History Midterm - Mesopotamia

Front 1

What are the 5 principles of civilizations?

Back 1

-gvts n cities
-writing
-written records
-specialized labor
-advanced technology

Front 2

What were the 1st civilizations?
Near what natural feature did they begin?

Back 2

-Egypt
-China
-India
-Mesopotamia

-rivers

Front 3

Name 8 modern day countries that make up the middle east

Back 3

-Turkey
-Lebanon
-Israel
-Jordan
-Syria
-Iraq
-Kuwait
-Iran

Front 4

Sumer (technology)

Back 4

-invented:
-dams
-levees
-sundials
-plows
-irrigation ditches
-wheel
-had a 270 day calendar
-invented the cuneiform written language
-made up of 3000 wedge-like symbols
-only 250 scribes still exist today
-the oldest written story found = the epic of Gilgamesh

Front 5

Akkadians

Back 5

-started in 2330 BC
-conquered Sumer becauser they were united when sumer was divided.
-came from syria
-led by sargon the 1st
-introduced the arabic language to he middle east
-resembled sumer culturally and religiously
-capital city = akkad
-declined when sargon died

Front 6

Mesopotamia

Back 6

-meaning = land between two rivers
-nickname = the fertile crescent
-located between the tigris and euphrates rivers
-located in modern day middle east

Front 7

Hittites

Back 7

-1600 BC
-conquered Babylonians
-more humane than other empires
-laws focused on repaying (fines)
-invented chariots
-1st to domesticate horses n use irom
-came from turkey
-signed a treaty w/ramses II
-spoke 8languages n wrote cuneiform n hieroglyphics
-resembled sumer
-capital = Hattusa
-reason for decline = unknownw
-metal ores= abundant in hittite lands

Front 8

Sumer

Back 8

-3500 BC
-influenced all other civilizations
-located in Iraq
-faced floods, droughts and constant attacks
-divided in 12 city states
-4 most important:
-Ur
-Uruk
-Eridu
-Babylon
-all had small, walled cities and a common culture
-traded n worshipped together, but never united

Front 9

Define polytheism

Back 9

the belief in more than one god

Front 10

what is a ziggurat?

Back 10

a pyramid shaped temple

Front 11

Define Theocracy. why is it a bad way to govern?

Back 11

form of government under which the ruler is seen as a divine figure
the citizens lose their belief in god

Front 12

babylonians

Back 12

-1800 bc
-conquered akkadians
-from babylon
-capital = babylon
-led by hammurabi
-hammurabi's code of 282 laws
-principle= an eye for an eye
-resembled sumer
-declined after hammurabi's death

Front 13

define geography

Back 13

the study of earth n the ppl on it

Front 14

hebrews/israelites/jews

Back 14

-1000 bc
-founded by abraham (from ur)
-mad a covenant with yahweh
-monotheistic
studied n prevented diseases
-made a treaty with the phoenicians
-abraham took his ppl to canaan
-a famine forced them to go to egypt

Front 15

hebrews/israelites/jews (egypt)

Back 15

-enslaved by pharaoh ahmose
-seti I = kills all 1st born sons
-moses = frees jews
-10 plagues n parting of red sea
-Ramses allows jews to leave
-exodus= journey from egypt to canaan
-moses receives the 10 commandments durin the exodus

Front 16

phoenicians

Back 16

- 1000 bc
-economical empiure
-originally known as Kinanu or canaanites
-never conquered anyone n traded
-were controlled by:
-assyrians
-akkadians
-hittites
-babylonians at some point
-located in turkey
-seafaring peopl
-hanno established 6 cities around the mediterranean
-byblos = produced papyrus
-carthage (led by hannibal)= later defeated by rome
-spoke arabic
-resembled sumer

Front 17

phoenicians (technology)

Back 17

-red/purple dye
-22 letter alphabet
-transparent glass
-skilled merchants
-skilled shipbuilders
-1st to colonize area around the mediterranean sea
-asked to build a temple in jerusalem by King solomon

Front 18

lydians

Back 18

-1000 bc
-economical empire
-invented currency

Front 19

define alluvial soil deposits

Back 19

sand n mud deposited by flooding water

Front 20

hebrews/israelites/jews (after egypt)

Back 20

-renamed canaan juda
-chaldean ruler, nebuchadnezaar enslaves the jews
-hebrews write the torah (establish monotheism)
-sabbath= day of rest (saturday)
-cyrus from persia allows the jes back to israel
-4 central beliefs
-one god (yahweh)
-moral code of law (10 commandments)
-yahweh controls history n events
- one day a messiah will come