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History Midterm

History Midterm

by melissakae731, Oct. 2013

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	Cultural Contributions: Mesopotamians/ Sumerians: Government	Autocracy, Code of Hammurabi
	Cultural Contributions: Mesopotamians/ Sumerians: Religion	Polytheistic, Anthropomorphic, Mythopoeic
	Cultural Contributions: Mesopotamians/ Sumerians: Art and Literature	Cuneiform, Epic of Gilgamesh, Creation Epic
	Cultural Contributions: Mesopotamians/ Sumerians: Science and Knowledge	Irrigation, lunar calendar, number system of 60, 10, and 6
	Cultural Contributions: Mesopotamians/ Sumerians: Monumental architecture	Ziggurat
	Cultural Contributions: Egypt Religion	Polytheistic, Mythopoeic, Anthropomorphic, Animistic
	Cultural Contributions: Egypt Government	Theocracy
	Cultural Contributions: Egypt Monumental Architecture	Pyramids
	Cultural Contributions: Egypt Art and Literature	Hieroglyphics, demotic, Book of the Dead, Edwin Smith surgical papyrus
	Cultural Contributions: Egypt Knowledge and Science	Nilometer, flooded field irrigation, solar calendar, good understanding of astronomy and basic math, figuring out pi, brain surgery
	Cultural Contributions: Hittites Government	Monarchy
	Cultural Contributions: Hittites Religion	Mythopoeic, polytheistic
	Cultural Contributions: Hittites Knowledge and Science	introduction of iron into war and agriculture
	Culture Contributions: Assyrians Government	Autocracy
	Culture Contributions: Assyrians Religion	polytheistic, anthropomorphic, animistic
	Culture Contributions: Assyrians Knowledge and Science	Core of engineer, siege weapons
	Culture Contributions: Hebrews Government	Monarchy
	Culture Contributions: Hebrews Religion	Ethical transcendent monotheism
	Culture Contributions: Hebrews Monumental Architecture	temples
	Culture Contributions: Hebrews Art and Literature	Torah, covenant
	Culture Contributions: Persians Government	Monarchy, satraps
	Culture Contributions: Persians Religion	Zoroastrianism, polytheistic
	Culture Contributions: Persians Knowledge and Science	Horses for warfare, royal road
	Culture Contributions: India Government	Tribal chieftainship (raja), territorial kingship, Code of Manu, caste system
	Culture Contributions: India Religion	Brahmanism, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Polytheistic
	Culture Contributions: India Monumental Architecture	Stupas
	Culture Contributions: India Art and Literature	Rigveda, early epics, Upanishads, sutras, Bhagavad Gita
	Culture Contributions: India Knowledge and Science	Drainage system
	Culture Contributions: China Government	Autocracy, military chieftainship, despotic, Mandate of Heaven, Legalism
	Culture Contributions: China Religion	Polytheistic, Confucianism, Daoism, yin and yang
	Culture Contributions: China Monumental Architecture	The Great Wall, Silk Road
	Culture Contributions: China Art and Literature	Book of Documents, Book of Songs, Art of War, Songs of Chu, Confucian Classics, Records of the Grand Historian
	Culture Contributions: China Science and Knowledge	Bronze technology, paper, silk, crossbow, Grand Canal, Pure Land, Chan
	Culture Contributions: Greece Government	Polis, monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, democracy, hoplites
	Culture Contributions: Greece Religion	polytheistic, mythopoeic, natural law
	Culture Contributions: Greece Monumental Architecture	Acropolis, Parthenon
	Culture Contributions: Greece Art and Literature	Development of drama, production of plays, Olympic games
	Culture Contributions: Greece Knowledge and Science	Heliocentric theory, discovery of the nervous system, benefits of opium to relieve pain, Elements of Geometry, Epicureanism, Stoicism
	Culture Contributions: Rome Government	Republic, Autocracy, Monarchy, Patricians, Plebeians
	Culture Contributions: Rome Religion	Polytheistic, mythopoeic, Christianity, universalism
	Culture Contributions: Rome Monumental Architecture	Constantinople, arches and columns
	Culture Contributions: Rome Art and Literature	Iliad and Odyssey, Roman alphabet, Aeneid
	Culture Contributions: Rome Knowledge and Science	road system, thermal baths, aqueducts
	Culture Contributions: Japan Government	Monarchy
	Culture Contributions: Japan Religion	Shinto, polytheistic
	Culture Contributions: Japan Monumental architecture	temples
	Purple People	The Greek name for the Phoenicians, a culture that inhabited the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, so called because of the remarkable purple dye they produced from the certain sea snails. Founded Carthage in 9th century bce.
