History Of Art 1A, Final Exam: Vocabulary Terms

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catacomb

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The Christian catacombs are extremely important for the art history of Early Christian art, as they contain the great majority of examples from before about 400 AD, in fresco and sculpture, as well as gold glass medallions (these, like most bodies, have been removed). The Jewish catacombs are similarly important for the study of Jewish art at this period.

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apse

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a large semicircular or polygonal niche protruding from the end wall of the building contained the altar.

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nave

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the great central space in a church extends from the entrance to the apse and is flanked by aisles

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aisle

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A part of a church divided laterally from the nave by a row of pillars or columns

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atrium

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a large open space located within a building, such as the Atrium of Pompei.

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narthex

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or vestibule... the entrance hall or porch preceding the nave of the church.

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clerestory

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are any high windows above eye level. The purpose is to bring outside light, fresh air, or both into the inner space. Known during the Gothic period

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transept

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in a cruciform church the whole arm set at right angles to the nave.

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pendentives

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n architecture, a triangular segment of a spherical surface, filling in the upper corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support for adome. The challenge of supporting a dome over an enclosed square or polygonal space assumed growing importance to the Roman builders of the late empire. It remained for Byzantine architects, however, to recognize the possibilities of the pendentive and fully develop it. Hagia Sophia(completed ad 537) at Istanbul.

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Chi-Rho

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is one of the earliest forms of christogram, and is used by some Christians. It is formed by superimposing the first two (capital) letters chi and rho (ΧΡ) of the Greek word "ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ" = Christ in such a way to produce the monogram. Although not technically a Christian cross, the Chi-Rho invokes the crucifixion of Jesus, as well as symbolising his status as the Christ.

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Anglo-Saxons

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Anglo-Saxon art covers art produced within the Anglo-Saxon period of English history, beginning with theMigration period style that the Anglo-Saxons brought with them from the continent in the 5th century, and ending in 1066 with the Norman Conquest of a large Anglo-Saxon nation-state whose sophisticated art was influential in much of northern Europe. The two periods of outstanding achievement were the 7th and 8th centuries, with the metalwork and jewellery from Sutton Hoo

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cloisonné

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Cloisonné is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. The resulting objects can also be called cloisonné. Anglo Saxon. Sutton Hoo

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Carolingian

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Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about 780 to 900 — during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs — popularly known as the CarolingianRenaissance.

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Ottonian

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Ottonian art is a style in pre-romanesque German art, covering also some works from the Low Countries, northern Italy and eastern France.

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vellum

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Vellum is derived from the Latin word "vitulinum" meaning "made from calf", leading to Old French "vélin" ("calfskin").[1]The term often refers to a parchment made from calf skin, as opposed to that from other animals.[2] It is prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books.

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Odo of Metz

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an architect who lived during Charlemagne's reign in theCarolingian Empire, and is the earliest known architect born north of the Alps. He was possibly of Armenian origin. Eudes of Metz is credited as the architect of Charlemagne's Palace of Aachen with the Palatine Chapel, in Aachen.

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Benedictine rule

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animal style

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Purse cover is example! Animal style art is characterized by its emphasis on animal motifs, the term describing an approach to decoration from Chinato Northern Europe in the early Iron Age, and the barbarian art of the Migration Period. The zoomorphic style of decoration was used to decorate small objects by warrior-herdsmen, whose economy was based entirely on animals and plunder

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Dark Ages

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scriptoria

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writing workshops that became centers of artistic endeavors for a manuscript containing the word G-d was looked upon as a sacred object whose visual beauty should reflect the importance of its contents

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tympanum

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in architecture, a tympanum (plural, tympana) is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, bounded by a lintel and arch.[1] It often contains sculpture or other imagery or ornaments.[2] Most architectural styles include this element.

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The Last Judgement

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a fresco by the Italian Renaissance master Michelangelo executed on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. It is a depiction of the Second Coming of Christ and the final and eternal judgment by God of all humanity. 1536 and 1541

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campanile

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bell tower of the cathedral, Campanile of Pisa Cathedral, 1174-1271

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feudalism

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rib vaulting

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The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault when they are edged with anarmature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns; compare groin vault, an older form of vault construction.

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The Crusades

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the art produced in Middle Eastern areas under Crusader control, spanned two artistic periods in Europe, the Romanesque and the Gothic, but in the Crusader kingdoms of the Levant the Gothic style barely appeared.

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Shrine of Santiago da Compostela

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a cathedral of thearchdiocese is in the World Heritage Site of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in Spain. The cathedral is the reputed burial-place of Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ.

