.history Ii Test #2

Front 1

a. [23.a] Europe’s Descent into War. World War I was the first mass war of the 20th-Century. Its causes were complex and diverse. It started in ______ but eventually sucked in the U. S.

Back 1

[23.a] Europe’s Descent into War. World War I was the first mass war of the 20th-Century. Its causes were complex and diverse. It started in (EUROPE) but eventually sucked in the U. S.

Front 2

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
1. Who fought on both sides?

Back 2

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
1. Who fought on both sides?

Us: Great Britain, France, Russia, United States, Italy (switched sides), Serbia
Them: Italy (switched sides), Germany, Austria/Hungary, Ottomans

Front 3

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
2. Name war heroes:

Back 3

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
2. Name war heroes:

Red Baron, Sgt. York

Front 4

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
3. Who was the U.S. President?

Back 4

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
3. Who was the U.S. President?

Woodrow Wilson

Front 5

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
4. Who led the U.S. army in France?

Back 5

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
4. Who led the U.S. army in France?

John J. Pershing

Front 6

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
5. What were the new weapons used?

Back 6

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
5. What were the new weapons used?

Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane, Submarine

Front 7

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
6. What are some WWI movies?

Back 7

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
6. What are some WWI movies?

All Quiet on the Western Front
Paths of Glory
The Lost Batallion
Gallipoli
Sergent York
Farewell to Arms

Front 8

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
7. What was fighting like?

Back 8

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
7. What was fighting like?

Trench Warfare

Front 9

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
8. Who won?

Back 9

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
8. Who won?

No one really won, but the Triple Entente, made of Great Britain, France, the United States and their/our allies.

Front 10

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
9. What was the Versailles Treaty (1919)?

Back 10

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
9. What was the Versailles Treaty (1919)?

a. The peace settlement signed after WWI had ended in 1918.
b. It was based on W. Wilson's 14 point plan that he believed would bring stability to Europe and establishing the League of Nations.
c. The final treaty was signed 28 June 1919 yet bore little resemblance to WW's 14 points.
d. Germany accepted blame for starting the war and had to pay reparations through money, land, and limited military.
e. It was signed at the Versailles Palace near Paris between Germany and the Allies.

Front 11

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
10. Who were the 4 Crowned Heads of Europe that fell during the war?

Back 11

1. [23.a.1] List the events and issues that led to WWI in Europe. [L]
10. Who were the 4 Crowned Heads of Europe that fell during the war?

?

Front 12

2. [23.a.2] The __________ ____ (1894-1914), the German offensive designed to win a two-front war, failed. In the end, the German army was too _____ and the General Staff slightly weakened the offensive punch of its western front invasion and put more troops on defense because it feared the offensive look of French Plan __ and ______ Plan B. All this meant that Germany would not win quickly and give the ______ ______ time to intervene. [L]

Back 12

[23.a.2] The (SCHLIEFFEN PLAN) (1894-1914), the German offensive designed to win a two-front war, failed. In the end, the German army was too (SMALL) and the General Staff slightly weakened the offensive punch of its western front invasion and put more troops on defense because it feared the offensive look of French Plan (17) and (RUSSIA) Plan B. All this meant that Germany would not win quickly and give the (UNITED STATES) time to intervene. [L]

Front 13

b. [23.b] American Neutrality. Americans in 1914 generally believed the war had nothing to do with them. Socialists, certain ethnic groups, peace activists, isolationists, and even the president opposed U. S. entry. But ______ submarines forced the issue. In 1917 the U. S. intervened on the side of the Allies.

Back 13

[23.b] American Neutrality. Americans in 1914 generally believed the war had nothing to do with them. Socialists, certain ethnic groups, peace activists, isolationists, and even the president opposed U. S. entry. But (GERMAN) submarines forced the issue. In 1917 the U. S. intervened on the side of the Allies.

Front 14

1. [23.b.1] Former president ________ _________ spoke out against Wilson’s policy of neutrality in 1914. [702]

Back 14

[23.b.1] Former president (THEODORE ROOSEVELT) spoke out against Wilson’s policy of neutrality in 1914. [702]

Front 15

2. [23.b.2] The Union Against __________ [_._._.] attracted socialists and progressives opposing U. S. entry into the war. [704]

Back 15

[23.b.2] The Union Against (MILITARISM [U.A.M.]) attracted socialists and progressives opposing U. S. entry into the war. [704]

Front 16

3. [23.b.3] List the factors that ultimately brought the U. S. into the war on 6 April 1917. [L, 703, 705]

Back 16

[23.b.3] List the factors that ultimately brought the U. S. into the war on 6 April 1917. [L, 703, 705]

a. The main reason is German unrestricted U-Boat warfare
b. The freedom of the seas were at stake (the Lusitania was sunk on May 7, 1915, where 128 Americans died and over 1,100 drowned).
c. The United States wants to be in the peace talks.

Front 17

4. [23.b.4] Identify the two types of internationalism existing in the U. S. before 1917. [L]

Back 17

[23.b.4] Identify the two types of internationalism existing in the U. S. before 1917. [L]

Progressive and Conservative Internationalism – Both believe the United States should go to war; and both champion a League of Nations.

Front 18

4. [23.b.4] Identify the two types of internationalism existing in the U. S. before 1917. [L]

What are Progressive Ideals?

Back 18

[23.b.4] Identify the two types of internationalism existing in the U. S. before 1917. [L]

Progressive Ideals (the Thinking of Woodrow Wilson):
a. Anti-Imperialists.
b. Freedom of Sea’s.
c. Disarmament
d. Self-determination for all nations.
e. War caused by deficit in World system, Imperial rivalry.
f. Intervene to end war and stay New World Order.

Front 19

4. [23.b.4] Identify the two types of internationalism existing in the U. S. before 1917. [L]

What are Conservative Ideals?

Back 19

1. [23.b.4] Identify the two types of internationalism existing in the U. S. before 1917. [L]

Conservative Ideals: L. E. P.
a. Imperialists.
b. Gold Standard Advocates.
c. Republican.
d. War caused by Germany.
e. Anglophiles.
f. Would intervene for power of balance maintenance.

Front 20

5. [23.b.5] What ethnic groups opposed entering the war on England’s side? [704]

Back 20

[23.b.5] What ethnic groups opposed entering the war on England’s side? [704]

Irish-Americans & Italian-Americans

Front 21

6. [23.b.6] Wilson uttered the phrase “_____ _______ _______” in 1916, suggesting that he intended no harsh punishment on Germany and intended the address defects in the international system that had caused the war. [704 – 705]

Back 21

[23.b.6] Wilson uttered the phrase “PEACE WITHOUT VICTORY” in 1916, suggesting that he intended no harsh punishment on Germany and intended the address defects in the international system that had caused the war. [704 – 705]

Front 22

7. [23.b.7] __% of the House of Representatives voted to declare war on Germany in April 1917. [705]

Back 22

[23.b.7] (88)% of the House of Representatives voted to declare war on Germany in April 1917. [705]

Front 23

c. [23.c] American Intervention. WWI was the first time American soldiers saw combat in ______. U. S. forces helped win the war, but the casualties were staggering.

Back 23

[23.c] American Intervention. WWI was the first time American soldiers saw combat in (EUROPE). U. S. forces helped win the war, but the casualties were staggering.

Front 24

1. [23.c.1] U-boats were sinking ___,___ tons per month when the U. S. entered the war. [705, L]

Back 24

[23.c.1] U-boats were sinking (600,000) tons per month when the U. S. entered the war. [705, L]

Front 25

2. [23.c.2] List American naval contributions to the war effort. [L]

Back 25

[23.c.2] List American naval contributions to the war effort. [L]

a. Anti-submarine warefare (400 wooden subchasers are more important than the 6 capital ships assigned to the North Sea).
b. North Sea mine barrage laid.
c. William S. Sims encourages convoying.
d. 20% of cargo tonnage was United States by war’s end.

Front 26

3. [23.c.3] List American military contributions to the war effort. [L]

Back 26

[23.c.3] List American military contributions to the war effort. [L]

Tanks, airplanes, machine guns, gas, chemical warfare, 4.2 million men (doubling the size of the BEF).

a. Tanks help stop German drive on Paris, spring 1918.
b. Tanks and airplanes in infancy, not too big of an effect, but shows possibility of future benefits.
c. Billy Mitchell – massed over 700 United States and French aircraft to support Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
d. Machine Guns, Gas, Chemical Warfare
e. 2 million men hold 83 miles of Western Front (1/5 of total frontage) = 29 combat divisions.
f. United States force double the size of BEF by 1918.
g. 4.2 million American men mobilized for war.
h. United States forces ensure Allied victory.

Front 27

4. [23.c.4] General ____ _. ________ commanded the American Expeditionary Force. [707]

Back 27

[23.c.4] General (JOHN J. PERSHING) commanded the American Expeditionary Force. [707]

Front 28

5. [23.c.5] The _____-_______ Offensive, fought 26 September – 11 November 1918, was the biggest U. S. operation of the war and helped crack the Hindenburg Line. [L, Map 707]

Back 28

[23.c.5] The (MUESE-ARGONNE) Offensive, fought 26 September – 11 November 1918, was the biggest U. S. operation of the war and helped crack the Hindenburg Line. [L, Map 707]

Front 29

d. [23.d] Mobilizing for “Total” War. WWI consumed the American energies and resources, just as it had the European nations. Mass wars of total commitment require huge increases in __________ activity.