	Code of Hammurabi	18th century bce, created by Hammurabi, king of the Amorites. It was Babylonian law code, Hammurabis code dealt extensively with agriculture. It governed the duties and rights of tenant farmers, who were expected carefully to cultivate the land. They were responsible for keeping canals and ditches in good repair. Negligence to either bore the cost of losses or were sold into slavery.
	Cuneiform	3000 bce, Sumerians written language, started by drawing pictures of objects, pictographs, from which they developed the style of writing known as cuneiform. Helped unify Sumerian society by making communications much easier and opening Sumerian society to a broader world
	Akhenaten	Pharaoh in Egypt 14th - 13th centuries bce, tried to enforce monotheism with worship of Aton, sun-god.
	Cyrus the Great	King of the Persians in 6th century bce, conquered the Medes which resulted in the unification of the Iranian people.
	Nefertiti	Queen of Egypt, 14th century bce, tried to spread worship of sun-god Aton.
	Ashoka	In 3rd century bce. One of India's most remarkable figures. Became king. Important in the religious history of the world because he embraced Buddhism and promoted its spread beyond India.
	Mahavira	6th century bce India, key figure and founder of Jainism.
	Untouchables	11th to 6th centuries bce India, People not belonging to a caste, they were often scorned
	Code of Manu	India 2nd or 3rd centuries ce, Codification of Indian law that lays down family, caste, and commercial law.
	Harappan civilization	1st Indian civilization (Indus Valley Civilization), 3000 to 1500 bce. Among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Also extremely extensive cities with drainage systems.
	Aryans	North India, 1500-500 bce, The dominant people in North India after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization; they spoke an early form of Sanskrit. Created caste system.
	Chandragupta	4th - 3rd centuries bce. India (Ganges Valley) by 322 bce, made himself sole master of north India. He stablished a complex Bureaucracy.
	Book of Songs	The early Zhou Dynasty, China. Earliest collection of Chinese poetry.
	Art of War	by Master Sun in 6th century bce China. Was a work on military strategies and techniques.
	Han Feizi	China, 3rd century bce, Legalism's greatest advocate.
	Mandate of Heaven	Early Zhou Period, China. The theory that heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he ruled in the interest of the people. Remained a central feature of Chinese political ideology from the early Zhou period on.
	Shang Dynasty	1500 - 1050 bce, North China. The bronze age. Bronze technology spread.
	Yin and Yang	China, Around Zhou dynasty. To explain not only phenomena we might classify as natural, such as illness, storms, and earthquakes, but social phenomena such as the rise and fall of states and conflict between families.
	Mencius	China, 4th century bce, Was part of the success of Confucian ideas.
	Philip II	King of Macedonia, 4th century bce. Used his victory to unite the Greek states with his Macedonian kingdom to proclaim a crusade to liberate the Ionian Greeks from Persian rule.
	Pericles	Leader of the Athenians, 5th century bce. Under Pericles, the Athenians grew so powerful and aggressive that they alarmed Sparta and its allies. In 431 BCE Athenian imperialism finally drove Sparta into conflict known as the Peloponnesian War.
	Dealian League	Greece. 5th century bce. A grand naval alliance intended to liberate Ionia from Persian rule.
	Hippocrates	Father of Medicine, Greece. 5th century bce. Sought natural explanations for diseases and natural means to treat them. He relied on empirical knowledge rather than religion or magic to further his work.
	Archimedes	Inventor, 3rd century bce greece. he devised new artillery for military purposes.
	Polis	Greek City-State, 800 bce, It was the basic political and institutional unit of Greece.
	Draco	7th century bce greek aristocrat. Published the first law code of the Athenian polis. His code embodies the ideal that the law belonged to all citizens.
	Gaius Marius	Recruited landless men into the army to put down a rebel king in Africa. 2nd to 1st century bce. Rome.
	Diocletian	3rd to 4th century ce Rome. Ended the period of chaos after the five good emperors.
	Ostrogoths	Large tribe of Germanic migrants and warrior (barbarians), 3rd century ce Rome. Committed frequent raids on the Roman frontiers and in 251 ce they defeated the emperor Decius at the Battle of Abrittus
	Hannibal	Carthage's general. 3rd to 2nd centuries bce. He was very close to winning a war with Rome, spread devastation farther across the Italian countryside.
