Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
OTTO VAN BISMARCK (7)
|
first served prussia as a diplomat in russia and france. in 1862, king william I made him prime minister. within a decade, the new prime minister had become chancellor and had used his policy of "blood and iron" to unite the german states under prussian rule.
|
|
|
CHANCELLOR (7)
|
the highest official of a monarch (OVB)
|
|
|
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY (7)
|
in the 1830s, prussia created an economic union called the zollverein. it dismantled tariff barriers between many german states. still, germany remained politically fragmented. in 1848, liberals meeting in the Frankfurt assembly again demanded german political unity. they offered the throne of a united german state to frederick IV of prussia. the prussian rules, rejected the notion of a throne offered by the people. later, bismarck united germany.
|
|
|
HOHENZOLLERNS (7)
|
the ruling dynasty of prussia, who represented a powerful, traditional monarchy. bismarcks primary loyalty was to the hohenzollerns and he hoped to bring more power to them through unification.
|
|
|
BLOOD AND IRON SPEECH (7)
|
delivered in 1862, set the tone for his future policies. bismarck was determined to build a strong, unified german state, with prussia at its head.
|
|
|
PRUSSIAS WAR WITH DENMARK, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE (7)
|
bismarck wanted to form an allieance in 1864 with prussia. prussia and austria seized schleswig and holstein from denmark. after a brief war, austria was to administer holstein and prussia to Schleswig. 1866, bismarck invented excuse to attack austria. war lasted 7 weeks and prussia won. prussia annexed other north german states. bismarck disolved austrian led german confed. and created a new confed. ruled by prussia.
prussian victory over austria angered napoleon III. growing rivalry led to Franco-Prussian war of 1870. bismarck rewrote and released a telegram to the press that reported on a meeting between king william I and french embassador. his edit of the "ems dispatch" made it seem that william I had insulted the frenchman. this made Napoleon III declare war on prussia, as bismarck had hoped. superior prussian force supported by german states smashed french soldiers and napolean III surrendered in a few weeks. |
|
|
KAISER (7)
|
emperor, William I of prussia
|
|
|
REICH (7)
|
empire, 1871 german nationalists celebrated the birth of the second reich (considered it heir to the holy roman empire)
|
|
|
KULTURKAMPF (7)
|
literally means "culture struggle". kulturkampf was bismarcks "battle for civilization" intended to make catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the church. hoped to reduce the political and social influence of the catholic church. resulted with a new pope willing to negotiate with bismark.
|
|
|
CAMPAIGN AGAINST SOCIALISTS (7)
|
bismarck saw a threat to the new german empire in the growing power of socialism. he feared german marxists would undermine the loyalty of german workers and turn them toward revolution. bismarck had laws passed to dissolve socialist groups, shut down their newpsapers and banned their meetings. repression backfired. he set out to woo workers away from socialism by sponsoring laws to protect them. by 1890s they had health and accident insurance as well as old age insurance and reitrement benifits. (economic safegaurd) socialist party continued to grow and hold seats in the reichstag, h/e no revolution
|
|
|
DUAL MONARCHY (7)
|
austrias disastrous defeat in the 1866 war with prussia brought renewed pressure for change from the hungarians w/in the empire. one year later, ferenc deak, a moderate hungarian leader, helped to work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
|
|
|
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY (7)
|
under the agreement, austria and hungary were separate states, each had its own constitution and parliament. francis joseph ruled both, as emperor of austria and king of hungary. the two states also shared ministries of finance, defense and foreign affairs, but were independent of each other in all other areas.
|
|
|
STRUGGLES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (7)
|
some people resented the dual, esp among slavic groups and czechs in bohemia. nationalist unrest often left the gov paralyzed . nationalist demands tore at the fabric of the multinational empire. people wanted their own independent states. european powers devide up ottomoan empire, war in the balkans and ottoman empire collapses
|
|
|
SOCIAL STRUCTURES OF FEUDAL RUSSIA (7)
|
landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any change that would threaten their privileges. middle class was too small to have much influence. majority of russians were serfs, or laborers bound to the land and to masters who controlled their faith. landowning nobles had no reason to improve agriculture and took little interest in industry.
