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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What became known as the second industrial revolution?
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The boom in the oil industry.
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What led production to skyrocket?
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New technology, particularly in the steel and oil industries.
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What happened after production increased?
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Their was created advances in technology and transportation, most notably the American railroad system.
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Bessemer Process?
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A new method in the 1850s that made steel-making faster and cheaper.
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How many tons of steel was being turned out in 1873 in American steel mills?
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about 115,000 tons of steel.
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What was the output by 1910?
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It had soared to 24 million tons, making the United States the world's top producer of steel.
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What helped trasnform the United States into a modern industrial economy?
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Steel
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What was steel used for?
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to make railroad locomotives and rails, bigger bridges, and taller buildings.
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What was good about factories equipped with steel machinery?
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It could turn out more manufactured goods.
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What did the low cost of steel do?
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It made it practical for everyday items such as nails and wire.
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What happened to train tracks in the 1850s?
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It had already crisscrossed the Northeast and reached into the Southeast and the Great Lakes area.
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What happened between 1865 and 1890?
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The number of miles of railroad track jumped nearly fivefold.
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How did the federal government help?
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It helped by giving the railroads millions of acres of land,
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What did cheap steel do?
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It helped railroads expand.
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What did Congress authorize?
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Two companies to build rail lines to the West Coast.
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What did workers do for six and a half years?
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Raced to complete the first transcontinental railroads, one that crossed the country.
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Where were the Union Pacific tracks laid?
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Westward from Omaha.
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Why did the work go fairly quickly?
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Much of the land was prairie or gently rolling hills.
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Where di Central Pacific workers lay there tracks?
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From the west, starting in Sacramento California.
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What did these workers labor?
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Tough terrain, crossing deserts and blasting tunnels through mountains on the California-Nevada border.
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What did the workers also face?
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Indian attacks.
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What happened on May 10, 1869?
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The two rail lines met at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory, linking east and west.
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What happened throughout the country?
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Railroads expanded, creating a vast railroad network.
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What did railroads promote?
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Traade and provided jobs.
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What did the railroads speed up?
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Settlement of the West, cutting travel time from months to days,
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What happened where railroads were built?
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New towns sprang up.
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What did railroads led?
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The adoption of standard time.
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How did people use to keep time?
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The position of the sun.
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When it was noon in Chicago what was the time everywhere else?
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In Indianapolis is was 12:07 p.m. In Pittsburgh it was 12:31 p.m.
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How many different local times where in Michigan?
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At least 27 different local times.
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What did running a railroad require>
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An accurate timekeeping.
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What did a New York school principal proposed?
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Dividing the earth into time zones.
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What would all communities within the a single time zone do>
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Set their clocks alike,
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What embraced the idea of a single time zone>
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Railroads
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What did Congress do in 1918?
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Adopt a standard time of the nation.
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What were entrepreneurs?
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Risk taker who starts new ventures within the economic system of capitalism.
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What is Capitalism?
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An economic system in which most businesses are privately owned.
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What does Laisssez-faire mean?
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In French meaning "allow to do;" in business, it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government.
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What is social Darwinism?
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A view of society based on Charles Darwin's scientific theory of natural selection.
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In the study of nature what has the British scientist Charles Darwin conclude?
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That members of a species compete for survival.
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What did stronger members do>
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Adapt to the environment and thrive while weaker ones gradually die out in a process called natural selection.
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What did Social Darwinist believe?
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That natural selection also applied to society.
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What would stronger people, business ,and nations do>
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Make weaker ones fail.
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What was the response to changes in industry?
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A new type of business organization developed.
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What is a corporation?
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A business with the legal status of an individual.
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Who owns corporations?
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People who buy stock, or shares, in the company.
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What does a board of directors do?
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Make decisions.
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What do corporate officers do?
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Run day-to-day operations.
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What were corporate organizations advantages?
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Raise money by selling stock, and can continue to exist after its founders leave.
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What happen to competition in the 1800s?
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It was fierce because some competing companies merged to form a trust.
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How did board of trustees run companies?
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Like a single corporation.
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What happened when a trust gained complete control over an industry such as sugar?
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It held a monopoly.
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What are the pros of monopoly's?
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It had no competition and could raise prices and lower quality at will.
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What happened as businesses grew ever larger?
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Some corporate leaders amassed staggering fortunes which was known as the Gilded Age.
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John D. Rockefeller
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American industrialist and philanthropist; he made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business.
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Andrew Carnegie
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American industrialist and humanitarian; he focused his attention on steel making and made a fortune through his vertical integration method.
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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American business leader who controlled the New York Central Railroad and up to 4,500 miles of railroad track. He later donated $1 million to a Tennessee university.
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George Pullman
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American business leader who made a fortune in the railroad business by designing and building railroad cars, including a sleeper car.
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What were retail merchants looking for?
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New Ways to maximize their profits.
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What did retail merchants turn to?
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New forms of marketing, including clever brand names and advertising aimed at women.
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How was shopping made easier?
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Shoppers oculd find many different goods under one roof in separate departments for clothing, cookware, and so one.
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What happened in rural areas?
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People could now purchase a huge variety of goods from shoes to entire houses from the catalogs sent out by mail-order companies.
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What happened in the laissez-faire climate of the late 1800s?
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The government had little concern ofr workers.
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How much money were industrial workers scraping by on?
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Less than $500 per year.
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Where the rich very rich or just poor?
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Very rich
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What did the government grow uneasy about?
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The power of corporations.
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What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?
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It made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade.
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What happened to the Sherman Antitrust Act?
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It was ineffective, but since the government prosecuted only a few companies.
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What were many factory workers>
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European immigrants and rural Americans who came to the cities for work.
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What kind of jobs did African Americans generally hold?
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Lower paying jobs as laborers or household help.
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What were many industrial workers?
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Children
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How did the workers work?
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12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, in unhealthy conditions. They had no paid vacation, no sick leave, and no compensation for workplace injuries which were common.
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What happened by the late 1800s?
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Working conditions were so bad that more workers began to organize.
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What happened when the workers began to band together?
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Organized labor hoped to pressure employers into giving better pay and safer workplaces.
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What was the first effective group?
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The knights accepted unskilled workers, women, African Americans and even employers.
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What did the knights campaigned for?
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An eight-hour workday, the end of child labor, and equal pay for equal work.
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What did the union prefer at first?
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Boycotts and negotiation to strikes.
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What did strikes soon become?
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A common tactic
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