	Marc Antony	Caesar's follower. 1st century bce Rome. Joined by Augustus and Lepidus in the Second Triumvirate, but was defeated by Augustus at the Battle of Actium in Greece, which ended the a age of civil war.
	Tiberius Gracchus	2nd century bce Rome. Aristocrat elected as tribune. Proposed dividing public land among the poor, but a group of wealthy senators murdered him, launching a long era of political violence that would destroy the republic.
	Constantine	emperor, 4th century ce Rome. Repaired the damage done in the third century.
	Empress Wu	7th century ce China. In only female monarch in Chinese history.
	The Xiongnu (huns)	3rd century bce China. Xiongnu invaded Han Dynasty to acquire the wealth and resources of the Han Empire by military strength.
	Emperor Wu	Martial emperor. 2nd to 1st centuries bce, China. To pay for military campaigns, he took over the minting of coins, confiscated the land of nobles, sold offices and titles, and increased taxes on private business.
	Taizong	Second Tang ruler. China 7th century ce. Chinese turned against their former allies, the Turks, gaining control from them and winning for Taizong the title of Great Khan, so that he was for a short period simultaneously head of both the Chinese and the Turkish empires.
	Prince Shotoku	Japan, 6th - 7th centuries ce. Undertook a sweeping reform of the state designed to strengthen Yamato rule by adopting Chinese style bureaucratic practices.
	Shinto	The “way of the gods,” it was the native religion espoused by the Yamato rulers. Japan 5th century ce.
	Grand Canal	China, 6th century ce. Facilitated the shipping of tax grain from the prosperous Yangzi Valley to the centers of political and military power in north China. played an ever more influential role in the country's economic and political life, strengthening China's internal cohesion.
	Pythagoreans	Pythagoras It was based on the religious teachings of Pythagoras and was very secretive. The adherents were bound by a vow to Pythagoras and each other, for the purpose of pursuing the religious and ascetic observances, and of studying his religious and philosophical theories. Prince source of inspiration for Plato and Aristotle.
	Heracliteans	Heraclitus, claimed primal element to be fire, which is ever changing and eternal.
	Elementalists	Theory that the four simple substances make up the universe: fire, air, earth, and water. Culmination of Thales, Heraclitus, etc. that made up pre-socratic thought.
	Atomists	Created by Democritus, he created atomic theory that the universe is made up of invisible, indestructible particles.
	Confucianism	Confucius's thoughts were ethical rather than theoretical or metaphysical.He talked repeatedly of an ideal age in the early Zhou Dynasty when everyone was devoted to fulfilling his or her role: superiors looked after those dependent on them; inferiors devoted themselves to the service of their superiors.
	Sophists	The Sophists took the direction of making a distinction between science and philosophy. While differing on particulars, they all agreed that human beings were the proper subject of study. They also believed that excellence could be taught. They held that nothing is absolute; everything is relative. Socrates shared belief.
	Plato	Founded the Academy, a school dedicated to philosophy. He developed the theory that all tangible things are unreal and temporary, copies of “forms” or “ideas” that are constant and indestructible.
	Stoicism	Zeno formed his own school named after the Stoa, the building where he taught.The important matter was not whether they achieved anything, but whether they lived virtuous lives. In that way they could triumph over Tyche, which could destroy their achievements but not the nobility of their lives.
	Epicureanism	A practical philosophy of serenity in an often tumultuous world. Epicurus taught that the principal good of life is pleasure, which he defined as the absence of pain. He concluded that nay violent emotion is undesirable.
	Daoism	Daoists thought striving to make things better generally makes them worse. Daoists defended this private life and wanted the rulers to leave the people alone. Early teachings are known from 2 surviving books: the Laozi and the Zhuangzi.Return to nature – any purposeful action is contrary to nature.
	Cynicism	Encourages to get back to nature. Live in virtue and agreement with nature. First philosopher to outline these themes was Antishenes (pupil of Socrates) followed by Diogenes who took it to logical extremes
	Skepticism	Zeno was first great philosophical skeptic. They question everything. This skepticism can range from disbelief in contemporary philosophical solutions, to agnosticism, to rejecting the reality of the external world.
	Ionrans	Some Greeks in Ionia began an intellectual revolution that still flourishes today. These thinkers are called the Pre-Socratics because their rational efforts preceded those of Socrates. They concluded that the universe is actually simple and subject to natural laws. They speculated about the basic building blocks of the universe. First was Thales.
