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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Khrushchev?
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He was the leader of USSR from 1953 to 1964, succeeder of Georgy Malenkov.
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What did Khrushchev tried to accomplish?
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-He tried to reduce tensions with the West, improve people's living standards.
-He tried to improve Soviet economy, revitalize Soviet society |
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How did Khrushchev try to improve the economy and revitalize the Soviet society?
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-He abolished many government ministries, and splitted up the party
-He rejuvenate agricultural sectors (by moving more people to Kazakhstan) |
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What happened to Khrushchev?
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He was alienated by the bureaucracy from the official class.
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What was he famous for?
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He implemented destalinization, gave freedom to writers, artists, and composers. At the mean time thousands were released from concentration camps.
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Was Khrushchev's policies successful?
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no, disappointing agricultural production and high military spending causes growth rate drop from 1953's 13% to 1964's 7.5%
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When was Khrushchev voted out?
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1964 during his vacation
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Who is Brezhnev?
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Leader of USSR from 1964 to 1982 (second Soviet leader after Stalin's death)
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How'd he sought stability in domestic area?
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-He started the program of "de-Khrushchevization"
-He returned power to central ministries -He reunited the Communist Party |
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What did Brezhnev tried to reform?
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Agriculture
-Increased capital investment in agriculture -Raising food prices to increase rural income -Additional incentives(bonus) to collective farmers Industrial Sector -Factory managers had more responsibility and power -There weren't much effect due to resistance from bureaucracy |
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Which policy did Brezhnev retreated from?
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-Destalinization
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Why were people fear of destalinization?
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Feared that destalinization could lead to internal instability and decline in public trust
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Who's Joseph Stalin?
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Leader of USSR during and after WW2, until his death in 1953
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What did Joseph Stalin focused on? What was the side effects of it?
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He focused on heavy industry, which causes living conditions low in USSR for commoners.
Heavy industry growth miraculous (achieved through forced manual labor) |
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Who is Yeltsin?
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Leader of Russia from 1991 to 1999
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What did Yeltsin granted in 1991?
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He granted temporary power to rule by decree
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Who opposed Yeltsin's ideas of free-market economy?
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Communist Party members
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How did Yeltsin "fought" the communist?
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-Created Russian constitution, two-chamber parliament, strong presidency
-Ordered military to storm parliament building and arrest hard-line opponents |
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What were the consequences of Yeltsin's failed economic reforms?
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-the communist party has a rising popularity
-growing strength of nationalist -Industrial output dropped by more than one-third -Unemployment levels and prices rose dramatically |
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What are the reasons of Yeltsin's failed reform?
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-tried to change the structure too fast
-didn't change the mentality of the Russians |
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Who's Putin?
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He is a former member of KGB, leader of Russia from 1999 to 2008
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What are Putin's policies and plans?
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-Planned to regulate political parties and centralize power in hands of central government
-Improved relations with China and cooperated with European nations (in turn to undercut US dominance) -Tightened relations with old Soviet parts, mutual political and economic cooperation -Tried to restore pride to Russians as living standard reduce |
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Who's Yuri Andropov?
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Leader of USSR from 1982-1984
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What was Yuri Anropov's job before he became a Soviet leader?
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-Soviet ambassador to Hungary in 1956, he played a key role in crushing the rebellion there
-Appointed head of the KGB in 1967, worked tirelessly to suppress opposition inside USSR and in East-bloc countries |
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What were Yuri Andopov's policies and plans?
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-He attempted to improve the economy by cracking down on disorganization, absenteeism, and alcoholism
-Ordered arrsts of Soviet officials suspected of corruption and negligence - |
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Who was Gorbachev's promotion suggested by?
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Gorbachev
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Who's Konstantin Chernenko?
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Party Chair and Head of State after Andropov's death
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What happened to Konstantin Chernenko during his term?
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His health immediately deteriorated after his election, and he spent long periods either in hospital, on vacation, or in a wheelchair.
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Who's Gorbachev?
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USSR leader from 1985-1991
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What did Gorbachev do during his term?
