Lady Poverty--exchanged his clothes with a beggar, founded the Friars Minor. Loved nature, received the stigmata during a vision.
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Unam Sanctum
(1302) |
issued by Boniface VIII that stated there was One Holy Church, and the pope was the head of that church. It basically stated what Innocent III had previously stated, but Boniface wasn't able to back it up.
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Carthusians
(1084) |
Founded by Bruno at Grand Chartreuse in the French Alps. Each community consisted of 12 hermits who took a vow of silence.
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Beguines
(13th and 14th Centuries) |
Poverty movement of women who sought new expressions for their religious life. Intermediate style of religious life--celibate but no lifetime vow, retained private property, some became vagabonds and got a bad reputation.
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Peace of God
(9th and 10th Centuries) |
Promoted by Cluny. Pronounced anathemas on people who attacked churches, oppressed the poor, or stole from clerics. Later set certain days on which you couldn't fight
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Abelard
(1079-1142) |
Arrogant philosopher turned theology. Impregnated Heloise and got fired from Notre Dame as well as castrated by Heloise's uncle. Wrote Sic et Non to stimulate deeper thinking about theological and ecclesiastical matters
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Anselm
(1033-1109) |
Forced to become the Archbishop of Canterbury. Father of Scholasticism. Proslogion argued for the existence of God. Cur Deus Homo argued for the satisfaction theory of atonement. Faith seeking understanding.
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Peter Waldo/ Waldensians
(1140-1218) |
A rich merchant in Lyons who left his wife, put his daughters in a convent, and gave his property to th epoor to begin a ife of itinerant preaching. Waldenses emphasized three main points: a life of voluntary poverty, access to the Bible in the vernacular, and public preaching. Their way of life was approved, but they were forbidden to preach. They preached anyway and were therefore excommunicated.Only medieval sect to ahve continuity to the present
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Albigensians/Cathari
(12th adn 13th century) |
Dualist: flesh and material creation are evil. Strongest heresy faced by the church in the 13th century. They lived austere lives in contrast with the Catholic clergy. Only one sacrament, baptism of the Holy Spirit by laying on of hands.
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Cardinal Humbert
(1015-1061) |
Made Cardinal by Leo IX. Monk at Cluny who thought Cluny had compromised the ideals of its founders. Champion of Papal authority. Defended celibacy of the clergy as a matter of faith. Sacraments administered by married clerics are invalid.
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Clare
(1193-1253) |
Associated with Francis. In invested her with the habit and instituted the second order of franciscan nuns. the first woman to write a rule approved by the papacy. Lived on alms, dependence on divine providence for the day-to-day was especially daring for women
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Dominic/ Dominicans
(1170-1221) |
Born in Castille, zealous with good theological training. Developed a style of itenerant, mendicant preaching based on apostles. Established the Order of Preaching Brothers in Toulouse. Not as strict as Franciscans about poverty, no fixed revenue or income, but supported by alms. The task of inquisition was given almost exclusively to this order.
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Thomas Aquinas
(1225-1274) |
Legendary powers of memory and concentration, Bible is the only source of revelation. Combined spirituality and Scholasticism. Incorporated Aristotelian philosophy into Theology. Wrote Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles. Theory of Divine Mover. Faith and reason must work together.
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Universities
(12th-13th Centuries) |
Institutional organization first defined in the 1200s. Came because of an increase in scholarly literature, specialization in subject matter at certain locations, increase in number of students. Teachers came to be more important than the place. Paris, Oxford, and Bologna were the first three.
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Scholasticism
11th Century- ) |
Text based culture with scripture as primary text. Dialectic method--Quaestio, disputatio, sententia.
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Pseudo-Dionysius
(c. 500) |
After Dionysius the Areopagite. "On Celestial Hierarchy," "On Ecclesiastical Hierarchy," "Mystical Theology." Define goal of human salvation as divinization. Three stages in describing God: Giving him a name (affirmative theology), deny his name (negative theology), and reconciling the contradiction (superlative theology). His nine tiers of angels became the standard for the Middle Ages.
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Carolingian miniscule
(9th-13th Centuries) |
Script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another. Used during Charlemagne's Empire. Much easier to make accurate copies of Bible, the Fathers...ancestor of our lowercase alphabet thanks to its revival in the Italian Renaissance.
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Bernard of Clairvaux
(1090-1153) |
Drew out the sweetness of the Christian life. An aristocrat among men, Lived in the theology of the church fathers and was distrustful of human learning. Emphasis on progress, humility, love of God, and mystical piety. Wrote On Loving God (the four loves). Preached for the Second Crusade.
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4th Lateran Council
(1215) |
Largest medieval council. Made the Inquisition obligatory on the whole church, approved transubstantiation, required that confession and communion be done at least once a year at Easter.
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Innocent III
(pope 1198-1216) |
Elected pope when he wasn't yet a priest. Able administrator, pastoral concern, first goal was authority. Represents the peak of Papal power. Worked for reform of the church advocating celibacy, opposing simony, enforcing law, established the papal states as they existed for the rest of the medieval period.
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1st Crusade
(1096-1099) |
Only militarily successful campaign. Urban II instigated it with motifs of pilgrimmage, violence as an expression of piety, and promises of indulgences. Further alienated East and West, Established latin states in the east. Hastened the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Saw the beginning of the Knights Templar, and the Order of the Hospitalers. Created a greater sense of unity in western Europe. Direct contact with muslim though in Spain contributed to the renaissance in Europe
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2nd Crusade
(1147-1149) |
Organized by Pope Eugene III; promoted by Bernard of Clairvaux. Was in response to the fall of Edessa. Bernard hoped to rescu the Eastern churches from the Muslims. King Louis VII of france and Conrad III of Germany didnt cooperate so it failed
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3rd Crusade
(1189-1192) |
Attempted to recapture the holy lands. Gregory VIII said that Jerusalem's fall was punishment for all of Europe's sins, called for war. Henry II of England and PHillip II of France led it. Frederick I went too but drowned on the way there. Henry II also died and so Richard the Lionheart led it. Leopold and PHilip got frustrated with Richard and left. Richard made a treaty with Saladin that allowed unarmed pilgrims to visit. Only maintained a narrow coastal strip, the Kingdom of Acre.
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