	Eeleatics	The pre-socratic school founded by Parmenides in fifth century bce. Took logical standards of clarity and necessity to be the criteria of truth.
	Development of buddhism	Siddhartha Gautama was contemporary of Mahavira and came from social class. At 29 he left home to become a wandering ascetic. While meditating under a bo tree at Bodh Gaya, he reached enlightenment. He preached his first sermon, urging a “middle way” between asceticism and wordly life. His message summed in Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The Buddha's followers transmitted his teachings orally until they were written down in the second or first century bce. These scriptures are called sutras.
	Mystery Religions	Beginning in 2nd century bce some individuals were increasingly attracted to new mystery religions, so called because they featured a body of ritual and beliefs not divulged to anyone not initiated into the cult. These new mystery cults incorporated aspects of both Greek and Eastern religions and held broad appeal for people who yearned for personal immortality.
	Judaism	Started when God called Abraham who gave the Jews the convenant and God's promise of the “promise land' or Canaan. Believe in the Torah (not in the new testament)
	Zoroastrianism	Around 600 bce Zoroaster, a religious thinker and preacher, introduced new spiritual concepts to the Iranian people. He taught that life is a constant battleground for the two opposing forces of good and evil. The Iranian god Ahuramazda embodied good and truth but was opposed by Ahriman, a hateful spirit who stood for evil and lies. His teachings converted Darius, who did not, however, impose it on others. It survived the fall of the Persian Empire to influence Judaism, Christianity, and early Islam.
	Persian Wars	In 499 bce, the Ionian Greek with feeble Athenian help unsuccessfully rebelled against the Persian Empire. In retaliation the Persians struck at Athens, only to be defeated at marathon. In 480 bce, the Persian king Xerxes invaded Greece on a massive scale. Under the leadership of Sparta by land and sea, many Greeks united to defeat the Persians in hard-fought battles at the pass of Thermopylae and in the waters off Artemsium in 480 bce. In 479, after the loss of Athens, the Greeks defeated the Persians at the decisive battle of Salamis and finally again at Plataea later that year.
	Peloponnesian War	In 431 bce Athenian imperialism finally drove Sparta into the conflict known as the Peloponnesian War. It lasted a generation (431-404 bce) and brought widespread destruction and huge loss of life. In 404 bce, the Athenians finally surrendered, but not before Greek civilization had been struck a serious blow.
	Punic Wars	In 282 bce, when the Romans had reached southern Italy, they embarked upon a series of wars that left them the rulers of the Mediterranean world. Although they sometimes declared war reluctantly, they nonetheless felt the need to dominate, to eliminate any state that could endanger them. Their presence in southern Italy brought the Romans to Sicily, next door. There they collided with the Carthaginians, Phoenician colonists living in North Africa. Conflicting ambitions in Sicily led to the First Punic War , which lasted from 264 to 241 bce. Roman victory led to the island's becoming its first province. Carthage sent its brilliant general Hannibal against Rome. During the Second Punic War (218-201 bce) Hannibal won three major victories including the devastating blow at Cannac. Carrying the fighting to the very gates of Rome, he spread devastation farther across the Italian countryside. The Roman general Scipio Africanus led the counterattack to Carthage itself. In 202 bce Scipio defeated Hannibal in one of the history's truly decisive battles. His victory meant that Rome's heritage would be passed on to posterity.
	Alexander's Conquest	Immediately after the Peloponnesian War, Sparta began striving for empire over the Greeks. Phillip II, king of Macedonia, won control of the northern Aegean, awakening fear in Athens. He had conquered Greece and become its arbiter. Phillip used his victory to unite the Greek states with his Macedonian kingdom to proclaim a crusade to liberate the Ionian Greeks from Persian rule. Before he could launch his crusade, he was assassinated in 336 bce. -His son, Alexander, vowed to carry on Phillip's mission. In the next 3 years he won 3 major battles—at the Granicus River, at Issus, and at Gaugamela—on his march to the east. -Having overthrown the Persian Empire, in 326 bce he entered India. Finally, at the Hyphasis River his troops refused to go farther. Alexander reluctantly turned south to the Arabian Sea and then back west. In 324 bce, Alexander returned to Susa, and died the next year in Babylon.
