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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Master of strategic retreat; first larger-than-life American hero; first president
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George Washington
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Scottish author; and the father of modern capitalism
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Adam Smith
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First lady during War of 1812, saved artifacts from presidential mansion
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Dolley Madison
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Italian explorer after whom cartographers named the new world
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Chief justice of Supreme Court who fought to preserve the dignity of the court
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John Marshall
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Spanish monk who described the brutality committed by Spanish Conquistadors
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Bartolome de las Casas
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3rd president said "the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants"
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Thomas Jefferson
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Confessed to charges of witchcraft and accused others while on the stand
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Tituba
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Author of Two Treaties on Government, stressed the importance of inalienable rights
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John Locke
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American general who plotted with the British against the Americans
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Benedict Arnold
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Leaders of the War Hawks in congress
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John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay
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Puritan minister who wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
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Johnathan Edwards
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Boston Lawyer who defended the British troops after the Boston Massacre
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John Adams
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One of the most radical patriots; better at brewing dissent than beer
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Samuel Adams
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Southern gentry man who led American troops at the Battle of New Orleans
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Andrew Jackson
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Native resistance leader, called for the Pan-Indian Confederacy (military alliance)
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Tenskwatawa ("Prophet")
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Mentally-instable abolitionist, responsible for violence at Pottawatamie and Harper's Ferry
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John Brown
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President of the Republic of Texas, fought for Texan Independence from Mexico.
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Sam Houston
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Combined for both slaves's and women's rights; first American female public speakers
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Grimke Sisters
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Senator from SC who savagely beat a northern senator for his views on slavery
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Preston S. Brooks
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The President of Mexico; led troops in Alamo, "President for Life"
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Santa Anna
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wrote Liberator, voice of "radical white abolitionism"
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Sued in order to acquire his freedom from slavery after he lived in a free state
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Dred Scott
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Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, altered American popular opinion about slavery
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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President of the Confederacy
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Jefferson Davis
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Nurse and founder of the American Red Cross
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Clara Barton
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Made fifteen trips into the south in order to help slaves escape to freedom
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Harriet Tubman
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Professor of rhetoric at Bowdoin College; spoke seven languages
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Lawrence Chamberlain
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President of the United States during the Civil War
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Abraham Lincoln
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Got his leg shot off, killed his wife's man
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Daniel Sickles
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Second in command of the Confederate Army; nicknamed "Old Pete", "The Dutchman", and "My Old War Horse"
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James Longstreet
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Commander of the Confederate Army; "a white-haired man with the build of an ape"
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Robert E. Lee
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Confederate General nicknamed "Stonewall" for his courage and determination under fire
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Thomas Jackson
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A sense of national identity that comes from a commonality of language and culture
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Nationalism
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Jeffersonian term to describe the group known as the "the backbone of America"
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Yeoman
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The practice of a slave owner freeing a slave on an individual basis
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Manumission
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Tax on the manufacture, sale, or distribution of a product
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Excise Tax
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General search warrants used by the British against the colonists
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"Writs of Assistance"
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Playing of peoples fears in order to gain power, usually political
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Demagoguery
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the term used to describe civilian soldiers in local militias
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Minutemen
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A written document, photo, or artifact directly from an event or time period
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Primary Source
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written document based on a primary sources after an event or time period has occurred.
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Secondary Source
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Process of federal courts reviewing legality and constitutionality of lower courts
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Judicial Review
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the practice of selling scarce goods for a profit
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Profiteering
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Line drawn along the Ohio River that seperate free states and slave states
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Mason-Dixon Line
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put in place to ensure that one branch of the government does not become more powerful than others
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Checks & Balances
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term for a person who supported the British during the American Revolution
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Loyalist
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This Established the practice of electing President and Vice president by seperate ballots in the electoral college
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12th Amendment
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the belief that all people should share equal rights and are equal in status
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Egalitarianism
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to carry a boat and supplies between two navigable rivers
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Portage
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Networks of communication used to spread word of threats to American liberties
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Committees of Correspondence
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The idea that blacks should be sent back to Africa in order to solve the slave problem
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Repatriation
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the belief that Americans have a special mission to spread from coast-to-coast.
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Manifest Destiny
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process of making a territory a state
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Annexation
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group of people who wanted the end of slavery in the U.S
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Abolitionists
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the illegal act of leaving the army in secret, often punishable by death or flogging
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Desertion
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War which affects all aspects of society and govt. because all is directed to the war effort
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Total War
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food and supplies that are needed for an army
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Provisions
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supreme court case that determined that the govt. cannot restrict the movement of property
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Dred Scott v. Sandford
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a place for mass storage of guns and ammunitions
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Arsenal
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mandatory military service
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Conscription
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War strategy of burning everything no utilized by the invading army
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"Scorched Earth"
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policy of continuous aggression in order to eliminate or outlast the enemy
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Attrition
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constitutional right that guarantees that an arrest must have adequate cause
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Writs of Habeas Corpus
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the feelings or attitudes of a group; it is especially important during wartime
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Morale
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Womens roles in Incan society....
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they served their society as the leaders and warriors, as well as wives and mothers
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Characteristics of the Anasazi....
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-agriculturally based
-lacked rigid social structure -warfare only in self defense -little evidence of sacrifice |
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Native American adaptations to European invasion...
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-European tech. and weapons
-forging of alliance w/other tribes -conv. of Europeans to culture |
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Before the discovery of the New World in 1492, most educated people believed the earth was....
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a sphere
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First civilization besides Native Americans to discover new world
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the Norse
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European trade in the Renaissance stimulated efforts for exploration due to....
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-rise of merchant class that engaged in international trading and business
-rise of corporations -find an all water route to the Orient |
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Goals of the Spanish Empire
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-gold and silver
-displacement of pagan civilization -establish Catholic-based culture |
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Spanish advantages in empire building....