Back 29

[23.d] Mobilizing for “Total” War. WWI consumed the American energies and resources, just as it had the European nations. Mass wars of total commitment require huge increases in (GOVERNMENT) activity.

Front 30

1. [23.d.1] Were U. S. casualties during WWI light or heavy compared to the European armies? [708]

Back 30

[23.d.1] Were U. S. casualties during WWI light or heavy compared to the European armies? [708]

Extremely Light:
112,000 casualties for U.S.; while Great Britain had 900,000, Austria-Hungary had 1.2 million, France had 1.4 million, Russia had 1.7 million, and Germany had 2 million.

Front 31

2. [23.d.2] Define “total” war. [708]

Back 31

[23.d.2] Define “total” war. [708]

Every combatant in the war had to commit virtually all of its resources; all human, material, and ideological energies given to the war effort. The Government takes control of the economy to ensure coordination (making the government stronger).

Front 32

3. [23.d.3] The ___ __________ Board (__B) coordinated military need with industrial output. Bernard ______, a banker, headed the agency. [708]

Back 32

[23.d.3] The (WAR INDUSTRIES) Board (WIB) coordinated military need with industrial output. Bernard (BARUCH), a banker, headed the agency. [708]

Front 33

4. [23.d.4] The Lever Act rationed ____ and ____. [L]

Back 33

[23.d.4] The Lever Act rationed (FOOD) and (FUEL). [L]

Front 34

5. [23.d.5] Name 3 groups who helped fill the labor shortage during WWI. [710]
a.
b.
c.

Back 34

[23.d.5] Name 3 groups who helped fill the labor shortage during WWI. [710]
a. Women
b. African-Americans
c. Mexicans

Front 35

6. [23.d.6] Did unemployment rise during WWI? [710]

Back 35

[23.d.6] Did unemployment rise during WWI? [710]

No, it dropped from 8.5% in 1915 to 1.2% in 1918.

Front 36

7. [23.d.7] Union membership rose from 2.6 million in 1915 to _._ million in 1920. [711]

Back 36

[23.d.7] Union membership rose from 2.6 million in 1915 to (5.1) million in 1920. [711]

Front 37

8. [23.d.8] What phrase was used to describe the idea that power between management and labor should be equalized? [711]

Back 37

[23.d.8] What phrase was used to describe the idea that power between management and labor should be equalized? [711]

Industrial Democracy

Front 38

9. [23.d.9] Wilson put AFL leader ______ _______ on the War Council to enlist labor’s support for the war effort. [711]

Back 38

[23.d.9] Wilson put AFL leader (SAMUEL GOMPERS) on the War Council to enlist labor’s support for the war effort. [711]

Front 39

10. [23.d.10] What act empowered the government to draft its citizens? [711]

Back 39

[23.d.10] What act empowered the government to draft its citizens? [711]

Selective Service Act

Front 40

11. [23.d.11] What percentage of conscripts were laborers? [L]

Back 40

[23.d.11] What percentage of conscripts were laborers? [L]

70% were farmhands and day laborers.

Front 41

12. [23.d.12] Did taxes rise during the war? [714]

Back 41

[23.d.12] Did taxes rise during the war? [714]

Yes – $33 billion was spent by the war’s end, 1/3 of this was raised by an increase in taxes; the wealthy were charged 67% income tax.

Front 42

13. [23.d.13] George _____, an old Kansas muckraker, led the government propaganda effort by running the Committee of ______ Information. [714]

Back 42

[23.d.13] George (CREEL), an old Kansas muckraker, led the government propaganda effort by running the Committee of (PUBLIC) Information. [714]

Front 43

14. [23.d.14] Is there any evidence that the war resulted in restrictions of civil liberties? [716 – 717]

Back 43

[23.d.14] Is there any evidence that the war resulted in restrictions of civil liberties? [716 – 717]

Yes:
a. The suspension of free speech.
b. Many acts were passed dealing with issues such as espionage, anti-government talk/propaganda, immigration, and the Volstead Act (18th Amendment) establishing prohibition.
c. Eugene Debs was convicted and jailed for speaking out against the government (sentenced to 10 years).

The Federal Government suspended free speech. Oliver Wendell Holmes states that for the government to interfere with freedom of speech is not justified except in times of national danger and referred to it as “Creating a Clear and Present Danger.”

The Government also passed:

The Espionage Act (1917) – this along with the Sabotage and Sedition Acts passed between 1917-1918, Congress gave the administration sweeping powers to silence an even imprison dissenters. These acts went far beyond outlawing behavior that no nation at war could be expected to tolerate, such as spying for the enemy, sabotaging war production, and calling for the enemy’s victory. Citizens could now be prosecuted for writing or uttering any statement that could be construed as profaning the flag, the Constitution or the military.

The Trading with the Enemy Act (1917) – required foreign-language publications to submit all war-related stories to post office censors for approval.

The Immigration Restriction Act (1917) – Woodrow Wilson vetoed this, yet declared that all adult immigrants who failed a reading test would be denied admission to the United States. It also banned the immigration of laborers from India, Indo-China, Afghanistan, Arabia, the East Indies, and several other countries within an Asiatic Barred Zone.

The Sedition Act (1918) – anti-government talk or activity punishable by heavy fines and prison.

Congress passed the 18th Amendment – began as the Volstead Act, which prohibited the manufacture and distribution of alcoholic beverages (prohibition).

Eugene Debs was convicted and tossed in jail (sentenced to 10 years) for speaking out against the war.

Front 44

15. [23.d.15] That the war caused a backlash against radical labor organizations is seen when striking __________ _______ of the _____ [___] marchers in ______, Arizona were herded into boxcars and shipped to the desert to die. [717]

Back 44

[23.d.15] That the war caused a backlash against radical labor organizations is seen when striking (INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD [IWW]) marchers in (BISBEE), Arizona were herded into boxcars and shipped to the desert to die. [717]

Front 45

e. [23.e] The Failure of the International Peace. Wilson’s dream of taking progressivism abroad and reforming the world order failed. But America as a major player in ______ affairs was now undeniable.

Back 45

[23.e] The Failure of the International Peace. Wilson’s dream of taking progressivism abroad and reforming the world order failed. But America as a major player in (GLOBAL) affairs was now undeniable.

Front 46

1. [23.e.1] Wilson peace plan was called the ________ Points. How did it propose to deal with the competing demands of revolution, peace, and capitalism? [719, L]

Back 46

[23.e.1] Wilson peace plan was called the (FOURTEEN) Points. How did it propose to deal with the competing demands of revolution, peace, and capitalism? [719, L]

a. A League of Nations to enforce peace.
b. Disarmament
c. Freedom of the seas
d. A nation for all peoples, such as Poland
e. Open treaties
f. Removal of trade barriers
g. Adjustment of colonial claims

Front 47

2. [23.e.2] How was Wilson received by Europe’s people when he arrived there in January 1919? [719]

Back 47

[23.e.2] How was Wilson received by Europe’s people when he arrived there in January 1919? [719]

Wilson was hailed as a hero in Paris, January 1919. Enormous crowds of enthusiastic Europeans turned out to hail his arrival; some 2 million French citizens – the largest throng ever assembled on French soil – lined the parade route to catch a glimpse of “Wilson, le juste [the just]. In Rome, Milan, and La Scala, Italians acclaimed him “The Savior of Humanity” and “The Moses from Across the Atlantic.”

Front 48

3. [23.e.3] Wilson viewed The _____ of Nations [Article X – the League Covenant] as the most important provision of the 14 points. [719]

Back 48

[23.e.3] Wilson viewed The (LEAGUE) of Nations [Article X – the League Covenant] as the most important provision of the 14 points. [719]

Front 49

4. [23.e.4] Senate Republicans known as _______________ and Democrats known as ___________ or _______________ opposed Wilson’s treaty, the GOP thinking had given too much and the Democrats because he had abandoned too many ideals to the Allies. [721]

Back 49

[23.e.4] Senate Republicans known as (RESERVATIONISTS) and Democrats known as (ABSOLUTISTS) or (IRRECONCILABLES) opposed Wilson’s treaty, the GOP thinking had given too much and the Democrats because he had abandoned too many ideals to the Allies. [721]

Front 50

5. [23.e.5] To rally support for the League, Wilson traveled by _____ throughout the country but suffered a ______ in Pueblo, Colorado. The ______ voted NOT to ratify Wilson’s work at Versailles. [722]

Back 50

[23.e.5] To rally support for the League, Wilson traveled by (TRAIN) throughout the country but suffered a (STROKE) in Pueblo, Colorado. The (SENATE) voted NOT to ratify Wilson’s work at Versailles. [722]

Front 51

6. [23.e.6] How well was the principle of “self-determination” (articles 10, 12, 14) applied throughout the world? [722, L]

Back 51

[23.e.6] How well was the principle of “self-determination” (articles 10, 12, 14) applied throughout the world? [722, L]

All were compromised

Article X – Self-determination for the former subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – Compromised
Article XII – Self-determination for the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire; secure sovereignty for Turkish portion – Compromised
Article XIV – Establishment of the League of Nations to secure mutual guarantees of independence and territorial integrity - Compromised

Front 52

7. [23.e.7] Was a stable world order possible without U. S. participation in the League of Nations? [723]

Back 52

[23.e.7] Was a stable world order possible without U. S. participation in the League of Nations? [723]

No, no stable international order could have arisen after WWI without the full involvement of the United States… The League of Nations required American authority and prestige in order to operate effectively as an international parliament. It seems fair to suggest that American participation would have strengthened the League and improved its ability to bring a lasting peace to Europe.