	Roman Civil War 1st Century bce	The wars of conquest created serious political problems for the Romans. When the legionaries returned home, many were forced to sell their land, and they found ready buyers in those who had grown rich from the wars. Landless veterans moved to the cities, especially Rome, but could not find work. These developments threatened Rome's army because landless men were forbidden to serve. -Tiberius Gracchus, an aristocrat who was appalled by the situation, was elected tribune in 133 bce and proposed dividing public land among the poor, but was assassinated by a group of wealthy senators. -Tiberius's brother Gaius Gracchus passed a law providing the urban poor with cheap grain and urged practical reforms. He was assassinated too. -The next reformer, Gaius Marius recruited landless men into the army to put down a rebel king in Africa. He promised them land for their service. But after his victory, the senate refused to honor his promise. -The turmoil continued until 88 bce, when the Roman general Sulla made himself dictator. Although he voluntarily stepped down 9 years later, it was too late to restore the republican constitution. -Caesar made himself dictator. In 44 bce, a group of conspirators assassinated him and set off another round of civil war. His grandnephew and hair, Octavian (Augustus), joined with 2 of Caesar's followers, Marc Antony and Lepidus, in the Second Triumvirate. -After defeating Caesar's murderers, they had a falling out. Octavian forced Lepidus out of office and waged war against Antony, who had become allied with Cleopatra. -In 31 bce, with the might of Rome at his back, Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in Greece. His victory ended the age of civil war.
	Roman Civil War 3rd Century ce	The era of the five good emperors gave way to a period of chaos and stress. During the 3rd century ce the Roman Empire as stunned by civil war and barbarian invasions. By the time peace was restored, the economy was shattered, cities had shrunk in size, and agriculture was becoming manorial. In the disruption of the 3rd century and the reconstruction of the 4th, the transition from the classical to the medieval world began.
	Development of government in Greece.	-during the Dark Age, the Greeks developed the polis (city-state). -Although each polis was jealous of its independence, some Greeks banded together to create leagues of city-states. Here was the birth of Greek federalism, a political system in which several states formed a central government while remaining independent in their affairs. -Athens faced pressing social and economic problems during the Archaic period, but the Athenians eventually extended to all citizens the right and duty of governing the polis. -Pisistratus, an exiled noble, returned to Athens, defeated his opponent, and became tyrant. Pisistratus reduced the power of the aristocracy while supporting the common people. Under his rule Athens prospered, and his building program made Athens a splendid city. His reign as tyrant promoted the growth of democratic ideas by arousing rudimentary feelings of equality among many Athenians. -Democracy became reality under the leadership of Cleisthenes, a prominent aristocrat who who won the support of ordinary people to emerge triumphant in 508 bce. He created the deme, a local unit that kept the roll of citizens within its jurisdiction. -After Alexander's death the most successful generals had carved out their own smaller and generally stable monarchies.
	Roman Republic	By the end of the 6th century a republic oligarchy was established, with two chief magistrates, known as consuls, from the aristocratic class elected annually. Early in the republic, all power was concentrated into the hands of the patricians, aristocratic, wealthy land holders. Plebeians were anyone who was not a patrician. These plebeians came to fight was has been called the “war of the Orders” with the patriarchs in charge over the next 200 years. During this time period, during the early 5th century, a tribune of Plebeians was elected to protect their class's rights, and reserved the power to veto movement by the Senate. In 450 bce, the Law of the Twelve Tables was published, providing the fist written, fair laws in the Roman world. Despite all these things, power still depended on wealth in Ancient Rome. -The wars of [Alexander's] conquest created serious political problems for the Romans. When the legionaries returned home, they found their farms looking like those of the people they had conquered. Many were forced to sell their land, and they found ready buyers in those who had grown rich from the wars. – Roman Civil War – Republic fell (during civil war). Failing to restore the republic, Augustus created a constitutional monarchy.
	Roman Empire	“Golden Age” For 50 years after Augustus's death the dynasty that he established—known as the Julio-Claudians because they were all members of the Julian and Claudian clans—provided the emperors of Rome. In 68 ce Nero's inept rule led to military rebellion and widespread disruption. Yet only 2 years later Vespasian, who established the Flavian dynasty, restored order. He also turned Augustus's principate into a monarchy. The Flavians repaired the damage of civil war to give the Roman world peace, and paved the way for the five good emperors, the golden age of the empire. The era of the five good emperors was a period of almost unparalleled prosperity for the empire. In addition to the full-blown monarchy of the Flavians, other significant changes had occurred in Roman government since Augustus's day. Claudius had created an imperial bureaucracy, which Hadrian, who became emperor in 117 ce, put on an organized, official basis. He established imperial administrative departments and separated civil from military service.

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