|
|
|
ALEXANDER II RULE (7)
|
1855-1881, reign represented patter of reform and repression used by his father and grandfather. crimean war ended in defeat, not much transportation. alex II agrees to reforms. 1861 he issued emancipation, freed serfs. he set up system of local gov, zemstvos repsonsible for self gov. introduced trial by jury and eased censorship. military service terms reduced, brutal discipline limited. encouraged growth of industry.
many felt dramatic changes were needed. liberals demanded changes, students demonstrated. when serfs were freed they could not support themselves = discontent. russians gained experience of self gov. reforms failed to satisfy many russians. socialists demanded more reforms and went to live amond peasants + preach. peasants couldnt understand them so socialists got mad, became terrorists and assasinated Alex II. |
|
|
EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS (7)
|
1861, alex II issued royal decree that required emancipation, freeing of the serfs. however, serfs were too poor to support themselves. peasants remained poor and discontent festered.
|
|
|
ALEXANDER III RULE (7)
|
responded to fathers assasination by reviving harsh methods of Nicholas I. increased power of secret police to wipe out revolutionaries. restored censorship, exiled critics to siberia, launched russification to suppress non-russian cultures. insisted on one language and church. encouraged pogroms
non russians suffer prosecution, jews become refugees. |
|
|
IMPERIALISM (9)
|
imperialism is domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country/region
|
|
|
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM (9)
|
in the 1800s europe had gained considerable power. strong, centrally governed nation-states had emerged and the industrial revolution had greatly enriched european economies. europeans embarked on a path of aggresive expanion. europeans brought much of the world under its influence and control.
|
|
|
4 SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF THE CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM (CHART WITH ARROWS) (9)
|
economic: desire for natural recources, desire to expand trade, invest profit
social: desire to spread christianity, desire to share western civilization, belief in social darwinism political/ military: bases needed for merchants and naval vessels, prestige of global empire, nationalism and national security technological: advances in communication, advances in weaponry, advances in over seas travel |
|
|
DIRECT RULE (9)
|
form of western control-practiced by french, sent officials and soldiers from france to administer thier colonies. goal to impose french culture on their colonies and turn them into french provinces.
|
|
|
INDIRECT RULE (9)
|
form of western control-practiced by british. they used sultans, chiefs or other rules to govern their colonies. they encouraged chhildren of the local ruling class to get an education in britain.
|
|
|
PROTECTORATE (9)
|
form of western control-in a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of european advisors on issues such as trade of missionary activity. costs less than running a colony and did not require a large military commitment .
|
|
|
SPHERE OF INFLUENCE (9)
|
form of western control- a sphere of influnece is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive trading privileges.
|
|
|
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA (9)
|
was the invasion, occupation, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism (1870–1914) period, between 1881 and 1914
|
|
|
PATERNALISTIC (9)
|
paternalistic view of africans, meaning they saw them as children in need of guidance.
|
|
|
KING LEOPOLD II (9)
|
king of belgium hired stanley to explore congo river and arrange trade treaties with african leaders. his activities set off scramble by other nations.
|
|
|
HORRORS OF CONGO (9)
|
leopold and other wealthy belgians exploited riches of congo (copper, rubber and ivory) brutilized villagers, population declines. africans were exploited
|
|
|
BOER WAR (9)
|
caused by discovery of diamonds and gold. 1899-1902 involved bitter guerilla fighting. british won at great costs.
|
|
|
SOUTH AFRICA (9)
|
1910 the british united the cape colony and the former boer republics into the union of south africa. the new constitution set up a gov run by whites and laid the foundation for a system of complete racial segregation that would remain until 1993
|
|
|
ETHIOPIA (9)
|
managed to resist european colonization and maintain its independence. only african nation aside from liberia to perserve its independence
|
|
|
MENELIK II (9)
|
late 1800s, menelik II began to modernize ethiopia. he hired european experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a western school system. he imported the latest weapons and european officers to train his army. they were prepared when italy invaded ethiopia in 1896 (battle of adowa)
|
|
|
MUHAMMAD ALI'S REFORMS (9)
|
an ambitious soldier appointed governor of egypt, "father of modern egypt". introduced a number of political and economic reforms, including improving tax collection, reorganizing the landholding system and backing large irrigation projects to increase farm output. brought western military experts to egypt to help him build a well trained, modern army.
