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40 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Isn't until the second scramble for Africa that Euro is able to Change Africa. They did...
For the purpose of benefiting themselves
Had nothing to do for sake of changing africans for africans
If it did happened, wasn't intentional
What did the Europeans do exactly? After the scramble for Africa?
Carved Africa into Colonies
BALKANIZATION
Divide into many unstable states,
Easily controlled, manipulated, conqured by states elsewhere
Divided it up into 30 colonies, later
Before The Europeans show up...
majority of Africans live in stateless societies. Didn't need one, so why have one? One could argue that before euros show up, Africa was balkanized, n when E. show up, simply re-balkanized.
What is so bad about Euros Balkanizing Africa?
When the E. divy up African, the colonial boundaries have nothing to do with different ethnic groups. People who have nothing in common suddenly found themselves in the same colony, simply because Euros drew lines/ borders of their own convienience.
What is the problem with these borders?
Where the lines were drawn. They survived the colonial era, and produced all kinds of problems in Africa today, due to their artificialness.
As the colonial era takes place (Truly happens in 1920..)
The colonial era takes place in the most artificial, il-logical place
In 1920, E finally have to rule it, and get something out of it. HOW DOYOU RULE THESE COLONIES?
1. DIRECT RULE
2. INDIRECT RULE
DIRECT RULE
Establishes an elaborate administrative gov't, acts directly on the people it governs, and whatever traditional political authority exist, are simply ignored or eliminated.
INDIRECT RULE
In theory, keeps the traditon politcal authorities and instead works through these authorities to continue to govern their people with supervison from the colonoial power. Of coruse, the trad. authorities have to act in accordance of what the CP wants,
Britain uses what method of rule?
Indirect Rule
Why does B. use this particular method of rule?
1. It was the tradition you find in Britain itself. before WW2 B had semi independent gov't. The B royal gov't had very little to do with avg person. They simply brought the same idea thru its colonines
2. The british were cheep. The fewer the administrators, teh cheeper the colonialism. As long as they dont hurt or interfere with british control, doesnt matter.
Indirect rule was the norm for B. What happens when there weren't traditional rulers to work through?
They invent them
WARRANT CHIEFS
B issue a person a warrant, declaring them to be cheif. This happens in SE Nigeria with the Ibo people. Ibo rebel in 1920, and B abolishes them, letting Ibo rule themselves.
What countries preferred DIRECT RULE
France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Belgium
Why resort to Direct Rule?
Reflects the way these countries govern themselves
Central Gov't was everything
France had a hierachical rigid elaborate structures:Took the system tehy were used to at home and move it to Africa.
What are the similarities between Direct and Indirect rule?
In diff ways, de-legitimize traditional african politcal systems.
Reflect european experiences, not african
The result is the same: all these traditional authorities lost legitamacy
What does European direct and indirect control do to Africa?
Creates a POWER VACUUM: One of the issues A has to this day is that traditional politics were erased but what replaced it has never quite become totally legit in the eyes of the African people. This is why there is so much corruption in Africa today, It all grows out of what E. do in the 20 years between the two WWs
Euro tried to change Africa's Econ system to make it profitable and modern. How do u transform the econ so it pays off?
1. Introduce means of transportation
2. Switch from Subsistance Agriculture to Cash Crops
Modern Transportation
RR.
Run from the interior to the seacoast. They were designed to connect to regions where Africa had great natural resources and moved them down to the coast to be exported to europe. They are hoses of vacuums, designed to suck the resources out and send them elsewhere. It was designed to extract the wealth of A for the benefit of E.
SUBSISTANCE AGRICULTURE
Served A. well for 1000 of years. E. realize it wont make them money, so from 1920's-30's E. promotes/ forces African to switch to CASH CROPS.
CASH CROPS
Grow stuff not to consume, but sell it for money. Making it for an INTERNATIONAL MARKET
Who controlled the market?
Who set prices?
Europeans.
How do europeans control the market and set the prices?
create a MARKETING BOARD.
MARKETING BOARD
A gov't office, by law farmers had to sell crops to MB that the MB set the price of. In theory, the MB would seel the crops, return the profit to A.
Why do farmers agree to sell to MB and switch to cashcrops/
No choice, were forced. E. also accomplished this thru taxation.
CASH CROPS INBETWEEN THE WARS IN AFRICA....
Peanuts, Palm Kernels, Palm Oil, Cocoa, Coffee, Cotton.
How does the great depression effect the market?
Despite it, the sales of CC kept going up. The profit never went back to A. The colonial system managed to survive econ collapse by squeezing the wealth out of the African farmers who were forced to finance their own colonization.
The Colonial system survives the depression by....
Forcing the A's to pay for it.
The harder they work, the more they produced, the poorer they got, the more the political system was rivitted on A.
THe Microdevelopments caused by the Colonial system...
AFRICAN LABOR
MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE, THE COLONIAL SYSTEM NEEDED...
Labor. A's seen as labor units. Need them to build RRs, ports. Not getting it from Euros.
How did the E. get the A's to work for them?
TAXES
HUT TAX
HEAD TAX
They could only be paid in cash, Could only earn cash by working for Euros.
If you don't pay, you are beaten, put in jail, hut burned down.
Taxes do what for the Euros?
Assures themselves of a labor supply.
How do the taxes/ forced labor effect the Africans?
1. Destroys the Traditional African Social structure
2.Forces A's to live in an urban environment
3. Causes worse/ worst treatment of Africans ever.
Europeans have to live with the people they rule now. They don't trust A's, so to keep an eye on them at all times they...
1. Pass Laws
2. Kipande

Africans are reduced to a document.
Pass Laws
Introduces in South Africa. Its an internal passport required to carry at all times. If you didn't have it, police could do w.e they pleased.
Kipande
Wear a metal box around your neck
FORCED LABOR
Portugese liked to use this. This is a kindof tax paid in labor. THis is worse than slavery.
During the decades between the wars...
It produced a system of macro and micro exploitation, humiliation worse than anything that Africa had seen. This was the reality of the colonial system.