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Gislebertus

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a FrenchRomanesque sculptor, whose decoration (about 1120-1135) of the Cathedral of Saint Lazare at Autun, France - consisting of numerous doorways, tympanums, and capitals - represents some of the most original work of the period. His sculpture is expressive and imaginative: from the terrifying Last Judgment

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triforium

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A triforium is a shallow arched gallery within the thickness of inner wall, which stands above the nave of a church orcathedral. It may occur at the level of the clerestory windows, or it may be located as a separate level below the clerestory.

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buttress pier

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A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall.[1] Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings, as a means of providing support to act against the lateral (sideways) forces arising out of the roof structures that lack adequate bracing.

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flying buttresses

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a specific form of buttressing most strongly associated with Gothic church architecture. The purpose of any buttress is to resist the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards (which may arise from stone vaulted ceilings or from wind-loading on roofs) by redirecting them to the ground.

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pointed arches

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an arch with a pointed apex; characteristic of Gothic architecture

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stained glass windows

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guild

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an organization of persons with related interests, goals, etc.,especially one formed for mutual aid or protection.

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Summa Theologiae

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Tempera

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also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium Madonna and Child is example

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fresco

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a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall

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stigmatization

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Stigmatization of St. Francis was painted in the first year of the fourteenth century for the Church of San Francesco in Pisa. Di Bondone, who quietly supported the Franciscan church throughout his life, drew inspiration from St. Francis's love of nature and keen observation of the world around him.

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St. Francis of Assisi

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Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (or The Ecstasy of Saint Francis) is a painting by the Italian Baroquemaster Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. It is held in the Wadsworth Atheneum[1] in Hartford, Connecticut.

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The Nine

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The Kiss of Judas

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According to the Synoptic Gospels, Judas identified Jesus to the soldiers by means of a kiss. This is the kiss of Judas, also known (especially in art) as the Betrayal of Christ, which occurs in the Garden of Gethsemane after the Last Supper, and leads directly to the arrest of Jesus by the police force of the Sanhedrin (Kilgallen 271). InChristian theology, the events from the Last Supper until the death and resurrection of Jesus are referred to asThe Passion.

More broadly, a Judas kiss may refer to "an act appearing to be an act of friendship, which is in fact harmful to the recipient.

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International Gothic

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International Gothic is a phase of Gothic art which developed in Burgundy, Bohemia, France and northern Italy in the late 14th century and early 15th century.[1] It then spread very widely across Western Europe, hence the name for the period, which was introduced by the French art historian Louis Courajod at the end of the 19th century.

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Books of Hours

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The book of hours is a Christian devotional book popular in the Middle Ages. It is the most common type of surviving medievalilluminated manuscript. Like every manuscript, each manuscript book of hours is unique in one way or another, but most contain a similar collection of texts, prayers and psalms, often with appropriate decorations, for Christian devotion.

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barrel vault

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A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. Roman and Ancient Egpyt

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groin vault

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A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection atright angles of two barrel vaults.[1] The word "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round.

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caput mundi

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Caput Mundi is a Latin phrase taken to mean "capital of the world" (literally: "head of the world";[1] see capital, capitol). It originates out of a classical Europeanunderstanding of the known world: Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia.

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domus

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MEans home! In ancient Rome, the domus (plural domūs, genitive domūs or domī) was the type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras.[1] It could be found in almost all the major cities throughout the Roman territories. The modern English word domestic comes from Latin domesticus, which is derived from the word domus.

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amphitheater

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an oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats ranged about an open space and used in ancient Rome especially for contests and spectacles

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aqueduct

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channel built to bring water to cities or towns often supported by a series of arches

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rotunda

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A rotunda (from Latin rotundus) is any building with a circular ground plan, sometimes covered by a dome. It can also refer to a round room within a building (a famous example being within the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.). The Pantheon inRome is a famous rotunda.

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oculus

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An oculus, plural oculi, from Latin oculus: eye, denotes a circular opening in the centre of a dome or in a wall. Originating inantiquity, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. It is also known as an œil de boeuf from the French, or simply a "bull's-eye".

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Saint Chapelle

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The Sainte-Chapelle (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t ʃapɛl], Holy Chapel) is a royal medieval Gothic chapel, located near the Palais de la Cité, on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France.

Begun some time after 1239 and consecrated on 26 April 1248,[2] the Sainte-Chapelle is considered among the highest achievements of the Rayonnant period of Gothic architecture. Its erection was commissioned by King Louis IX of France to house his collection of Passion Relics, including Christ's Crown of Thorns - one of the most important relics in medieval Christendom.