|
|
|
SUEZ CANAL (9)
|
muhammads successors lacked his skills and egypt came increasingly under foreign control. ruler of egypt was unable to repay suez canal loans. to pay off his debt he sold his shares of the canal.
|
|
|
REASONS INDIA WAS EASY TO CONQUER (9)
|
the british were able to control so easily because diverse people and cultures made it difficult for the indian people to unite.
|
|
|
BRITISH POLICIES IN INDIA (9)
|
1. hindu widows allowed to remarry, 2. sepoys forced to serve abroad,
new rifles required biting cartridge. sepoys apposed biting the cartridges because it went against their religion. laws fuel rebellion |
|
|
SEPOY REBELLION (9)
|
angry sepoys rose against their british officers. some sepoy regiments marched to delhi. other brutally massacred british men, women and children. the revolts were crushed and british took terrible revenge. left bitter legacy on both sides.
|
|
|
DEFORESTATION (9)
|
britain transformed indian agriculture. encouraged nomadic herders to grow cash crops. clearing new farmlands let to massive deforestation.
|
|
|
POPULATION GROWTH/FAMINE (9)
|
british introduced medical improvements and new farming methods in india. better healthcare and increased food production led to rapid population growth. this put a strain on the food supply, terrible famines swept.
|
|
|
BENEFITS OF BRITISH RULE (9)
|
in india, british rule brought some degree of peace and order to the countryside. they revised the legal system to promote justice for indians regrdless of class or caste. railroads, telegraph and postal system improved communication. greater sense of national unity. upper class sent their kids to school and trained for civil service and military. cash crops made landowners rich.
|
|
|
BALANCE OF TRADE (CHINA) (9)
|
for centuries, chinese regulations had ensured that china had a favorable balance of trade with other nations. a nations balance of trade refers to the difference between how much they import and export. however, by the 1800s western nations were using their growing power to tilt the balance of trade with east asia in their power
|
|
|
TRADE SURPLUS (9)
|
when china sold european merchants silk, porcelain, and tea in exchange for gold and silver, they enjoyed a trade surplus of exported more than it import (sell more $$ than they buy) :)
|
|
|
TRADE DEFICIT (9)
|
westerners had a trade defecit with china buying more from the chinese than they sold :(
|
|
|
OPIUM WAR (9)
|
late 1700s british merchants made huge profits by trading opium grown in india for chinese tea. many chinese became addicted to the drug. china sold silver for payment of the drug, devistating chinese economy. chinese gov outlaws opium and calls british to stop trade. british refused on right of free trade. warships class and opium war is triggered. chinese easily defeated.
|
|
|
INDEMNITY (9)
|
payment for loss in a war. britain recieved huge indemnity after opium war. they gained hong kong. china had to open 5 ports to foreign trade and grant british citizens in china extraterritoriality, the right to live under thei r own laws and to be tried in their own courts
|
|
|
EXTRATERRITORIALITY (9)
|
british indemnity for opium war, granted british citizens in china extraterritoriality, the right to live under thei r own laws and to be tried in their own courts
|
|
|
TAIPING REBELLION (9)
|
most devestating peasant revolt in history. china, 1850 - 1864. leader, hong xiuquan called for an end to the hated qing dynasty. the taiping rebels took control of large parts of china and held out for 14 years. the gov crushed the rebellion. 20-30 million deaths.
|
|
|
FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR (CHINA) (9)
|
western powers and nearby japan began to modernize, japan joined the western imperialists in competition for global empire. in 1894, japanese pressure on china led to sino-japanese war. ended in disaster for china, japan gains taiwan
|
|
|
OPEN DOOR POLICY (9)
|
us feared that european powers might shut out american merchants so a few years later in 1899 it called for a policy to keep chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis. this policy was not consulted with the chinese.
