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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why is the name middle east ethnocentric
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it is only middle in relation to Europe-- its like europe is the center of the world-- its actually south west asia
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who controlled the daily lives of the sumerian civilization
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the priests-- collected food taxes-- prayed to the gods to make them happy (so good harvests, rainfall)
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what type of writing did the sumerians have and what did they write on?
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had cuneiform like pictographs-- wrote on clay tablets
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who invented the wheel
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sumerians
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who was the king of the babylonians who conquered a lot of the fertile crescent
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king hammurabi
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explain hammurabis code
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made a distinction between major and minor crimes-- made the punishment fit the crime
"eye for an eye tooth for a tooth" displayed his code (laws) in public places |
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Hittites
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conquered the fertile crescent (came from asia) and adopted cuneiform and other Babylonian ideas-- carried mesopotamian culture back to asia where it later influenced the greek s
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who were the carriers of civilization and why?
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the phoenicians b/c they spread ME culture everywhere (n america spain) through trading
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what did the phoenicians invent that is uber important
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the alphabet
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who was the ruler of the persian empire and what did he do?
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Darius I--- had an efficient government system-- empire was divided into provinces and each province had a ruler that was responsible for collecting taxes n stuff--- eyes and ears of the king were ppl who were sent by darius to make sure the satraps were doing their job
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zoroaster founded what religion
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zoroastrianism
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Magi
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priests of ancient persia who were responsible for pleasing the gods
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what was zoroasters mission and what did he find
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wanted to know why suffering existed--- realized that the world is a battleground between good and evil and a person had to choose what path they took
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who were the leaders of the forces of good and the forces of evil in zoroastrianism
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good- ahura mazda
evil- ahriman |
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who wrote down zoroaster's findings?
what were the writings called? |
king vishtaspa
zendavesta |
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Alexander the Great (Macedonia)
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set out to conquer the world
defeated the persian empire and got as far as the indus river valley |
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how did Alexander the Great (macedonia) spread culture?
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as he was conquering the world he spread greek culture to the Middle East and created a new culture called the Hellenistic civilization
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Romans ruling the middle east-- what good thing happened?
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they encouraged lots of trade which means lots of cultural diffusion
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when the roman empire split into two which one ruled the middle east for 1000 years
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byzantine empire-- capital Constantinople
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where did the hebrews first emerge? and where was the kingdom of israel?
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sinai peninsula
Caan-- between mesopotamia and egypt |
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what caused the jews to scatter around the world?
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when the jews decided to revolt against roman rule there was a big war which lead to a diaspora (scattering)
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who were the two famous leaders of the jews
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david and solomon
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why were the jews the chosen people?
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b/c god gave them the ten commandments
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religious teachers
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prophets
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ethical world
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the belief that people and their rulers should lead moral lives
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who influenced the jews?
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zoroaster
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where was jesus born?
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palestine (bethlehem)
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gospels
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recorded the life and teachings of jesus after death
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disciples
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jesus' followers
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messiah
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one anointed by god
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t or f jesus was the messiah for some jews
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true
jewish prophets predicted that a mesiah would deliver the jews from foreign rule (Romans) and restore Israel |
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why did the romans sentence jesus to death?
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he was seen as a rebel and a threat b/c jesus refused to see the roman ruler as a god
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parables
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short stories with simple moral lessons
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where was jesus' teachings recorded in?
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new testiment
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martyrs
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people who suffer or die for their beliefs
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who was the first roman to convert to christianity
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roman emperor constantine
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when did the persecution of christians end?
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when constantine converted--- eventually Christianity became the official religion of the romans
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pope
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father of the christian church
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when the roman empire split so did christianity (sects)--- what two sects did christianity split into
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roman catholic church (centered in Rome)
Eastern Orthodox Church (centered in Constantinople) |
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who believes in the old testiment?
new testiment? |
old--- jews christians and muslims
new-- christians and muslims |
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what are some similarities between islam Judaism and Christianity
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all are monotheistic
all believe in the same God |
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what are the three holy cities of islam Judaism and christianity
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Jerusalem --- christianity and judaism
Mecca-- Islam |
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what are the two major sects in islam
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Sunni and Shia (shi'ite)
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who was the angel that spoke to muhammad
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gabriel
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islam holy book
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koran
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where did islam start?
