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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cold War
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What diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II was known as.
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Truman Doctrine
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containment of communism; offer assistance to anyone combating communism
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the Warsaw Pact
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"mutual defense organization of European communist east block countries; reaction to 1955 west block NATO admitting West Germany into NATO, consist of : Albania; Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia; East Germany German Democratic Republic (withdrew in September 1990, before German reunification); Hungary; Poland; Romania; Soviet Union.
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the Marshall Plan
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Massive Economic aid program to rebuild Europe after WW II; avoid depression after WW I, and spread of communism-even though communist countries eligible to receive aid. None took it.
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What were the two superpowers (US and Russia ) engaged in from 1949 - 1991?
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Between 1949 and 1991, the two superpowers engaged in a “cold war” of mutual spying, propaganda, and secret operations. These relations dominated the foreign policy of each government and shaped political alliances across the world.
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The goal of the Cultural Revolution was
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to achieve complete social equality
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How did the Red Guard intend to create a society of equals?
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Led by Red Guard militia units, the Cultural Revolution sought to create a new society of workers and peasants in which all were equal. Intellectuals, artists, and dissidents were executed or imprisoned to achieve this goal.
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After World War II, the major foreign policy goal of the United States was
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containment of communism
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American involvement in both Korea and Vietnam resulted from was justified by
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Cold War policy of containment.
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The nations of the developing world were known as the
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third world
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nonaligned nations
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Nations not identified as supporting the policies of either Russia or US on routine basis; each issue is judged independently.
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The politics of developing nations became a major arena of
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superpower competition. These nations were seen as a "Third World" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
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In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union moved towards a policy of
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detente
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brinksmanship
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major powers threaten war or weapons or defense spending escalation to resolve diplomatic issues
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realpolitik
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politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
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disarmament
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mutual reduction in arms, especially strategic weapons; most massive agreement to date is SALT Treaty
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The aggressive policies of brinksmanship typical of the early postwar years were gradually replaced by the lessened tensions of ......
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detente.
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communism containment
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took many forms economic aid to anti communist countries; clandestine aid to anti-communist forces or foes such as Mujahedeen in Afghanistan;
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Truman doctrine
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Containment of communism during cold war; policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
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Cold War 1949-1991
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State of political and diplomatic hostility between countries using means short of armed warfare; a state of political hostility that existed from 1945 until 1990 between countries led by the Soviet Union and countries led by the United States.
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Mao - great leap forward
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Failed 1958-190 attempt by Mao to rapidly industrialize China even after Russia withdrew its massive support program. Led to famine (30 million deaths)as food production was severely hampered by shortage of labor and agricultural collectivism.
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cultural revolution
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Radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard; intended to eliminate counterrevolutionary elements in the government it resulted in purges of the intellectuals and socioeconomic chaos.
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38th parallel
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demarcation line between North and South Korea; establish at end of WW II
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vietnamization
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Nixon policy of replacing US troops with South Vietnamese troops in Viet Nam war.
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Castro - Cuba
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Cuban socialist leader who overthrew dictator Bautista in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927).
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Cuban Missile crisis
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In 1962 Russians attempted to secretly introduce strategic missiles into Cuba. It was discovered and USA demanded removal; Russia refused setting stage for confrontation between the two nuclear powers. USA blockaded and threatened to search all ships going into Cuba - and Russians backed down.
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Bay of pigs
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A failed USA-CIA backed attempt by Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and dislodge Castro.
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SALT
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between Russia and US led to reduction in nuclear weapons.
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UN - 1945
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Established at end of WW II to replace dysfunctional League of Nations that was established after WW I, which the US never joined.
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Iron Curtain
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Demarcation line between communist countries and Capitalist countries in Europe. Defined as < > by Winston Churchill.
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NATO
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Mutual defense alliance of European countries established in 1949 to offset Russian military presence in Europe.
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source and rationale for brinksmanship strategy
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The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art. If you cannot master it, you inevitably get into war. If you try to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the brink, you are lost. - John Foster
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Ho Chi Minh
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Vietnamese nationalist and statesmen who spent his life freeing Viet Nam from Japanese and French imperialism, and American subversion of Viet Nam's democratic process.
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domino Theory
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Theory that if a country went communist its neighbors would follow in quick succession.
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Khmer Rouge - Cambodia
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Communist led terrorist group that a persecuted and killed anyone it claimed was a counter-revolutionary. Which in effect was anyone or group they did not like.