|
|
|
BOXER REBELLION/UPRISING (9)
|
china in turmoil, anger grew against christian missionaries who threatened tradition chinese confucianism. prescence of foreign troops causes discontent. foreigners ignored chinese laws. anti foreign feeling finally exploded causing the boxer uprising. group of chinese had formed secret society (righteous harmonious fists) goal to drive out foreign "devils" boxers attacked foreigners across china. western powers and japan combat and crushed the boxers.
|
|
|
FUEDAL SYSTEM (JAPAN) (10)
|
in 1603 the tokugawas sezied power. the tokugawa shoguns reimposed centralized feudalism, closed japan to foreigners, and forbade japanese people to travel overseas. became isolated
|
|
|
SOCIAL DISCONTENT IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN (10)
|
for more than 200 years under tokugawa, japan developed in insolation. many strains in japanese society. diamyo needed money but only had land, samurai were unhappy because they lacked money to live as urban merchants. merchants resented their place at the bottom of the social ladder, they had no political power. peasants suffered under heavy taxes. gov tried to revive old ways, farming and traditional values but that caused corruption and discontent
|
|
|
EXTERNAL PRESSURES (10)
|
it would not be long before western powers turned towards japan after news of opium war. after they recieved the letter from matthew perry, they had no other option than to sign the treaty and open 2 ports. forced to sign unequal treaties.
|
|
|
MATTHEW PERRY (10)
|
july 1853 well armed american ships commanded by commodore matthew perry sailed into tokyo bay. he carried a letter from millard fillmore (pres of US) demanding that japan open its ports to trade.
|
|
|
THE MEIJI RESTORATION (10)
|
1868-1912 led by meiji after revolt that unseated tokugawan shogun. motto "a rich country, a strong military" adapted western ways
|
|
|
MODERN GOVERNMENT (10)
|
(japan) reformers wanted to make a strong central gov like those of western powers. adapted german model and issued the meiji constitution that all people were equal under the law. one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor. voting rights limited
|
|
|
DIET (10)
|
(japan) legislature, diet, that was formed, made up of one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor.
|
|
|
INDUSTRIALIZATION (10)
|
(japan) adopted western methods. set up modern banking system, built railroads, improved ports and organized telegraph and postal system. to start industries, gov built factories then sold them to wealthy business families. by 1890s industry was booming.
|
|
|
SOCIETAL CHANGES (10)
|
more people become involved in nation building, end of class distinction. gov set up schools and universities. hired westerners to teach new generation and to use modern technology. literacy increases and some women gain education, however are still lower.
|
|
|
HOMOGENOUS SOCIETY (10)
|
japan had a homogoneous society after the meiji period. people shared a common culture and language. became a strong enough force to reverse unequal treaties and conquer its own overseas empires
|
|
|
FIRST SINO JAPANESE WAR (JAPAN) (10)
|
as japan extended into korea, it came to conflict with china. 1894 competition between japan and china in korea led to first sino japanese war. china had greater recources and japan had benefited from moderniaztion. japan won easily. gained taiwan. joined west in race for empire
|
|
|
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (10)
|
10 years after sino japanese war japan challenged russia in korea and manchuria. japans armies defeated russian troops in manchuria. first time asian power defeated a european nation. 1905 japan gains control of korea and parts of manchuria.
|
|
|
KOREA (10)
|
japan made korea a protectorate then annexed it and ruled korea for 35 years. developed korea to benefit japan. koreans produced tons of rice but it went to japan. they repressed the koreans. korean nationalist movement. nonviolent protest against the japanese begin in 1919. the japanese crush the uprising.
|
|
|
FRENCH INDOCHINA (10)
|
french were building an empire on southeast asia mainland. christian missionaries from france and other european countries moved into vietnam and won some converts. vietnam felt threatened by growing western influence and tried to suppress christianity by killing converts and priests. in response, france invaded vietnam in 1858. france seized a portion of southern vietnam then took over the rest of vietnam and laos and cambodia. the french and westerners referred to those as french indochina.
|
|
|
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (10)
|
the spanish american war broke out in 1860 between spain and ths US over cubas attempts to win independence from spain. during the war, american battleships destroyed spanish fleet stationed near the philippines. encouraged by american officers, filipino rebel leaders declared independence from spain. in return for their help, the filipino rebels expected the americans to recognize their independence. instead, the US agreed to give spain $20 mil for control of the philippines.