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arabian penninsula
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Kaaba
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sacred shrine that houses images of Arab gods -- in mecca--- houses the black meteorite that was sent by god
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who is the islamic prophet
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muhammad
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hejira
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the migration of muhammad and his followers from mecca to medina
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what marks the first year of the muslim calender
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the hejira
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what happened when muhammad returned to mecca
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he destroyed the images of the gods in the Kaaba and took Mecca
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islam means..
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submission
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what are the five pillars of islam
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1) Muslims proclaim their belief in one god (Allah) and that Muhammad was the prophet
2) Prayer--- five times a day facing towards mecca 3) Charity to the poor 4) Fasting during Ramadan 5) Pilgrimage at least once to Mecca |
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what is the 6th pillar of islam that only some muslims belief in?
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Jihad-- struggle in God's service--- holy war-- this pillar is optional
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how did arabic become the universal language that unites the muslims?
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the koran was written in arabic-- but since the Muslims weren't allowed to translate the koran they learned arabic which became the language
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people of the book
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Christians and Jews-- b/c they followed God's teachings in the Bible
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who had to pay a nonbeliever tax?
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people of the book (christians and jews)
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caliph
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successor to the prophet
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what caused muslims to split into two sects?
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when Muhammad Ali died (Muhammad's cousin) people started arguing over who should be the next caliph
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what is the major difference between sunni and shia
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sunni--- any devoted muslim can be caliph--- majority of muslims are sunni
shia (shi'ite)--- only descendants of muhammad can be caliph |
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what are the two major arab empires and which one ruled for longer
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umayyads and abbassids
abbassids ruled longer |
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umayyad dynasty
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encouraged arab culture
arabic--- national language highest jobs and army only went to Arabs-- discrimination eventually the shias overthrew the umayyad dynasty |
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Abbassid dynasty
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baghdad was the capital
ruled by many different people of different nationalities set up by the shias |
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why is the mid east considered the crossroads
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it crosses over three continents-- so its a trading crossroad
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why is the mediterranean sea so important
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it is in the middle of all three continents
it allows transportation between three continents |
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what are three unifying characteristics in the middle east
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religion-- islam
climate-- dry and hot language-- arabic |
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arable
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farmable land
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what protects a country from invasion
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physical boundaries like deserts mountains
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four reasons why the middle east is strategically important
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1) Economically-- oil
2) Military-- lots of water and sea routes 3) Suez Canal-- connects red and mediterranean sea-- extremely important transportation agent 4) Straits of Dardanelles-- in turkey-- small water passageway that provides important transportation into the mediterranean sea-- important to control |
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what are the five regions the middle east is broken up into and roughly where are they?
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1) Northern Tier-- iran and turkey
2) Arabian Peninsula-- peninsula where saudi arabia is 3) Fertile Crescent-- between tigris and euphrates river-- mesopotamia 4) Nile River Valley-- egypt along nile river 5) Maghreb-- north africa |
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northern tier-- geography countries other
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mountains mountains!!! and plateaus!!!
iran and turkey Iran sits on the Iranian plateau Turkey sits on the Anatolian plateau |
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Arabian Peninsula-- geography people
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lots of oil oil oil around persian gulf OIL OIL OIL OIL
most ppl live where the water is (around persian gulf) mostly desert OIL OIL OIL-- the world's oil exports from Saudi arabia are 49% Mecca is in Saudi arabia |
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Fertile Crescent-- geography people blah
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breadbasket of the middle east-- lots of rivers fertile soil=food!
land between two rivers=mesopotamia which is where the earliest civilization started between tigris and euphrates rivers |
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nile river valley-- geography people etc
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egyptians started here
axum and kush most of it is desert-- people live in the 4% (around the nile) where it isn't desert Aswan Dam--- hydroelectric power desalinization plants-- converts salt water into fresh water |
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Maghreb
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all the countries in north africa (in the sahara desert)
sahara desert-- completely desert-- which makes it more the Middle east rather than africa most of the capitals are around the mediterranean sea |
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less than ____ of the land in the middle east is arable
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10%
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what creates a lot of economic difference between countries in the middle east
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oil-- b/c it is unevenly distributed
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arabs
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people who's native tongue is arabic
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Shahaada
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submitting yourself to god
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salaat
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prayer
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zakaat
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money that is given to the poor in islam
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siyaam (or sawm)
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fasting during ramadan
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Edc
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end of ramadan
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what happened during ramadan?