Front 53

f. [23.f] The Postwar Period: A Society in Convulsion. WWI killed the progressive movement. War time repression, race riots, and _____ conflicts wracked American society from 1917 – 1921.

Back 53

[23.f] The Postwar Period: A Society in Convulsion. WWI killed the progressive movement. War time repression, race riots, and (LABOR) conflicts wracked American society from 1917 – 1921.

Front 54

1. [23.f.1] Why were there severe race, labor, and civil rights repression after WWI? [723]

Back 54

[23.f.1] Why were there severe race, labor, and civil rights repression after WWI? [723]

Returning white servicemen were nervous about regaining their civilian jobs and looked with hostility on the black, Hispanic, and female workers who had been recruited to take their places. The federal government dismantled such agencies as the War Industries Board (WIB) and the National War Labor Board (NWLB) which deprived itself of being able to intervene in social conflicts which might keep them from erupting into rage and violence.

Front 55

2. [23.f.2] In Gary, Indiana, a _____ workers’ strike was crushed in 1919 – 1920. [724 – 725]

Back 55

[23.f.2] In Gary, Indiana, a (STEEL) workers’ strike was crushed in 1919 – 1920. [724 – 725]

Front 56

3. [23.f.3] Fear that communism was going to take over the world led to a “___ _____” in 1919 – 1921. [725]

Back 56

[23.f.3] Fear that communism was going to take over the world led to a “(RED SCARE)” in 1919 – 1921. [725]

Front 57

4. [23.f.4] What happened to Cacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists perhaps wrongly convicted of robbery and murder in 1927? [726]

Back 57

[23.f.4] What happened to Cacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists perhaps wrongly convicted of robbery and murder in 1927? [726]

They were executed, though they still claimed innocence.

Front 58

5. [23.f.5] Marcus ______ proposed to solve the problem of violence against African-American by building a new nation in ______. [727]

Back 58

[23.f.5] Marcus (GARVEY) proposed to solve the problem of violence against African-American by building a new nation in (AFRICA). [727]

Front 59

a. [24.a] Prosperity. After a brief period of economic adjustment following WWI, the U. S. economy boomed. Between 1922 – 1929, the GNP grew at an annual rate of _._%. The modern consumer economy was born.

Back 59

[24.a] Prosperity. After a brief period of economic adjustment following WWI, the U. S. economy boomed. Between 1922 – 1929, the GNP grew at an annual rate of (5.5)%. The modern consumer economy was born.

Front 60

1. [24.a.1] How did industries increase sales without making things that people actually needed? [732 – 733]

Back 60

[24.a.1] How did industries increase sales without making things that people actually needed? [732 – 733]

???The rise in wages and economic growth enabled people to be able to afford to buy “luxuries” they previously couldn’t; as well as many products being available for the 1st time (tractors, washing machines, refrigerators, electric irons, radios, and vacuum cleaners).

Front 61

2. [24.a.2] American fascination with technical achievement and heroes led to the veneration of Charles _________, who soloed across the Atlantic in an airplane called ___ ______ __ __. _____ in 1927. [737]

Back 61

[24.a.2] American fascination with technical achievement and heroes led to the veneration of Charles (LINDBERGH), who soloed across the Atlantic in an airplane called (THE SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS) in 1927. [737]

Front 62

e. [24.e] The “Lost Generation” and Disillusioned Intellectuals. The apparent mindless consensus of American society triggered a response from young _____________.

Back 62

[24.e] The “Lost Generation” and Disillusioned Intellectuals. The apparent mindless consensus of American society triggered a response from young (INTELLECTUALS).

Front 63

1. [24.e.1] How did intellectuals respond to fundamentalism, materialism, and wartime conformity? [760 – 761]

Back 63

[24.e.1] How did intellectuals respond to fundamentalism, materialism, and wartime conformity? [760 – 761]

America’s intellectuals were shaken by the war’s effect on American society. The wartime push for consensus created intolerance of radicals, immigrants, and blacks. Intellectuals had been further dismayed by Prohibition, the rebirth of the KKK, the rise of fundamentalism, and the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti.

Not only had many Americans embraced conformity for themselves, but they seemed determined to force conformity on others. A young critic Harold Stearns wrote in 1921 that “the most moving and pathetic fact in the social life of America today is emotional and aesthetic starvation.” He and other writers and alienated young men like Stearns started calling themselves the “Lost Generation.” Their indictment of America was often too harsh. Most of these writers possessed little knowledge of how most Americans lived; few expressed sympathy for the plight of farmers or the working-class poor; few knew much about the rich cultural heritage of immigrant communities. They still were able to convert their disillusionment into a rich literary sensibility.

Front 64

2. [24.e.2] While Walter Lippman argued for elite control of government and society, ____ _____ believed that the government itself could save democracy by curtailing corporate greed and supporting representative institutions such as _____ and the _____. [761 – 762]

Back 64

[24.e.2] While Walter Lippman argued for elite control of government and society, (JOHN DEWEY) believed that the government itself could save democracy by curtailing corporate greed and supporting representative institutions such as (COMMUNICATIONS???) and the (INDUSTRY???). [761 – 762]

Front 65

a. [25.a] Causes of the Great Depression. The Great Depression hit global economies hard, but it was worst in the U. S. than anywhere else. ____________ was widespread, production and prices dropped, and despair prevailed. Analysts have offered many explanations for what caused this tremendous downturn in the economy.

Back 65

[25.a] Causes of the Great Depression. The Great Depression hit global economies hard, but it was worst in the U. S. than anywhere else. (UNEMPLOYMENT) was widespread, production and prices dropped, and despair prevailed. Analysts have offered many explanations for what caused this tremendous downturn in the economy.

Front 66

1. [25.a.1] A stock purchasing technique called ______ ______ contributed to the collapse on Wall Street in October 1929. [767]

Back 66

[25.a.1] A stock purchasing technique called (MARGIN BUYING) contributed to the collapse on Wall Street in October 1929. [767]

Front 67

2. [25.a.2] What Federal agency tightened credit and money in 1930 – 1931 when it should have eased credit and lowered interest rates? [767]

Back 67

[25.a.2] What Federal agency tightened credit and money in 1930 – 1931 when it should have eased credit and lowered interest rates? [767]

Federal Reserve Board

Front 68

3. [25.a.3] The high _____-Hawley Tariff (1930) worsened the Depression by making European countries _________ by shutting out U. S. exporters. [767]

Back 68

[25.a.3] The high (SMOOT)-Hawley Tariff (1930) worsened the Depression by making European countries (RETALIATE) by shutting out U. S. exporters. [767]

Front 69

4. [25.a.4] How might the maldistribution of wealth in the U. S. have contributed to the contention that over production caused the Depression. [L, 767]

Back 69

[25.a.4] How might the maldistribution of wealth in the U. S. have contributed to the contention that over production caused the Depression. [L, 767]

a. The top 20% controlled 50% of the United States wealth.
b. Between 1918-1929, the wealthiest 20% of the populations income rose by more than 10%, while the poorest 60% fell by almost 13%
c. The Coolidge administration lowered taxes on the wealthy. This caused overproduction and slowed consumption holding back the growth of consumer-oriented industries.

Front 70

5. [25.a.5] Between 1929 and 1934, the U. S. and other countries abandoned the ____ ________ ______ (GES) in an effort to stop hoarding and adopt inflationary policies. [L]

Back 70

[25.a.5] Between 1929 and 1934, the U. S. and other countries abandoned the (GOLD EXCHANGE SYSTEM) (GES) in an effort to stop hoarding and adopt inflationary policies. [L]

Front 71

6. [25.a.6] Unpaid reparations from _______ meant Great Britain and France would be less able to repay loans from the U. S. [L]

Back 71

[25.a.6] Unpaid reparations from (GERMANY) meant Great Britain and France would be less able to repay loans from the U. S. [L]

Front 72

7. [25.a.7] What new technologies challenged the dominance of coal and rail transport? How did such seemingly trivial matters like changing women’s fashions hurt the cotton industry? What conclusion does the Brother, Can you Spare a Dime video make about the cause of the Depression? [V]
a.
b.
c.

Back 72

[25.a.7] What new technologies challenged the dominance of coal and rail transport? How did such seemingly trivial matters like changing women’s fashions hurt the cotton industry? What conclusion does the Brother, Can you Spare a Dime video make about the cause of the Depression? [V]
a. Oil Challenges Coal
b. Trucks Challenges Rail
c. Synthetics Challenges Cotton

Front 73

b. [25.b] Hoover: The Fall of a Self-Made Man. Hoover wasn’t a totally insensitive man, as many Americans perceived him to be. The problem was that old notions of self-sufficiency, individualism, and a balanced Federal budget were inadequate to combat the growing shadow of the _____ __________.

Back 73

[25.b] Hoover: The Fall of a Self-Made Man. Hoover wasn’t a totally insensitive man, as many Americans perceived him to be. The problem was that old notions of self-sufficiency, individualism, and a balanced Federal budget were inadequate to combat the growing shadow of the (GREAT DEPRESSION).

