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32 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Identify 4 reasons why Russia was difficult to govern:
It lacked industrialisation,there was divided classes, poor harvest (which was its main industry), very big (so it was hard to communicate), multi ethnic.
Describe Tsar Nicholas II:
he lacked initiative and perspective, he was a violent soldier, he lacked statesmanship, and he was a big family man.
When was the Russo Japanese war?
18th February 1904 - 5th September 1905
What were the causes for the Russo Japanese War>
Tsar Nicholas thought that victory was a good idea as it would stop people from criticizing his government. Control over Manchuria, Russians wanted a warm water port, in return allow a free hand in Korea, wealthy Russians however traded with Korea in timber, in responses the Japanese navy attacked Dalion and trapped Russians pacific fleet.
What where the events of the Russo Japanese war?
Russia was pushed deeper into crisis in 1904. The year 1905 started very badly when Port Arthur fell to the Japanese, bringing renewed protest about the incompetence of the Tsar and his government. In May 1905 the Russian navy was destroyed.
What were the results for the Russo Japanese war?
The Japanese inflicted defeat after defeat on the Russians. This was humiliating as Japan was small in comparison with Russia. Russia were over confident, they had poor technology, unmodernized warfare, (russian weapons), and the Japanese were better organized.
What was the consequences for the Russo Japanese war for Russia & the Tsar?
The war made conditions worse than it had been before. Prices rose in the cities, as the war caused shortages of food and other goods, lack of industrial materials caused factories to close, and more workers found themselves unemployed and hungry. And in 1900 and 1902 there were harvest failures.
When was the 1905 Revolution?
18th February 1904 - 5 September 1905.
What were the long term causes of the 1905 revolution?
The long term causes were that the living standards of the workers and peasants were very poor. The Tsar’s ignorance of the Russian people and their plight, they lacked industrialization, the lacked equality amongst the different glasses, the use and ownership of land was uneven, and there was lots of poverty.
What was the trigger of the 1905 revolution?
At the beginning of 1905 conditions were bad in St Petersburg and tension was high. The trigger was bloody sunday, which was organized by Father Gapon. It was a march to deliver a petition to the Tsar asking for his help. 200,000 people marched towards the Winter Palace, and as they approached they were met by troops. News of the massacre spread quickly.
Outline the events after the trigger of the 1905 revolution:
-More than 400,000 workers went on strike by the end of January. Government had little control of events for the rest of the year as strikes, demonstrations, petitions, peasant uprisings, student riots, and assassinations became commonplace. The Tsar was at war with its own people.
In February, strikes spread to other cities, and workers demanded 8 hour days, higher wages and better conditions. On the 4th the Tsars uncle was assassinated in Moscow.
In March and May shameful defeats of the Russian army and navy in the war with Japan led to demands for a change of government. In june sailors of the battleship Potmkin mutinied.
In May + June, Middle-class liberals demanded an elected parliament, freedom of speech and the right to form political parties. Nation groups like the Poles and Finns, demanded their independence. The Jews wanted equal civil rights.
September a peace treaty was signed between the Russians and the Japanese. Government paid troops and promised them better conditions of service so they would remain loyal to the Tsar.
October a general strike spread from Moscow to other cities. Barricades were set up in the street. St Petersburg Soviet of Workers deputies was formed. Representatives from factories met to coordinate strike action. Soviets were formed in other cities, Big threat to the Tsar.
The Tsar issued the October Manifesto on 30th of October. It promised a parliament or Duma elected by the people, civil rights, e.g freedom of speech and conscience, and uncensored newspapers and the right to form political parties. Liberals and Middle classes believed they had won democratic government, so they stoped protesting and supported the Tsar again.
By december the troops were back in Russia, and the Tsar took back control, using force to close down St Petersburg Soviet and crush an armed uprising in Moscow.
How did the Tsar survive the 1905 Revolution?
As some people were still loyal, the had support from the church, nobles and army, there was no real alternative to Tsar, Different aims = Peasants, land; workers, wages; liberals, cont. monarchy. Also there was a lack of unified front, they gave to Oct Manifesto, and the opposition were poorly organised.
Why did Russia join World War 1?
It started in September 1st 1914 and Russia fought with the allies (England and France) against the central power (Austria, Hungary & Germany). 1) It’s an opportunity to show your great power status, especially after the loss to Japan in 1905. 2) the rewards after the war is an incentive, 3) It cements the role of leadership (if the leader wins at war), 4) It unites a nation, gives respect for leadership and increases nationalism.