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-1st to new world
-discovered good land -national unity |
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Factor that proved most deadly to Native Americans after arrival of Europeans....
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-Disease
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Explain the Mayflower Compact...
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-colonists would elect own reps.
-reps. allowed to govern colony |
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Who were the Gentry?
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Landowning aristocracy in the south
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Mercantilism stresses....
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-favorable balance of trade
-self-sufficiency in country's econ. -increase imports decrease exports -decrease reliance on foreign goods |
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Virginia company goals...
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-gold
-produce commodities -trade with natives -products for the Navy |
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What happened during the Great Awakening?
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-higher education
-develop.of Christianity in colonies -revival in congregations |
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Rationalization for the enslavement of Africans in the 17th century....
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-Less restrictive slave codes
-outlaw of indentured servants as workers |
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Greatest effect of European Enlightenment on the colonies...
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-emphasis of observation, experimentation, and new thinking
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What country started the slave trade?
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Portugal
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Why did private enterprise's sponsor the founding of Massachusetts?
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an explosion of the "lower sort" in England made it so many wanted to get rid of them and send them to the New World
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Causes of Salem Witch Craze...
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-imaginations
-local feuds -negative look on spinsters -weather patterns |
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Most important cause of the French and Indian war...
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-Competition over the Ohio River Valley
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Voyage that brought Aftricans to the West Indies and America....
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The Middle Passage
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Importance of the Sugar Act of 1764....
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Marked first time parliament established taxes on imports and exports
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The Proclamation of 1763 was...
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-an attempt to postpone further settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
-Drew an imaginary boundary -ineffective in stopping colonial attempts at settlement |
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The Quartering Act...
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-forced colonies to provide provisions and barracks for British soldiers
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Declaratory Act....
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- followed the repeal of the Stamp Act
-Parliament says they still have full power to make laws in the colonies |
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Boston Tea Party came as a result of the...
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-colonists fear of a monopoly of tea by the East India Trading Co.
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Results of the Battle of Bunker Hill....
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-British Generals more cautious
-continental congress calls for more troops -people now must choose sides |
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Virginia Resolves
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-asserted colonists
-entitled to the rights of Englishmen -colonists said they had always been self governed |
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Declaration of American Rights
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-recog. parliments right to gov. imperial affairs in the colonies.
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Olive Branch Petition
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-colonists said they would stay loyal to the King if Britain would end hostilities.
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Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking up Arms
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-rejected colonial independence
-stated colonists would fight for rights |
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Thomas Paine wrote....
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-Common Sense
-The American Crisis |
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Desires of America before there could be peace with Britain....
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-Independence
-Removal of all British troops |
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What caused desire for the Alien and Sedition Acts?
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-outbreak of rev. in France
-International war in Europe -a "quasi-war" with France -News of the XYZ affair |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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-divided N and S based on slavery
-established annexation -Allowed 2nd cont. cong. to sell land to pay for war debts -Opened the Ohio River Valley for white settlement |
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Body of gov. based on population
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House of Representatives
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Body of gov. with equal representation regardless of population
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The Senate
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Indian Intercourse Act of 1790
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-Native Tribes are foreign nations
-Gov has to make treaty with Natives before taking land. |
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Who supported the War of 1812?
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Westerners and Southerners who wanted expansion
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
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stressed federal authority over state authority in determining the constitutionality of laws
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The "Great Compromise" involved...
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-legalized slavery where it existed
-established checks and balances -established census to determine proportional representation |
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Alexander Hamilton's fiscal program called for...
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-a national bank
-new economic philosophy based on manufacturing -protective tariffs |
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Federalist No. 10 said primary function of Fed. Gov was...
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to mediate between factions
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Jeffersons desire for discovery in Louisiana territory...
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-animals
-extend authority over tribes -civilize tribes -land for crops |
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Election of 1800 effects on politics....
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-political parties
-more competitive -campaigning tactics -est. modern electoral system |
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A protective tariff is created in order to....
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promote local businesses at expense of international competition
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What was said about slavery in the Constitution after the Great Compromise...
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-slavery legal where it existed
-slaves were considered 3/5 of a person -runaway slaves returned to south -outlawed external slave trade |
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Henry Clay's American System
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-greater infrastructure
-re-charter banks -connect west to east |
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Missouri Compromise (1821)
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-Missouri made a slave state
-Maine made a free state |
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Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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European invasion seen as act of war
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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
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-cherokees find gold
-state of Georgia says they cannot mine it -they refer to the indian intercourse act -john marshall rules that they are their own nation -jackson says do something about it -Trail of Tears |
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Andrew Jacksons over use of the veto
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over use of power
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Results after discovering gold in California..
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-greatest mass migration in American History
-California applies for statehood |
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Compromise of 1850
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-Ca=Free state
-popular sovereignty in all other w. territories -slave trade abolished in D.C |
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Fugitive Slave Act
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-allowed US marshalls to capture runaway slaves in the north and take them back down to the south.
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Pottowatamie Massacre and Harpers's ferry
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-causes great panic and violent slave revolts
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Free soil coalition
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-slave expansion prevented
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Border Ruffians
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-slave owners who rigged the elections for slavery
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Reasons for secession of the south
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-minority
-threatened by Lincoln |
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Significance of Bull Run ( Manassas)
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realization of long term war
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Shiloh
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-place of peace
-23000 dead |
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Antietam
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single bloodiest day in the civil war
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Fredericksburg
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Union mutiny; Slaughter pen
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Chancellorsville
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Lees son killed
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Gettysburg
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turning point of the war
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Anaconda strategy
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-North strategy
-cut off suppliest to south |