Front 74

1. [25.b.1] How would you use the word “cooperation” (individualist) to describe Hoover’s initial prescription to cure the economic malaise of 1930? [768]

Back 74

[25.b.1] How would you use the word “cooperation” (individualist) to describe Hoover’s initial prescription to cure the economic malaise of 1930? [768]

Herbert Hoover would encourage business to cooperate (associative state) with the government agencies and among themselves. The government would not compel government cheerleads, supplying advice and data but no further economic intrusion.

Front 75

2. [25.b.2] The ______________ _______ ___________ (RFC) was set up in 1932 to provide loans to banks and corporations in trouble. [768]

Back 75

[25.b.2] The (RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION) (RFC) was set up in 1932 to provide loans to banks and corporations in trouble. [768]

Front 76

3. [25.b.3] Did Hoover feel it was the responsibility of the Federal government to fix the economy? [768 – 769]

Back 76

[25.b.3] Did Hoover feel it was the responsibility of the Federal government to fix the economy? [768 – 769]

No

Front 77

4. [25.b.4] Give two examples of contradictions in Hoover’s aid programs. [768 – 769]

Back 77

[25.b.4] Give two examples of contradictions in Hoover’s aid programs. [768 – 769]

a. $90 million (RFC Loan) to Chicago’s Republic Bank, but no money to unpaid teachers.
b. $45 million to feed their hogs, but no money to hungry farm families.

Front 78

5. [25.b.5] President Herbert Hoover drove the “_____ Army” out of __________ in 1932, making him appear insensitive to the desperation of veterans and their families. [769, V]

Back 78

[25.b.5] President Herbert Hoover drove the “(BONUS) Army” out of (WASHINGTON) in 1932, making him appear insensitive to the desperation of veterans and their families. [769, V]

Front 79

c. [25.c] The Democratic Roosevelt. The x-governor of New York offered a “New Deal” to the American people. Franklin D. Roosevelt adopted forms of socialism to save capitalism. Our only _-____ president, he founded the modern liberal state and remains the most revered president of the “American Century”.

Back 79

[25.c] The Democratic Roosevelt. The x-governor of New York offered a “New Deal” to the American people. Franklin D. Roosevelt adopted forms of socialism to save capitalism. Our only (4-TERM) president, he founded the modern liberal state and remains the most revered president of the “American Century”.

Front 80

1. [25.c.1] Who was the hero of the young Franklin Delanor Roosevelt? [772]

Back 80

[25.c.1] Who was the hero of the young Franklin Delanor Roosevelt? [772]

Theodore (Ted) Roosevelt

Front 81

2. [25.c.2] In his first inaugural address (1933) Franklin Roosevelt told America that it only had _____ to fear. [I]

Back 81

[25.c.2] In his first inaugural address (1933) Franklin Roosevelt told America that it only had (FEAR ITSELF) to fear. [I]

Front 82

3. [25.c.3] What are the basic philosophical differences between liberalism and conservatism? [L]

Back 82

[25.c.3] What are the basic philosophical differences between liberalism and conservatism? [L]

Liberalism
a. Trace heritage to Franklin Roosevelt’s “New Deal” plan for government to revive economy.
b. Accepts the expansive state.
c. Appealed to class and ethic distinction more than the progressives did.

Conservatism
a. Objected to the New Deals government driven programs and its willingness to appeal to class issues.
b. Leaned toward market force economy.
c. On the defensive in America until the 1980’s.

Front 83

d. [25.d] The First New Deal (1933 – 1935). The intensity and scope of government action during the first ___ days of Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency was staggering.

Back 83

[25.d] The First New Deal (1933 – 1935). The intensity and scope of government action during the first (100) days of Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency was staggering.

Front 84

1. [25.d.1] Name the provisions of these acts: [Chart 773 – 774]
a. Emergency Banking Act –
b. The Glass-Steagall Act –
c. The FDIC –
d. Securities and Exchange Act –

Back 84

[25.d.1] Name the provisions of these acts: [Chart 773 – 774]
a. Emergency Banking Act – Provides federal loans to private bankers.
b. The Glass-Steagall Act – Create Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; separate commercial and investment banking.
c. The FDIC – Assured depositors that the government would protect up to $5,000 of their savings.
d. Securities and Exchange Act – The Securities Act and the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) imposed long-overdue regulation on the New York Stock Exchange, both by reining in buying on the margin and by establishing the SEC to enforce federal law.

Front 85

2. [25.d.2] As head of Direct Relief Administration, Harry _______ doled out over $_ million in direct Federal relief during his first _ hours on the job. [775]

Back 85

[25.d.2] As head of Direct Relief Administration, Harry (HOPKINS) doled out over $(2) million in direct Federal relief during his first (2) hours on the job. [775]

Front 86

3. [25.d.3] The ________ ____________ _____ (CCC) put 2 million men to work on conservation projects. [775]

Back 86

[25.d.3] The (CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS) (CCC) put 2 million men to work on conservation projects. [775]

Front 87

4. [25.d.4] The ____________ __________ ___ (AAA) was designed to boost agricultural prices. [775]

Back 87

[25.d.4] The (AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT) (AAA) was designed to boost agricultural prices. [775]

Front 88

5. [25.d.5] What natural disaster hit the mid-west during the early 1930’s that prompted the Federal government to establish the Soil Conservation Service? [776, Map 777]

Back 88

[25.d.5] What natural disaster hit the mid-west during the early 1930’s that prompted the Federal government to establish the Soil Conservation Service? [776, Map 777]

Dust Bowl

Front 89

6. [25.d.6] The ________ ________ ______________ (NRA) tried to raise industrial price indices by limiting production. In exchange for government permission to _____ in order to avoid competition, industry had to bring workers back to work. [777]

Back 89

[25.d.6] The (NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION) (NRA) tried to raise industrial price indices by limiting production. In exchange for government permission to () in order to avoid competition, industry had to bring workers back to work. [777]

Front 90

7. [25.d.7] What was PWA? [778]

Back 90

[25.d.7] What was PWA? [778]

The Public Works Administration (PWA) was a $3.3 billion budget to sponsor internal improvements that would strengthen the nation’s infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, hospitals, airports, and schools.

Front 91

8. [25.d.8] The TVA built hydro-electric dams on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Out west, the PWA oversaw the building of the massive _____ dam on the _____ River. [778 – 779]

Back 91

[25.d.8] The TVA built hydro-electric dams on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Out west, the PWA oversaw the building of the massive (BOULDER) dam on the (COLORADO) River. [778 – 779]

Front 92

9. [25.d.9] What seemed to be the overall strategy of the 1st New Deal? [L, see also 783: “The path to recovery lay, therefore, …]

Back 92

[25.d.9] What seemed to be the overall strategy of the 1st New Deal? [L, see also 783: “The path to recovery lay, therefore, …]

The 1st New Deal (1933-1935)
Problem – Corporate profits have fallen; prices were too low.
Solution – Limit production to raise prices, In the meantime the government is to supply work and direct aid.

Front 93

e. [25.e] Political Mobilization, Political Unrest (1934 – 1935). Some critics of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal proposed that a more radical turn toward socialism was the only true response to the catastrophy being experienced by the __________ world.

Back 93

[25.e] Political Mobilization, Political Unrest (1934 – 1935). Some critics of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal proposed that a more radical turn toward socialism was the only true response to the catastrophy being experienced by the (INDUSTRIAL) world.

Front 94

1. [25.e.1] Louisiana senator ____ ____’s “Share Our Wealth” plan would have gone further than the New Deal by giving each family an estate valued at $_,___. [781]

Back 94

[25.e.1] Louisiana senator (HUEY LONG’s) “Share Our Wealth” plan would have gone further than the New Deal by giving each family an estate valued at $(5,000). [781]

Front 95

2. [25.e.2] Father ________ proposed to replace capitalism and the New Deal with a dictatorship. [781]

Back 95

[25.e.2] Father (CAUGHLIN) proposed to replace capitalism and the New Deal with a dictatorship. [781]

Front 96

3. [25.e.3] In 1934 there were _,___ strikes. The main cause was that few companies honored the labor-helping provisions of the NI_A. Things got so bad that two workers were killed in a strike of the Electric Auto-Lite Plant in ______, Ohio. [782]

Back 96

[25.e.3] In 1934 there were (2,000) strikes. The main cause was that few companies honored the labor-helping provisions of the NI(R)A. Things got so bad that two workers were killed in a strike of the Electric Auto-Lite Plant in (TOLEDO), Ohio. [782]

Front 97

f. [25.f] The Second New Deal (1935 – 1937). The labor unrest of 1934 forced Franklin Roosevelt to re-examine the root cause of the depression. Keynesian economics was the answer. Politically, Franklin Roosevelt turned toward _____ to broaden his base of support.

Back 97

[25.f] The Second New Deal (1935 – 1937). The labor unrest of 1934 forced Franklin Roosevelt to re-examine the root cause of the depression. Keynesian economics was the answer. Politically, Franklin Roosevelt turned toward (LABOR) to broaden his base of support.

Front 98

1. [25.f.1] What was the philosophical underpinning of the 2nd New Deal? [783]

Back 98

[25.f.1] What was the philosophical underpinning of the 2nd New Deal? [783]

Labor unions/strikes made legitimate, continue government programs for employment and aid, and empowering labor unions; the idea was to institutionalize labor in economic decision-making.