|
|
|
CUBA (10)
|
at the end of the spanish american war, cuba was granted independence. the US forced cubans to give them naval bases in cuba and the right to intervene in cuban affairs.
|
|
|
CANADA (10)
|
canada won independence faster than other colonies because imperialist nations like britain felt that whites were capable of governing themselves.
|
|
|
CONSTITUTIONAL ACT OF 1791 (10)
|
to ease ethnic tensions, britain passed the consitituitonal act of 1791. the act created two province: english speaking upper canada and french speaking lower canada. each traditions were protected in their provinces. however unrest grew in both colonies. the people did not like the power held by a small group of elites who ran the government. in 1837 revolt flared in both places.
|
|
|
BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN ACT OF 1867 (10)
|
created a dominion of canada. a dominion is a self governing nation. it had its own parliament and some control over its own foreign policy. close ties to britain.
|
|
|
CONFEDERATION (10)
|
unification of british colonies (and all of canada)
|
|
|
DOMINION (10)
|
after canada became a confederation it became a dominion, self governing nation.
|
|
|
AUSTRALIA (10)
|
dutch in 1600s were first to europeans to reach australia. 1770 james cook claimed australia for britain. for a long time however, australia remained too distant to attract european settlers.
|
|
|
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (10) australia
|
aborigines. they spoke 250 different languages and suffered disastrously after settlers arrived
|
|
|
PENAL COLONY (10)
|
to fill prisons, britain made australia into a penal colony, a jail. they faced hardships
|
|
|
ENCOURAGEMENT TO SETTLE IN AUSTRALIA (10)
|
in the early 1800s britain encouraged free citizens to emigrate to australia by offering them land and tools. gold rush brings population boom and gold hunters kill the aborigines
|
|
|
AUSTRALIAN INDEPENDENCE (10)
|
1901 britain helped the colonies unite into the independent commonwealth of australia. constitution similar to britain and americas but allowed women the rught to vote. also the first nation to introduce the secret ballot. close ties to britain.
|
|
|
NEW ZEALAND (10)
|
1769 captain cook claimed new zealand for britain. missionaries landed in 1814 to convert indigenous people. white settlers were attracted to new zealands mild climate and good soil. they began to export wool, mutton and beef. 1840 britain annexed new zealand
|
|
|
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (10) new zealand
|
maori. the maori were concentrated in a small area. they were determined to defend their land. fierce wars with the maori who died of disease alcoholism and other misfortunes from the european colonists. by 1870s resistance crumbled
|
|
|
NEW ZEALAND INDEPENDENCE (10)
|
1907 they won independence with their own parliament, prime minister and elected legislature. close ties with britain
|
|
|
REASONS WHY BRITISH GRANTED INDEPENDENCE TO SOME BUT NOT OTHERS (10)
|
some won independence faster than other colonies because imperialist nations like britain felt that whites were capable of governing themselves.
|
|
|
BENITO JUAREZ (10)
|
in 1855, benito juarez, a liberal reformer of zapotec indian heritage, and other liberals gained power and opened an era known as la reforma. he helped unite mexico, bring mestizos into politics and separate church and state.
|
|
|
LA REFORMA (10)
|
era opened by benito juarez who offered hope to the oppressed people of mexico. he and his followers revised the mexican constitution to strip the military of power and end special priveleges of the church. ordered church to sell unused land. conservatives opposed la reforma and began a civil war. juarez was elected president and expanded his reforms. his opponents turned to europe for help and napolean III sent troops to mexico and set up archduke maximilian as emperor. juarezs forces battled the conservatives and the french. maximillian was captured and shot.
|
|
|
ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE ON US (10)
|
????????
|
|
|
MONROE DOCTRINE (10)
|
issued by monroe in 1820 said that the americas could no longer be conquered, however, the US lacked the military power to enforce the doctrine. britains strong navy discouraged european interference
|
|
|
PANAMA CANAL (10)
|
opened in 1914, cut the distance between a ships journey from NY to SF by thousands of miles. boosted trade and shipping worldwide.