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the hejira
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fatwa
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legal verdict given using islamic law
ex. no women in public without a veil-- no driving if your a woman...etc |
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hijab
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pice of cloth that covers the face and head of a muslim women
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imam
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the person who runs the mosque
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wuhabbi
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extremist views--- orthodox/conservative form of islam
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oasis
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a fertile desert area that has enough water to support plant and animal life
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what made the ottoman empire the sick man of europe
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nationalist groups were rising and were revolting for independence
many countries successfully revolted while France and Britain wanted the empire to stay together Russia was encouraging countries to revolt |
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what did the sultans do to try to modernize and why didn't it work?
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they brought reforms to modernize the government and army-- they set up secular schools to teach western ideas
but some sultans refused a constitution and corrupt officials opposed change that would threaten their power |
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young turks
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small nationalist group that wanted to overthrow their government and strengthen the ottoman empire
overthrew sultan and replaced him with another did not tolerate other cultures/religions--- started a genocide against armenian christians |
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what did the end of WWI mean for the ottoman empire and the young turks
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since the ottoman empire was sided with Germany they were on the losing side-- the treaty of versailles took away all the arab provinces in the ottoman empire
young turks have no arabs left |
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mandate
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a territory that was administered but not owned by member of the league of nations
when the league of nations gave the arab territories to another country-- mandate |
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Kemal
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encouraged turkish resistance against Greeks
grew strong enough to overthrow the sultan and abolish the ottoman empire and make a turkey republic president of turkey tried to modernize turkey with more western ways-- abolished fez's and veils in public-- took away islamic law and replaced it with western law tried to modernize, make a secular state, and westernize ex. |
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why did some muslims oppose kemal
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they feared that his attempts at modernizing would damage their traditional way of life
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why did Britain and france fight over egypt
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they both wanted to build a canal that connected the med sea and the red sea --- whoever owns this canal will control trade between europe and asia
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napoleon bonaparte
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invaded egypt and stayed there for a while until the british and the ottomans threw him out
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muhammad ali
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became governor of egypt -- improved agriculture and modernized egypt
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egypt and debt
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egypt was borrowing money from other countries in order to modernize--- their huge debt gave Britain and France an excuse to but in and make the Suez canal
Ismail (ruler of Egypt) sold his shares in the canal to Britain so he would clear up debt--- so now Britain controls the canal and the economy of egypt |
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copts
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muslims and egyptian christians
supported efforts to end british influence in egypt |
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shahs
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people who ruled iran
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why was russia and britain fighting over iran
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they wanted access to the persian gulf
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Reza Khan
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seized power of iran set up the Pahlavi dynasty and made himself shah
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why were the arab nationalists betrayed by the british
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since they fought with the british they had a deal that when the war was over the british would set up independent territories for the arabs---- but instead Britain gained control over arab territories
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why did the british and the french not want to give up the arab territories in the ottoman empire even with arab nationalism growing
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they wanted the oil
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Zionism
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jews wanted to reestablish a jewish state in palestine b/c the romans had kicked them out in ad 70
Theodor Herzl--- jew--- formed an organization that promoted zionism (migration of jews to palestine) jews began to migrate to palestine b/c of growing anti-Semitism in europe |
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balfour declaration
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issued by the british to palestine--- created a national home for jews but favored the arabs b/c it said "no harm shall be done towards the existing non jews (arabs)"---- it didn't protect the rights of the jews
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arab jew conflict
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arab tenant farmers were forced to leave b/c the jews were stealing their jobs---- they got made and a war broke out
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muezzin
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muslim leader
crier who calls for the five times a day prayer |
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quran
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another word for koran
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satrap
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governor of a province in persia
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