Front 99

2. [25.f.2] ____ _______ ______ argued that government spending, or “pump priming,” played a role in national recovery. [784]

Back 99

[25.f.2] (JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES) argued that government spending, or “pump priming,” played a role in national recovery. [784]

Front 100

3. [25.f.3] The ______ ________ Act of 1935 provided a pension for Americans. [784]

Back 100

[25.f.3] The (SOCIAL SECURITY) Act of 1935 provided a pension for Americans. [784]

Front 101

4. [25.f.4] What act empowered every worker to join a union, established the NLRB, and forced all employers to bargain with unions in “good faith”? [785]

Back 101

[25.f.4] What act empowered every worker to join a union, established the NLRB, and forced all employers to bargain with unions in “good faith”? [785]

Wagner Labor Relations Act who empowers unions and created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Front 102

5. [25.f.5] What act made the rich pay more in taxes? [785]

Back 102

[25.f.5] What act made the rich pay more in taxes? [785]

Wealth Tax – aimed at the “rich” in order to redistribute wealth

Front 103

6. [25.f.6] Under what agency did unemployed artists receive work? [Picture 786]

Back 103

[25.f.6] Under what agency did unemployed artists receive work? [Picture 786]

Works Project Administration (WPA)

Front 104

7. [25.f.7] Did the 2nd New Deal concern itself with Black Civil Rights? [788]

Back 104

[25.f.7] Did the 2nd New Deal concern itself with Black Civil Rights? [788]

No – it was largely ignored.

Front 105

8. [25.f.8] Was the Democratic Party in 1936 an elite party of the rich or a mass party? [788]

Back 105

[25.f.8] Was the Democratic Party in 1936 an elite party of the rich or a mass party? [788]

Mass Party

Front 106

9. [25.f.9] Name two goals of the typical New Dealer. [788]
a.
b.

Back 106

[25.f.9] Name two goals of the typical New Dealer. [788]
a. Social Justice – everyone has equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities.
b. Prosperity – worker has right for higher wage.

Front 107

10. [25.f.10] Why did New Dealers discriminate against women? [789]

Back 107

[25.f.10] Why did New Dealers discriminate against women? [789]

Work to women might undercut male re-employment.

Front 108

11. [25.f.11] In 1935, Sidney Hillman and John L. Lewis formed the ________ __ __________ ____________ (CIO) that strengthened labor’s voice in politics. It later merged with the AFL. [790]

Back 108

[25.f.11] In 1935, Sidney Hillman and John L. Lewis formed the (CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION) (CIO) that strengthened labor’s voice in politics. It later merged with the AFL. [790]

Front 109

12. [25.f.12] In the year ____-____ the United Auto Workers waged a _____ strike against __ in _____, Michigan, and won. [791]

Back 109

[25.f.12] In the year (1936-1937?) the United Auto Workers waged a (UNION) strike against (GM) in (FLINT), Michigan, and won. [791]

Front 110

13. [25.f.13] Against which industry did a CIO-affiliated union score a big victory in 1936? (hint: In 1919 the unionists lost. (See 23.f.2). [791]

Back 110

[25.f.13] Against which industry did a CIO-affiliated union score a big victory in 1936? (hint: In 1919 the unionists lost. (See 23.f.2). [791]

Steel Workers Union defeated United Steel Corporation

Front 111

14. [25.f.14] Did union membership rise or fall during the 1930’s? [Graph 790]

Back 111

[25.f.14] Did union membership rise or fall during the 1930’s? [Graph 790]

Rise to over 12 million.

Front 112

15. [25.f.15] How did novelist, Broadway, and film-makers portray the new American worker? [Picture 790, 791]

Back 112

[25.f.15] How did novelist, Broadway, and film-makers portray the new American worker? [Picture 790, 791]

Writers, Hollywood, Broadway, idealized the American worker; objective was to dignify labor.

Front 113

g. [25.g] America’s Minorities and The New Deal. The New Deal generally overlooked __________. Native-American legislation was exceptional.

Back 113

[25.g] America’s Minorities and The New Deal. The New Deal generally overlooked (MINORITIES). Native-American legislation was exceptional.

Front 114

1. [25.g.1] How did the Indian Reorganization Act (1934) reverse the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act? [795]

Back 114

[25.g.1] How did the Indian Reorganization Act (1934) reverse the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act? [795]

The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) (aka the Wheeler-Howard Act) – this revoked the allotment provisions of the Dawes Act, with these provisions:
a. The IRA restored land to tribes.
b. Granted Indians the right to establish constitutions and bylaws for self-government.
c. Provided support for new tribal corporations that would regulate the use of communal lands.
*This act signaled the government’s recognition that American Indian tribes possessed the right to chart their own political, cultural, and economic futures.

Front 115

i. [25.i] Stalemate. The middle-class and conservatives feared that Franklin Roosevelt had surrendered too much to the working class. A struggle also began between the president and the _________.

Back 115

[25.i] Stalemate. The middle-class and conservatives feared that Franklin Roosevelt had surrendered too much to the working class. A struggle also began between the president and the (JUDICIARY).

Front 116

1. [25.i.1] When the _______ Court threatened to nullify the ______ ________ and ______ Act, Franklin Roosevelt wanted to “pack” the Bench with liberal judges. [797]

Back 116

[25.i.1] When the (SUPREME) Court threatened to nullify the (SOCIAL SECURITY) and (WAGNER) Act, Franklin Roosevelt wanted to “pack” the Bench with liberal judges. [797]

Front 117

2. [25.i.2] What happened to the unemployment level when Franklin Roosevelt began to scale back New Deal programs in 1937 – 1938? [797]

Back 117

[25.i.2] What happened to the unemployment level when Franklin Roosevelt began to scale back New Deal programs in 1937 – 1938? [797]

Unemployment went up.

Front 118

1. [25.j.1] What boosted the U. S. out of the Depression, reorganization of the economy OR Federal expenditure during WWII? [797, L]

Back 118

[25.j.1] What boosted the U. S. out of the Depression, reorganization of the economy OR Federal expenditure during WWII? [797, L]

Federal Expenditure During WWII

Front 119

2. [25.j.2] Did New Deal policy makers believe that less government in the lives of the people was the best way to ensure liberty and equality? [798]

Back 119

[25.j.2] Did New Deal policy makers believe that less government in the lives of the people was the best way to ensure liberty and equality? [798]

No, more government.

Front 120

a. [26.a] The Road to War: Aggression and Response. The Great Depression can be viewed as one cause of WWII. Nations everywhere (except the USSR) struggled for solutions to the collapse of the ________ system.

Back 120

[26.a] The Road to War: Aggression and Response. The Great Depression can be viewed as one cause of WWII. Nations everywhere (except the USSR) struggled for solutions to the collapse of the (ECONOMIC) system.

Front 121

1. [26.a.1] What had been the basis of international peace and how was it falling apart during the 1930’s? [L]

Back 121

[26.a.1] What had been the basis of international peace and how was it falling apart during the 1930’s? [L]

Front 122

2. [26.a.2] How did the League of Nations and the U. S. respond to Japan’s invasion of Manchuria (1931), Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia (1935) and Hitler’s decision to openly rearm Germany? (1935) [802 – 803]

Back 122

[26.a.2] How did the League of Nations and the U. S. respond to Japan’s invasion of Manchuria (1931), Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia (1935) and Hitler’s decision to openly rearm Germany? (1935) [802 – 803]

U.S. and League of Nations do little except protest.
Italy’s Invasion of Ethiopia: U.S. and the League of Nations impotent, read Spain.
Hitler’s Decision to Openly Rearm Germany: U.S. and the League of Nations impotent, read Spain.

Spain: Hitler and Mussolini extended aid to General Francisco Franco, who was seeking to overthrow Spain’s republican government, which Italy and Germany used Spain’s civil war as a training ground for fascist forces. Republicans in Spain appealed to antifascist nations for assistance, but only the Soviet Union responded. Britain, France, and the U.S. feared that the conflict would turn into another World War if more nations took sides, adopted policies of noninvolvement. The U.S. even extended its arms embargo to cover civil wars, which aided the well-armed fascist forces and crippled republican resistance.

Front 123

3. [26.a.3] The first three __________ acts prevented the U. S. from selling arms to belligerents, extending them loans, or allowing Americans to sail on ships of nations at war until the “____ ‘_” carry provision of the fourth one. [803]

Back 123

[26.a.3] The first three (NEUTRALITY) acts prevented the U. S. from selling arms to belligerents, extending them loans, or allowing Americans to sail on ships of nations at war until the “(CASH ‘N)” carry provision of the fourth one. [803]

Front 124

4. [26.a.4] Congress struck down the ______-______ ____ that would have increased the numbers of Jews that could have immigrated to the U. S. How would you describe the U. S. response to the plight of Europe’s Jews during WWII? [807]

Back 124

[26.a.4] Congress struck down the (WAGNER-ROGERS BILL) that would have increased the numbers of Jews that could have immigrated to the U. S. How would you describe the U. S. response to the plight of Europe’s Jews during WWII? [807]

Actions define our beliefs, and the majority of the U.S. had anti-Jewish sentiments; the non-passage of this bill – in addition to this the U.S. adopted a restrictive refugee policy that didn’t allow even the legal quota of Jewish immigrants to enter the country during WWII, U.S. newspapers only giving back-page space to Jewish tragedy, and how America remained passive are all evidence of how the majority of Americans believed at that time.