|
|
|
TRIPLE ALLIANCE (11)
|
created by bismarck. 1882 he formed the triple alliance with italy and austria-hungary.
italy, austriahungary and germany become the central powers in WWI then italy is replaced by turkey. |
|
|
TRIPLE ENTENTE (11)
|
britain, france, later russia. become the allies
|
|
|
CAUSE OF WWI (11)
|
?
|
|
|
NATIONALISM (11)
|
?
|
|
|
MILITARISM (11)
|
?
|
|
|
IMPERIALISM (11)
|
?
|
|
|
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND (11)
|
serbian nationalists were angry at the archdukes visit to bosnia. terrorist kill him and his wife
|
|
|
ULTIMATUM (11)
|
austria sent serbia an ultimatum, or a final set of demands which was to avoid war and serbia must end all anti austrian agitation and punish any serbian official involved in the murder plot. it must even let austria join investigations. serbia agreed to most but not all. partial refusal gave austria opportunity it was seeking. 1914 austria declares war on serbia.
|
|
|
DOMINO EFFECT (HOW ALLIANCES LED TO ONE COUNTRY JOINING AFTER ANOTHER) (11)
|
A serbian person killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Serbia called for help and Russia answered declaring war on Austria-Hungary. Germany responded by coming to the aid of Austria-Hungary. Great Britain and France then declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany and the rest of Europe became involved.
|
|
|
ALLIES (LIST COUNTRIES) (11)
|
britain, france, russia, belgium, italy, US, serbia
|
|
|
CENTRAL POWERS (LIST COUNTRIES) (11)
|
austria hungary, germany, turkey
|
|
|
NEUTRALITY (11)
|
supporting neither side in a war
|
|
|
STALEMATE (11)
|
deadlock where neither side is able to defeat the other.
|
|
|
TRENCH WARFARE (11)
|
?
|
|
|
TECHNOLOGY OF WWI (11)
|
?
|
|
|
POISON GAS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
TANKS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
AIRPLANES (11)
|
?
|
|
|
ZEPPELINS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
SUBMARINES (11)
|
?
|
|
|
U-BOATS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
DARDANELLES (11)
|
vital strait that connected the black sea and the mediterranean
|
|
|
TOTAL WAR (11)
|
channelling of a nations entire resources into a war effort
|
|
|
CONSCRIPTION (11)
|
"the draft" whcih required all young men to be ready for military service
|
|
|
CONTRABAND (11)
|
?
|
|
|
LUISITANIA (11)
|
british liner topedoed by a german submarine 1915
|
|
|
PROPOGANDA (11)
|
?
|
|
|
WOMEN IN WAR EFFORT (11)
|
?
|
|
|
ZIMMERMAN NOTE (11)
|
?
|
|
|
US DECLARES WAR (11)
|
?
|
|
|
FOURTEEN POINTS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
SELF DETERMINATION (11)
|
?
|
|
|
WINNERS OF WWI (11)
|
?
|
|
|
PANDEMIC (11)
|
?
|
|
|
REPARATIONS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
RADICALS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
CASUALTIES OF WAR (11)
|
?
|
|
|
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (11)
|
?
|
|
|
TREATY OF VERSAILLES (11)
|
?
|
|
|
LEAGUE OF NATIONS (11)
|
?
|
|
|
NEW COUNTRIES AFTER WWI (11)
|
?
|
|
|
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (11)
|
?
|
|
|
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION (MARCH) (11)
|
?
|
|
|
OCTOBER REVOLUTION (NOVEMBER) (11)
|
?
|
|
|
PROLETARIAT (11)
|
?
|
|
|
BOURGEOISIE (11)
|
?
|
|
|
KARL MARX COMMUNISM (11)
|
?
|
|
|
LENINS APPLICATION OF COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA (11)
|
?
|
|
|
DUMA (11)
|
?
|
|
|
LENINS RETURN TO RUSSIA (11)
|
?
|
|
|
RASPUTIN (11)
|
?
|
|
|
ALEXANDRA (11)
|
?
|
|
|
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR (11)
|
?
|