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-He helped reorganize the collective farms, improve worker's living conditions, expand the size of their private plots, and give them a greater voice in planning
-reforms USSR, which eventually causes the breakdown -endorsed multi-candidate elections and non-party candidates -withdrawal Red Army from Afghanistan -Meet with U.S President proposes nuclear disarmament -Resigns as President in a famous TV speech on Dec 25, 1990 |
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What happened during Gorbachev's term?
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-The Soviet press became far less controlled, thousands of political prisoners and many dissidents are released
-1989 elections to a new parliament the Congress of People's Deputies was held -Berlin Wall was opened -1990 independence minded activists in the Baltic States and the Caucasus regions challenge Moscow |
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Who's Antonin Novavotny?
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Leader of Czechoslovakia, his policies led to widespread popular alienation in late 1960s.
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Who's Boris Pasternak?
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An USSR poet who won Nobel Prize in 1958 for novel Doctor Zhivago
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What was the book 'Doctor Zhivago' about?
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It describes a society scarred by the excesses of Bolshevik revolutionary zeal.
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What is 'People's Democracies'?
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-Name given to Eastern European Communist governments
-"An early stage in socialist development"--Karl Marx -Focused on heavy industry -Had collectivized agriculture |
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What does Glasnost means?
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Openness
-criticizing the government was allowed |
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What does Perestroika means?
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Restructuring- reform programs for economy
-difficult to implement, resistance from conservatives who feared change, from radicals who wanted decisive measure -failed |
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Little Stalin
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Leaders in Eastern Europe that implemented same policies and created similar cult of personalities, like Stalin
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Destalinization
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Process of reducing Stalin influence on government, such as revealing Stalin's acts of terror and shortcoming, as well as changing Stalin's policies
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Queue Psychology
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-Formed from lack of consumer goods in USSR
-Soviet citizens automatically got in line when there's a queue forming in front of a store, because they never knew when something might be available again |
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Who's Alexander Dubcek?
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He was a Czech leader and reformer.
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What was Alexander Dubcek accused for?
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Other Easter European countries accuse him as siding with the West, but he just wanted to improve economy and living standards of the people.
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Who is Alexander Solzhenitsyn?
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-He's a famous USSR writer who wrote a book about Soviet concentration camps.
-He Published The First Circle in 2006 |
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Who's Imre Nagy?
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-He's a Hungarian leader.
-He wasn't about to control passionate members in his party -He promised free election -USSR moves in, took over the gov -He tried to escape, but later caught and executed. |
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Who's Karl Marx?
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-Creator of Communism
-Wrote 'The Communist Manifesto', which outlined need for Socialism and Communism |
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Who's Viktor Pelevin?
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-Famous USSR novelist, author of 'Yellow Arrow'
-Critically depicts the Russian people trapped on a never-ending train ride -too scared to leave the train to embark on a new life |
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Who's Janos Kadar?
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-Replaced Nagy in Hungary after USSR intervention
-Trashed most Nagy's policies and instituted the USSR ones -Labeled "butcher of Budapest", but preserved many of Nagy's reforms, allow some capitalist incentive and freedom of expression in Hungary |
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Who's Wladyslaw Gomulka?
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-Popular Polish leader
-Took steps to ease crisis of public demonstrations and some riots -Khrushchev warned him against adopting policies he doesn't like -they reached compromise and policy of "internal reform, external loyalty" |
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Who's Erich Honecker?
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...
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Imagine you are a Soviet reformer
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...
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Imagine you are in an Eastern European protest movement
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What is Gorbachev's place in history?
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Good or bad?
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Hungary, 1956
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-Nagy's reforms, led to USSR invasion of Hungary and replacing Nagy with hard-liner Janos Kadar
-USSR troops met with much resistance, violence occurred -Nagy eventually arrested and executed |
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Czechoslovakia, 1968
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Last Page of the Sheet
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Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" of 1956
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-Speech against Stalin, given three years after Stalin's death
-Signals beginning of destalinization -Not meant for public, but leaked out -Created big sensation throughout the world |
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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-If a communist country started to go back towards capitalism, other communist countries would take action to stop it doing so
-Came out of Czechoslovakia incident -Practiced multiple times |