Front 125

5. [26.a.5] The _________ _______ Act, passed in response to the fall of ______ in 1940, was first peacetime draft in U. S. history. About the same time the U. S. gave Britain fifty ___ __________ in exchange for the use of eight British bases in the Atlantic Ocean area. This was a sign that the U. S. was hardening its policy toward Germany. [L]

Back 125

[26.a.5] The (SELECTIVE SERVICE) Act, passed in response to the fall of (FRANCE) in 1940, was first peacetime draft in U. S. history. About the same time the U. S. gave Britain fifty (OLD DESTROYERS) in exchange for the use of eight British bases in the Atlantic Ocean area. This was a sign that the U. S. was hardening its policy toward Germany. [L]

Front 126

6. [26.a.6] On 11 March 1941 Franklin Roosevelt tilted away from his 1940 campaign promise to keep America out of the European war by pushing Congress to pass the ____-_____ Act, which would supply war material to nations resisting aggression. [807]

Back 126

[26.a.6] On 11 March 1941 Franklin Roosevelt tilted away from his 1940 campaign promise to keep America out of the European war by pushing Congress to pass the (LEND-LEASE) Act, which would supply war material to nations resisting aggression. [807]

Front 127

7. [26.a.7] In July 1941 Franklin Roosevelt impaired Japan’s ability to import scrap iron and oil by freezing Japanese _____ in the United States. [808]

Back 127

[26.a.7] In July 1941 Franklin Roosevelt impaired Japan’s ability to import scrap iron and oil by freezing Japanese (ASSETS) in the United States. [808]

Front 128

8. [26.a.8] What commitments were made in the Atlantic Charter, 14 August 1941? [808, 825]

Back 128

[26.a.8] What commitments were made in the Atlantic Charter, 14 August 1941? [808, 825]

a. Neither will make peace with Germany as long as England is at war.
b. War will end colonization (decolonization).
c. Reiterate the 4 freedoms: Freedom from want, Freedom from fear, Freedom of religion, and Freedom of speech.

Front 129

9. [26.a.9] Japan bombed _____ ______, ______ 7 December 19__ in a gamble to win an empire and solve its resource problems. [808]

Back 129

[26.a.9] Japan bombed (PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII) 7 December 19(41) in a gamble to win an empire and solve its resource problems. [808]

Front 130

b. [26.b] Fighting the War in Europe. The U. S. was unprepared for war. As early as November 1942, however, American forces were operating in North Africa and conducting aerial bombardment of Germany. One strategic question loomed the largest: When would the Allies open a 2nd Front, invade Nazi occupied Europe, and relieve the pressure on the ________, who were suffering massive losses?

Back 130

[26.b] Fighting the War in Europe. The U. S. was unprepared for war. As early as November 1942, however, American forces were operating in North Africa and conducting aerial bombardment of Germany. One strategic question loomed the largest: When would the Allies open a 2nd Front, invade Nazi occupied Europe, and relieve the pressure on the (RUSSIANS), who were suffering massive losses?

Front 131

1. [26.b.1] What were the 4 provisions of the RAINBOW-5 plan? [L]
a.
b.
c.
d.

Back 131

[26.b.1] What were the 4 provisions of the RAINBOW-5 plan? [L]
a. Pacific Drive & Control of the Atlantic.
b. Major Land Campaign Against Germany.
c. Air Bombardment.
d. Support of Resistance Fighters in Occupied Countries.

Front 132

2. [26.b.2] The ___-_ staff agreement (March 1941) gave priority to victory over _____ first. [L]

Back 132

[26.b.2] The (ABC-1) staff agreement (March 1941) gave priority to victory over (GERMANY) first. [L]

Front 133

3. [26.b.3] What doctrine did American air power enthusiasts follow? How successful was it? [L]

Back 133

[26.b.3] What doctrine did American air power enthusiasts follow? How successful was it? [L]

Air power (high altitude, daylight bombardment, very inaccurate) accelerated the rate of the German defeat, but did not end the war by itself.

Front 134

4. [26.b.4] What battles in 1942 proved to be turning points in the war? [L]
a.
b.
c.

Back 134

[26.b.4] What battles in 1942 proved to be turning points in the war? [L]

a. Battle of Midway (US victory).
b. Battle of El Alemein (British victory).
c. Battle of Stalingrad (Russian victory).

a. June 3-6, U.S. carrier forces defeat the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway; the tide of battle in the Pacific began to flow against Japan. (US victory)
b. October 23-November 5, the British 8th Army stops the German drive toward Alexandria Egypt at the Battle of El Alemein. Field Marshall Erwin Rommel’s last attempt to break through to the Suez Canal and the Middle East oil fields ends in failure; within a year German and Italian forces disappear from North Africa. (British victory)
c. Winter 1942-1943, Soviet forces defeat the German 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad; the tide of battle began to flow against Adolf Hitler. (Russian victory)

Front 135

5. [26.b.5] The German _-____ menace subsided by mid ____. [809]

Back 135

[26.b.5] The German (U-BOAT) menace subsided by mid (1943). [809]

Front 136

6. [26.b.6] Operation _____ landed American forces in North Africa, November 1942. [810, Map 811]

Back 136

[26.b.6] Operation (TORCH) landed American forces in North Africa, November 1942. [810, Map 811]

Front 137

7. [26.b.7] Concerning French governor of Algeria, _______ ____ ______, Franklin Roosevelt said: “It is OK to let the devil help you over the bridge as long as you part with him on the other side.” Why did he say this? [810]

Back 137

[26.b.7] Concerning French governor of Algeria, (ADMIRAL JEAN DARLAN), Franklin Roosevelt said: “It is OK to let the devil help you over the bridge as long as you part with him on the other side.” Why did he say this? [810]

Front 138

9. [26.b.9] After Allied victory in North Africa, American and British forces invaded ______ then _____ during the last half of 1943. [810]

Back 138

[26.b.9] After Allied victory in North Africa, American and British forces invaded (SICILY) then (ITALY) during the last half of 1943. [810]

Front 139

10. [26.b.10] What was Operation OVERLORD? It occurred _ June 19__. [811]

Back 139

[26.b.10] What was Operation OVERLORD? It occurred (6) June 19(44). [811]

Landing on fortified coasts of France (Normandy Invasion; D-Day).

Front 140

11. [26.b.11] General Dwight _. __________ exercised supreme command over all Allied forced united in Europe. [811]

Back 140

[26.b.11] General Dwight (D. EISENHOWER) exercised supreme command over all Allied forced united in Europe. [811]

Front 141

12. [26.b.12] Why did Eisenhower pick a “broad front” strategy for the advance into Germany instead of a “single thrust”? [L, 812]

Arguments For:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Arguments Against:
a.
b.
c.

Back 141

[26.b.12] Why did Eisenhower pick a “broad front” strategy for the advance into Germany instead of a “single thrust”? [L, 812]

Paris liberated 28 August 1944.
Arguments For:
a. Zones of occupation – already agreed upon at Telga.
b. Fire Control Measure.
c. Broad Front advance prevented German concentration.
d. Single thrust would leave too many US troops idle.
e. Fear of Nazi National Redoubt (hide in mountains).
Arguments Against:
a. Single hammer blow against Berlin would end war sooner.
b. Churchill wanted prestige of British entry in Berlin.
c. Logistics only supported 1 main effort.

a. It would keep German troops spread out instead of allowing them to concentrate against a single column.
b. For political reasons, U.S. troops had to be occupied with fighting Germans; the U.S. contribution to the war was so large that it wouldn’t look good if the British got all the glory of taking Berlin.
c. Key German industrial regions, the Saar and Ruhr River Valley, lay south of the single thrust axis. Taking these regions required a broader advance into Germany.
d. Eisenhower’s H.Q. heard tales of Nazi plans to retreat to the mountains of Bavaria and dare the Allies to get them out. Later intelligence showed the Nazi “National Redoubt” was an illusion, but in 1945 Eisenhower decided he had to maintain contact with German to prevent them from breaking away to the mountains.
e. At the Yalta Conference, February 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and FDR agreed that the dividing line between Russian and Allied forces would be the Elbe River, 40 miles west of Berlin. There would be no point fighting for Berlin when the political leaders had already made a decision that Allied forces would pull back to the Elbe.

Front 142

13. [26.b.13] Hitler’s last offensive, December 1944, called the ______ __ ___ _____, aimed at seizing the supply port of Antwerp, Belgium, hoping to stall the Allies and start negotiations. [812, Map 814]

Back 142

[26.b.13] Hitler’s last offensive, December 1944, called the (BATTLE OF THE BULGE), aimed at seizing the supply port of Antwerp, Belgium, hoping to stall the Allies and start negotiations. [812, Map 814]

Front 143

c. [26.c] The Pacific Theater. From the dark days of Pearl Harbor to the horrible flash of light at Hiroshima, the Pacific Theater was an “___-________” show.

Back 143

[26.c] The Pacific Theater. From the dark days of Pearl Harbor to the horrible flash of light at Hiroshima, the Pacific Theater was an “(ALL-AMERICAN)” show.