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3rd World
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Initially seemed to related to countries not directly involved in Cold War; but came to mean developing nations of world
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Marshall Plan
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United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall
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Russian Threat to Turkey after WW II
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At the conclusion of the War, USSR demanded territorial concessions from Turkey, a Soviet base in Turkish Straits and revision of the Montreaux Convention, the international agreement governing the Straits. Truman addresses Congress, announced “Truman Doctrine” of support to countries threatened by Communism. $100 million in military aid to Turkey immediately, much more following (largest recipient of US aid in 1950’s); May 1947 US fleet visits Istanbul to pro-American demonstrations; 1951 Turkey joins NATO. Important NATO bases still in Turkey (Diyarbakir in southeastern Turkey – Gulf War and Iraqi over flights).
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Why did some Americans oppose the Truman Doctrine?
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cost, and reluctance to interfere in the internal politics of other nations
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Which sides did the Superpowers support in the Chinese internal struggle for control of the country?
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US supported Chang Hai-shek and Russia supported Mao's communist
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How did the Soviet Union respond to the US policy of brinksmanship?
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increased its strategic weapon arsenal and methods of delivery (ICBM)- which led to arms race and space program.
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What were the results of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward and Cultural evolution?
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famine, lower industrial and agricultural production
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What effects did the Korean War have on Korea's land and people?
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devastated, from which the north under communism as not recovered
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What major difficulties did the U S Army face in fighting the war in Vietnam?
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US policy allowed communist supply and training sanctuaries in neighboring countries; and communist army hid amongst non-combatants.
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Why did developing nations often align themselves with one or the other superpower?
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for protection, access to human and other resources, and markets
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How did the Soviet Union respond to the U S-supported Bay of Pigs invasion?
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secretly began to provide Cuba with strategic weapons as deterrent to US aggression
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In what ways did Soviet actions hamper Eastern Europe's economic recovery after World War II?
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restricted access to technology, markets, and to capital (even refused Marshall Plan monies)
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What polices characterized realpolitik and how did they affect the course of the Cold War?
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brinksmanship-led to arms race; ideological inaccurate support for left and right wing fanatics - led to genocide; and deals with the devil as democracies made deals with dictators in an effort to combat communism
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Cold War Time Line China 1946-1980
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"1946-1949 KMT-CCP Civil War; KMT forces retreat to Taiwan; Establishment of the People's Republic of China;
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Cold War US Timeline 1946-1980
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"1. 1946 containment policy;
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Cold War Soviet Timeline 1946-1980
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"1. 1950 Signs friendship treaty with China;
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How did US and Soviet Union avoid a nuclear confrontation?
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Mutual Assured Destruction, SALT, SALT II, Détente, SDI
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JFK
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US president during crucial cold war showdown with Russians over strategic missiles in Cuba.
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LBJ
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Assumed Presidency following the assassination of JFK. Expanded anti-communist programs including escalation of involvement in Viet Nam; also instituted many Great Society and Civil rights programs in US t fight discrimination and poverty.
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Great Society
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Government programs under LBJ aimed at reducing poverty; dealt mainly with food, housing, neighborhood revitalization, and education.
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Communist insurgents in Greece
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One of the first conflicts of the Cold War 1946-1949. Greek governmental army, backed by the United Kingdom and United States, fought the Democratic Army of Greece the military branch of the Greek Communist Party backed by Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. It was the result of a highly polarized struggle between leftists and rightists which started in 1943 and targeted the power vacuum that the German-Italian occupation during World War II had created.
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Nikita Krushchev
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Took over after Stalin's death. led the Soviet Union during most of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev.
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Nicaragua's Contra - US anti-communist efforts in Central America
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1979-1990 CIA backed group which opposed Cuban backed communist insurgents who had ousted Nicaraguan dictator Somoza; the resulting civil war lasted for over 10 years.
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Russia in Iran after WW II
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Russian attempted to remain in Iran after WW II , but were persuaded / pressured with oil concessions and US threats to leave. To guard against their return US begin to be involved in internal politics of Iran - including installation of the Shah. The backlash against US policy eventually led to Islamic fundamentalist control of Iran (Ayatollah Khomeini) and intense anti-American sentiments.
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Alexander Dubcek
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1968-1970 instituted broad reforms in Czechoslovakia, expelled by Russians, regained political prominence in 1989; became head of SDP party in renamed Slovakia in 1992
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