What mistakes did the Tsar make during World War 1?
1) For not having a strong military, and being very unorganized, no strategy either. 2) For leaving the Tsarina in charge of the country, much to the countries dislike. This is as she had a German background and people thought she was a spy. Also her relationship with Rasputin damaged her reputation. She didn’t work with the Duma at all. 3) For running the war and going to war front himself. He would now be blamed for losing the war. 4) There were so many changes of ministers that nobody was organizing food, fuel and other supplies for the cities properly.
When was the March (February) revolution 1917?
Feb- March 1917
What were the long term causes of the 1917 March revolution?
Food was getting short, millions of male peasant were conscripted into the army so there was a shortage of farm workers and less food was being produced. Trains carrying food were reduced as they were carrying food to war front. Coal and industrial materials were short, meaning people were cold and hungry. Prices were rising continually but wages were hardly going up at all, Factories closed making workers unemployed.
What was the trigger of the 1917 March revolution?
The trigger was that everything was just going so out of hand, and the Tsar had really made such a big mistake from leaving the Tsarina in charge, but by March 1917 the situation had become desperate and there was a serious mood of discontent. People wanted political changes as well as food and fuel.
What is the result of the March 1917 revolution?
The result of the revolution was that the generals refused to help the Tsar and he abdicated over brother Michael who refuses, which meant the country had no leader, which is when the provisional government take control.
Why was the March 1917 revolution successful?
It was successful as there was discontent in the countryside, there were food shortages, strikes, the duma setting up an alternative government, the mutiny in the army, the formation of soviets, the failures in the war, and the Tsarina and Rasputin.
What was 'Dual Power?'
Dual power was when the Provisional Government was accepted as the government, but it could carry out its decisions only if the Soviet agreed. Most people were in favour of the first measures taken by the new government. Political prisoners were freed and the government announced that there would be freedom of the press, freedom of speech, the right to strike and an end to social discrimination and death penalty. Russians had more freedom now than they had had for centuries.
What was order No. 1
Order number one gave the Soviets control of the armed forces in Petrograd, The PG’s could do little without the permission of the soviet.
What mistakes did the Provisional Government make?
They did not give the peasants land, as they felt it should be properly elected by government of Russia, which meant people started taking land. Also they continued with the war.
What advantages did the Petrograd Soviet have?
They couldn’t of been held responsible for the mistakes of the previous government, and had control of the armed forces.
When was the November Revolution? (1917)
November 1917
What was involved in the 1917 November revolution?
The Bolsheviks and the Provisional Government.
What were the causes between March and November 1917?
Order No. 1 made it difficult for the PG to have military support, the April Theses issued by Lenin offered peace, bread and land, and there were alternatives to the PG, food distribution was still a problem, it failed to implement a major change.
What events happened in the 1917 November revolution?
-Red Guards now have arms because of the Komilov affair, Petrograd in chaos, PM Kerensky weakened because of the threat of the threat + war defeats. BUT Lenin is not in Petrograd and Trotsky & Stalin are out of jail. Bolsheviks won an overall majority in the election of the Petrograd soviet. Lenin returned during the revolution though. PG under PM Kerensky. Planning of Rev- to take over banks, railways, + power stations.
-October 24th redguards take positions of bridges + telephone exchange
-October 25th morning RG take over banks, government buildings, bombards winter palace where PG is based,
-October 26th - Lenin announces of new government.
What was the result of the 1917 November revolution?
The Bolsheviks were put into power. Bolsheviks change their name to communists.
Why were the Bolsheviks successful in overthrowing the Provisional Government?
The Bolsheviks were successful as they had support from the people and the mutinied soldiers (They became the red guards), and they had little resistance, when attacking the winter palace. Only cadets and women battalion was guarded. Well strategized by taking over bunks + telephone exchanges offered people what they want. Put fear in PG.
What is a 'Civil War?'
A civil war is between two groups within the same country. It normally ensues to claim political control.
Who fought in the Civil War?
The red (communists, unified and only one aim which was to remain in power, and they dominated one major area, so they can control communication, and main industrial areas. Whites - Collection of enemies all against the communists, but they all have different visions of Russia, and did not have a unified aim. Greens - have no aims, or selfish aims, no affiliation with any organisation - very destructive.
Why did the reds win the civil war?
They won as their aim was all the same, they have very good 'eadership from Lenin and Trotsky, and geographical factors.