Front 144

1. [26.c.1] The U. S. plan to defend the Philippines was War Plan ______. Why were Philippines lost? Result: __,___ Americans surrendered 11 May 1942. [814]

Back 144

[26.c.1] The U. S. plan to defend the Philippines was War Plan (ORANGE). Why were Philippines lost? Result: (11,500) Americans surrendered 11 May 1942. [814]

The Philippines were lost because of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; it was a case of “strategic over-stretch.”

Front 145

2. [26.c.2] What role did Franklin Roosevelt want China to play? Was this goal ever realized? [815]

Back 145

[26.c.2] What role did Franklin Roosevelt want China to play? Was this goal ever realized? [815]

U.S. policy makers hoped that China would fight effectively against Japan and emerge from the war as a strong and united nation; neither hope was realized.

Front 146

3. [26.c.3] In what ways does John Dower say that the Pacific war differed from the European Theater? [815]

Back 146

[26.c.3] In what ways does John Dower say that the Pacific war differed from the European Theater? [815]

¾ killed in European Theater.
¼ killed in Pacific Theater – took on characteristics of a race war.

a. The U.S. achieved spectacular production results during the war, but fumbled command arrangements in the Pacific.
b. U.S. command in the Pacific theater, unlike in Europe, was divided. Divided command between General Douglas Mac Arthur (army) and Admiral Chester Nimitz (navy) resulted from political considerations and inner-service rivalry in the U.S. in these days had to be seen to be believed and was an appreciable handicap to their war effort.

Front 147

4. [26.c.4] Why was U. S. command in the Pacific divided between Admiral Chester Nimitz and General Douglas MacArthur? What dangers did this pose? [L, 815]

Back 147

[26.c.4] Why was U. S. command in the Pacific divided between Admiral Chester Nimitz and General Douglas MacArthur? What dangers did this pose? [L, 815]

Undersized, unstrategized command, army and navy weren’t working together.

Rivalry between the services was indeed intense.
a. Neither the army (General Douglas Mac Arthur) or the navy (Admiral Chester Nimitz) wanted to be placed under the overall command of the other.
b. FDR did not know what to do with the eccentric Mac Arthur, so a Pacific command was created for him.

Noted historian John Ellis suggests the Pacific War might have been brought to speedier conclusion if MacArthur’s southern thrust against Japan was given full priority and either he or Nimitz were appointed as supreme commander.

General Mac Arthur commanded army, air, and naval forces (aircraft carriers) in the South Pacific.

Admiral Chester Nimitz commanded the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Central Pacific.

Split command had less to do with strategy than with finding a job for MacArthur.

Disaster nearly occurred due to divided command. An undersized assault on Los Negros (Admiralty Islands) February 29, 1944 barely succeeded.

The 2 commands converged on the Philippines, October 1944, in the Leyte landings.

Front 148

5. [26.c.5] In July 1944 U. S. forces took ____, ______, and ______, (in the Marianas Island chain) compensating for the loss of B-29 air bases in China. [816]

Back 148

[26.c.5] In July 1944 U. S. forces took (Guam), (Tinian), and (Saipan), (in the Marianas Island chain) compensating for the loss of B-29 air bases in China. [816]

Front 149

6. [26.c.6] Marines assaulted the Japanese-held island of _______ April-May 1945, resulted in 48,000 U. S. casualties and ___,___ thousand Japanese. [816]

Back 149

[26.c.6] Marines assaulted the Japanese-held island of (OKINAWA) April-May 1945, resulted in 48,000 U. S. casualties and (120,000) thousand Japanese. [816]

Front 150

d. [26.d] New President. Harry S. Truman succeeded Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945. The new president knew nothing of the _________ project that developed the bomb.

Back 150

[26.d] New President. Harry S. Truman succeeded Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945. The new president knew nothing of the (MANHATTAN) project that developed the bomb.

Front 151

1. [26.d.1] Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb maybe had more to do with containing the ________ than the military defeat of Japan. [L, 819]

Back 151

[26.d.1] Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb maybe had more to do with containing the (RUSSIANS) than the military defeat of Japan. [L, 819]

Front 152

1. [26.e.1] An agency called the ___ __________ _____ was charged with industrial mobilization for the war. [821]

Back 152

[26.e.1] An agency called the (WAR PRODUCTION BOARD) was charged with industrial mobilization for the war. [821]

Front 153

2. [26.e.2] The U. S. spent $___ billion to achieve victory in WWII. __% was through existing revenue as opposed to loans. [L]

Back 153

[26.e.2] The U. S. spent $(350) billion to achieve victory in WWII. (40)% was through existing revenue as opposed to loans. [L]

Front 154

3. [26.e.3] Did WWII strengthen or weaken unions? Why? [823]

Back 154

[26.e.3] Did WWII strengthen or weaken unions? Why? [823]

Strengthen – the scarcity of labor during the war substantially strengthened the union movement. Union membership rose by 50%. Women and minority workers joined unions in unprecedented numbers (women accounted for 27% of total membership by 1944), but the main beneficiaries of labor’s new power were the white males who still comprised the bulk of union workers.

Front 155

1. [26.f.1] ______ ________ was a popular artist and _____ _____ a celebrated film-maker whose talents crafted wartime propaganda. [825]

Back 155

[26.f.1] (NORMAN ROCKWELL) was a popular artist and (FRANK CAPRA) a celebrated film-maker whose talents crafted wartime propaganda. [825]

Front 156

2. [26.f.2] Social workers blamed _______ _______ for the rise in juvenile delinquency and divorce during the war years, 1941 – 1945. [827]

Back 156

[26.f.2] Social workers blamed (WORKING MOTHERS) for the rise in juvenile delinquency and divorce during the war years, 1941 – 1945. [827]

Front 157

3. [26.f.3] Did the global struggle against fascism and Japanese imperialism result in civil rights for African-Americans at home? [827 – 828]

Back 157

[26.f.3] Did the global struggle against fascism and Japanese imperialism result in civil rights for African-Americans at home? [827 – 828]

No.

Front 158

4. [26.f.4] The “____ _____” riots in Los Angeles, 1943, were caused by: [828] AND FDR responded by?

Back 158

[26.f.4] The “(ZOOT SUITS)” riots in Los Angeles, 1943, were caused by: [828] AND FDR responded by?

They were caused by Servicemen who took offense to Latinos dressed in Zoot Suits who to them represented the element of crime and were no different than mobsters.

FDR passed Acts through Congress to benefit the conditions of Latinos which were:
a. Job Training
b. Higher Education Loans
c. Improvements in Barrio Neighborhoods

Front 159

g. [26.g] Shaping the Peace. In many respects, WWII was merely the prelude to the ____ ___.

Back 159

[26.g] Shaping the Peace. In many respects, WWII was merely the prelude to the (COLD WAR).

Front 160

1. [26.g.1] Know the basic agreements made at the 5 major wartime conferences. [I]

Back 160

[26.g.1] Know the basic agreements made at the 5 major wartime conferences. [I]

a. Atlantic (Placentia Bay) - Hitler #1 priority.
b. Washington (Arcadia) Conference - RAINBOW-5 strategy confirmed, ABC-1 Staff Agreement reached.
c. Casablanca - Operation TORCH and Invasion of Sicily-Italy confirmed (unconditional surrender).
d. Tehran - 2nd front to be opened by invasion of France in Spring 1944.
e. Yalta - (1) Stalin gives assurances of free postwar elections in Poland. (2) Stalin promises to declare war on Japan. (3) Unconditional surrender formula reiterated; "Spheres of Influence" agreement; Partition of Germany.
f. Potdam - (1) Unconditional surrender formula applies to Japan; (2) Berlin to be divided into 4 occupational zones; (3) U.S. alludes to power of the atomic bomb; USSR to declare war on Japan; USSR to receive reparations from Germany; Unconditional surrender re-affirmed.

Atlantic (Placentia Bay) (August 9-12, 1941) between FDR and Churchill – (1) Atlantic Charter proclaimed (announced); (2) FDR assures Churchill U.S. will make Hitler #1 priority if it comes to war.

Washington (Arcadia) Conference (December-January 1941-1942) between British and U.S. military planners – “Germany First” (RAINBOW-5) strategy confirmed; ABC-1 Staff Agreement reached.

Casablanca (January 14-24, 1943) between FDR and Churchill – Operation TORCH (invasion of North Africa) confirmed; Invasion of Sicily-Italy confirmed – unconditional surrender.

Tehran (November 28-December 1, 1943) between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin – 2nd front to be opened by invasion of France in Spring 1944; Promise of 2d front for spring 1944.

Yalta (February 11, 1945) between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin – (1) Stalin allegedly gives assurances of free postwar elections in Poland; (2) Stalin promises to declare war on Japan; (3) Unconditional surrender formula reiterated; “Spheres of Influence” agreement; Partition of Germany set at Elbe River, west of Berlin.

Potsdam (July 17, 1945) Truman, Atlee, and Stalin – (1) Unconditional surrender formula applies to Japan; (2) Berlin to be divided into 4 occupational zones; (3) U.S. alludes to power of the atomic bomb; USSR to declare war on Japan; USSR to receive reparations from Germany; Unconditional surrender re-affirmed.

Front 161

2. [26.g.2] The ______ _______ was established at Dumbarton Oaks, August 1944. [831]

Back 161

[26.g.2] The (UNITED NATIONS) was established at Dumbarton Oaks, August 1944. [831]

Front 162

3. [26.g.3] The ______ _____ __________ Agreement (1944) created the International Monetary Fund and the _____ Bank. [831 – 832]

Back 162

[26.g.3] The (BRETON WOODS CONFERENCE) Agreement (1944) created the International Monetary Fund and the (WORLD) Bank. [831 – 832]

Front 163

4. [26.g.4] WWII shattered the world order and midwifed into history the final confrontation between two new superpowers. Who were these new masters of the world? ___ ______ ______ and ___ ______ _____ [____] [833 – 834]

Back 163

[26.g.4] WWII shattered the world order and midwifed into history the final confrontation between two new superpowers. Who were these new masters of the world? (THE UNITED STATES) and (SOVIET UNION [USSR]) [833 – 834]

Front 164

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Develops the thesis with all relevant historical information, including contemporary analysis of what the economic problem was and what strategies the New Dealers used to revive the economy:

Causes of the Great Depression:

Back 164

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Develops the thesis with all relevant historical information, including contemporary analysis of what the economic problem was and what strategies the New Dealers used to revive the economy:

Causes of the Great Depression:

a. The Stock Market Crash – the Wall Street crash (Black Tuesday 10-29-1929) ultimately caused the great depression.
b. Bank Failures – through the 1930’s over 9,000 banks failed, deposits were uninsured so many people lost their life savings. Banks that survived became less willing to create new loans, which made money less accessible to people just making the situation worse.
c. Reduction in Purchasing (All Classes/Businesses) – During the 1920’s people had more money than they knew what to do with, so they spent freely. Production went up yet so did costs, hurting profits, and on Black Tuesday the inevitable happened (this could have been foreseen) and after it did, people started spending less and saving more causing unemployment. People couldn’t afford to buy things which hurt businesses, and businesses couldn’t make money, so people couldn’t either and were fired/laid off, this is a revolving cycle that helps explain how the depression got worse instead of better.
d. The government passed a series of laws that ended up hurting the economy instead of helping it (Hoover did the exact wrong thing):
a. raising interest rates helped cause the stock market crash.
b. the Smoot-Hawley Tariff set a high tax on foreign goods, which reduce the trading between the US and other countries.
c. the Federal Reserve Board restricted money accessible to people instead of making it easier accessible, which would have help bring us out much quicker.
e. Drought – the dust bowl and the Tennessee Valley didn’t help conditions at all, this was one of the places worst hit and felt by the great depression.

Front 165

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

2. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.

a. Ending the Gold Standard:

Back 165

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

2. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.

a. Ending the Gold Standard:
a. To avoid deflation, FDR quickly suspended the gold standard.
b. US dollars no longer had to be backed up by gold reserves, which also meant that the government could print – and spend – more money to “prime the pump” of the economy.

Front 166

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Glass-Steagall Act:

Back 166

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Glass-Steagall Act:
a. Imposed regulations on the banking industry that guided it for over 50 years, until it was repealed in 1999.
b. The law separated commercial from investment banking.
c. Forced banks to get out of the business of financial investment.
d. Banned the use of bank deposits in speculation.
e. It also created the FDIC; the effect of the law was to give greater stability to the banking system.

Front 167

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. FDIC (The Federal Deposit Insurance Commission)

Back 167

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. FDIC (The Federal Deposit Insurance Commission)
a. Backed all bank deposits up to $2,500, meaning that most bank customers no longer had to worry that a bank failure would wipe out their life savings.
b. The agency continues to insure American deposits today.

Front 168

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Federal Securities Act:

Back 168

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Federal Securities Act:
a. Regulated the stock markets and preceded the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1934.
b. This continues to regulate US stock markets to this day.

Front 169

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (May 12)

Back 169

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (May 12)
a. Set quotas for cereals to slowly increase prices.
b. Helped farmers modernize, and conserve soil.
c. Extreme cases received mortgage help.
d. Overall, very good for farmers, though modernization had unforeseen consequences of putting more farm laborers out of work!

Front 170

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (March 31)

Back 170

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (March 31)
a. Sought to employ young men.
b. Men signed up for 6 month tours of duty.
c. Environmental projects in national parks.
d. Most money went to men’s families.
e. Employed 2.5 million men.

Front 171

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Back 171

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
a. Provided electrification and other basic improvements the impoverished interior of the South (May 18).

Front 172

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (June 18)

Back 172

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (June 18)
a. Used to set up 2 organizations:
i. Public Works Administration
1. Used government money to build schools, roads, dams, bridges, and airports.
2. Vital to future growth.
3. Employed millions of jobs in the short term.
ii. National Recovery Administration (NRA)
1. Improved industrial working conditions.
2. Outlawed child labor.
3. Defined fair wages and sensible production levels.
4. Sought to get money in the hands of workers without overproducing goods and causing a slump.
5. Voluntary, with incentive (display NRA symbol).
6. Over 2 million employers joined.

Front 173

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Public Works Administration (PWA)

Back 173

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Public Works Administration (PWA)
a. Funded the construction of public works projects across the country, including schools, hospitals, airports, dams, and ports, as well as ships for the Navy and airports for the Army Air Corps.

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∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

Back 174

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 1st New Deal):

The 1st New Deal was a series of legislation (15 bills) that FDR passed within his 1st 100-days in office, and FDR’s priorities for the 1st New Deal were: (1) Get Americans back to work; (2) Protect their savings and property; (3) Provide relief for the sick, old and unemployed; (4) Get American industry and agriculture back on their feet.
a. Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
a. Provided direct relief, training and work for unemployed Americans.
b. It was abolished in 1935 and its programs folded into other agencies.

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∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

3. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:

a. Wagner Act (WA)

Back 175

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:

a. Wagner Act (WA)
a. Forced employers to allow unions in shop.
b. Illegal to fire workers for joining union.

Front 176

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:
a. Social Security Act (SSA)

Back 176

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:
a. Social Security Act (SSA)
a. Pensions for elderly and widows.
b. State and federal governments work together to help sick and disabled.
c. Unemployment insurance (most important) which took small amounts of money from employers and employees each week so unemployed workers would receive small amount of benefit to help out until they could find work again.

Front 177

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:
a. Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Back 177

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:
a. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
a. Brought all government programs designed to create jobs under one umbrella organization.
b. Expanded jobs to include office workers, actors, artists and photographers (D Lange).
c. Photographers recorded life across USA.
d. Artists painted murals for cities and towns.

Front 178

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:
a. Resettlement Administration (RA)

Back 178

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Describes all the acts (banking, industry, agriculture, government make-work programs, direct relief
and other legislation) aimed a remedying the problem:

Describe what the Act/Program is (passed during the 2nd New Deal):

2nd New Deal – focused on creating new jobs:
a. Resettlement Administration (RA)
a. Helped small and tenant farmers passed over by the AAA.
b. Moved 500,000+ families to better land.
c. Replaced by Farm Security Administration (FSA) in 1937.
d. Gave special loans to small farmers to buy land.
e. Also built camps to provide decent living conditions and work for migrant workers.

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∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

1. Provides effective analysis of what ended the Depression:
Many Acts and policies were passed in order to try to end the Great Depression, and while many helped, none were the sole solution to the end. What helped pull the US out of the Great Depression was WWII and the many policies passed.

Back 179

∑. Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. How were they different? How were they similar?

4. Provides effective analysis of what ended the Depression:

Many Acts and policies were passed in order to try to end the Great Depression, and while many helped, none were the sole solution to the end. What helped pull the US out of the Great Depression was WWII and the many policies passed.

a. Some say that WWII was the sole reason, due to the massive spending and the task of feeding the soldiers, yet this effectively raised the US National debt over 5x what it was (from $49 billion – almost $260 billion).
b. Full employment was much easier when so many troops left to go overseas, where women, African-Americans, and Latinos helped fill the void.
c. The government also rationed off food and fuel.
d. Sold war bonds which were redeemable after the war.
e. Winning the war was top priority and many of the New Deal programs were actually suspended by Congress during it (the WPA, CCC, the NYA, and others) which gave the government more control on spending.

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4. Provides effective analysis of what ended the Depression:

Many Acts and policies were passed in order to try to end the Great Depression, and while many helped, none were the sole solution to the end. What helped pull the US out of the Great Depression was WWII and the many policies passed.

Back 180

4. Provides effective analysis of what ended the Depression:

Many Acts and policies were passed in order to try to end the Great Depression, and while many helped, none were the sole solution to the end. What helped pull the US out of the Great Depression was WWII and the many policies passed.

a. Some say that WWII was the sole reason, due to the massive spending and the task of feeding the soldiers, yet this effectively raised the US National debt over 5x what it was (from $49 billion – almost $260 billion).
b. Full employment was much easier when so many troops left to go overseas, where women, African-Americans, and Latinos helped fill the void.
c. The government also rationed off food and fuel.
d. Sold war bonds which were redeemable after the war.
e. Winning the war was top priority and many of the New Deal programs were actually suspended by Congress during it (the WPA, CCC, the NYA, and others) which gave the government more control on spending.

The ultimate factors that helped dig us out of the depression is there was money from war bonds to spend after the war was over, helping corporations, thus employment. Even though we went 5x further in debt as a country, we “spent ourselves out of debt” in a way. Technological advances made life easier and more efficient, easing the stress on people and stimulating the economy. There are many factors that helped bring us out of the Great Depression, and all of them combined is ultimately the answer.