History Final Exam Flash

Front 1

Key themes of Christian West

Back 1

1. Regionalism

2. Rural Society

3. Decentralization (exception: church and pope)

Front 2

Key institution and key individual of Christian West

Back 2

Institution: Church

Individual: Pope

Front 3

Key foundations of Christian West society

Back 3

1. Roman traditions

2. Germanic elements

3. Christian beliefs

Front 4

Key differences between the Roman Catholic Church (West) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (East)

Back 4

West (Roman Catholic): Jesus- He is here to take away sins.

Attitude: They believed the East was barbaric.

East (Eastern Orthodox Church): Jesus- Saw Jesus coming to Earth as a human being to purify humans.

Attitude: Thought the West was "too intellectual" and thought they were cunning and devious.

Front 5

Goal of the Charlemagne Empire

Back 5

Sought recognition not only as king but as emperor also and intended to do this through right of conquest, unification of western europe and they intended to withhold the empire mindset through rule and appearance.

Front 6

Two main components of the Medieval Church

Back 6

1. Monks and Monasteries

2. Pope and Vatican

Front 7

Internal colonization of Western Europe

Back 7

Started to chop down woods and forests for more space for manors.

Impact: Allowed the catholic church to set up parishes.

Front 8

Why did the vikings invade?

Back 8

1. Decline of the Abbasid Dynasty and failed conquest of Constantinople (due to the wall)

2. Lack of resources and land at home.

3. Spirit of adventure/exploration

4. Charlemagne's poor leadership made conquering easy.

Front 9

What are the impacts of the Vikings invasions?

Back 9

1. Helped start the foundation of a unified England.

2. Led to a distinctive Anglo-Saxon culture.

3. Led to a period of decentralization in Europe and search for order which enhanced the pope, church and local lords.

Front 10

Key end result of the viking invasions

Back 10

Western Europe reverted to localism and a system of feudalism and/or manorialism.

Front 11

Peasant life revolved around

Back 11

1. Farming: Main way of living

2. Family: Lived with family your whole life

3. Faith: Catholic church

Front 12

What motivated war with the crusades

Back 12

1. Muslims- Believed in the Allah, and that is not the true God.

2. Islamic takeover of West Asia

3. Reconquista: Take back areas that are under Islamic control.

Front 13

What caused the Crusades?

Back 13

1. Byzantine Empire requests help of the pope, Islam was cutting off their trade and Byzantine needed their help to get rid of them.

Front 14

End results of the Crusades

Back 14

1. Failed to meet original goals

2. Boosted western commerce

3. Later inspired European explorations

4. Knowledge

5. New technologies

6. Spirit of the renaissance

Front 15

Role of Pope Urban II

Back 15

1. Changed the meaning of war

2. Persuaded knights that if they went on the Crusades that they would be cleansed and absolved of their sins.

Front 16

Pope Urban II goal

Back 16

Recapture the holy land

Front 17

Key point of the Umayyad Caliphate

Back 17

1. Wanted to create unified Uma (community)

2. Dynastic leadership

Front 18

Success of the Umayyad Caliphate

Back 18

Expanded Islam from the peak of Spain to Afghanistan

Front 19

Impact of the Umayyad Empire

Back 19

Wanted to keep culture and the linguistics of Islam

Front 20

Key theme of Abbasid Caliphate Empire

Back 20

Consolidation over conquest

Front 21

Key point of the Abbasid Caliphate Empire

Back 21

Social renaissance

Front 22

End result of the Abbasid Caliphate Empire

Back 22

Kicked off the golden age of learning in the Islamic World.

Front 23

Foundations of the Mughal Empire

Back 23

1. Islamic ruling elite but the population remains Hindu and they use Mongol war tactics.

2. Adaptable

Front 24

How did Akbar rule?

Back 24

1. Brought tolerance via:

.Married Hindu princess

.Abolished the taxes on Hindus and Non-Muslims.

.Military expansion

.Allowed Indians to work in bureaucracy, more inclusive.

Front 25

Golden Age characteristics of the Mughal Empire

Back 25

1. Helped spread Islam

2. Took control of the Indian Ocean trade.

3. Blended the Persian Heritage with Islamic faith.

4. Taj Mahal

Front 26

Key themes of the Song Dynasty

Back 26

1. Focus on itself, not expansion.

2. Create Chinese identity.

Front 27

Economic foundations of the Song Empire

Back 27

1. Silk road trade

2. Agrarian base

3. Manufacturing

Front 28

Key developments of the Song Empire

Back 28

1. Iron plows

2. Use of water buffalo

3. Piston driven bellows

4. Use of gunpowder

5. Porcelain industry

6. Flying cash (paper money)

Front 29

Political developments of the Song Empire

Back 29

1. The emperor was the final examiner for the civil service exam

2. Led oath of allegiance, pledge loyalty to the emperor.

**This brought about a new ruling elite.

Front 30

What was the main point of the Ming Dynasty?

Back 30

1. Hung Wu's explorations

2. Wanted to control trade and get tribute

Front 31

Key themes of the Ming

Back 31

1. Restoration of Chinas glory

2. Centralization

Front 32

Key ruler of the Ming and characteristics

Back 32

Key ruler: HongWu

Characterisitics:

. Military successes (conquests/consolidations)

. Imperial rule (dynastic mindset)

. Forbidden city (symbol of power and prestige)

. Bureaucracy directly under his control (loyalty)

. Mandate of heaven (lavish ceremonies/rituals)

.An appearance of the guardian/caretaker mindset towards ordinary people and rural areas.

. Terror tactics

Front 33

Key point of trade and exploration

Back 33

Take control and get tribute

Front 34

Why did Zheng He not colonize the Americas?

Back 34

Believed they were superior to the Americans and they had nothing to take from them.

Front 35

Two historical views of the Columbus voyages

Back 35

1. Strictly about exploitation, conquest and economics.

2. His discovery was a turning point in world history.

Front 36

Impacts of the Columbus voyages

Back 36

1. Globalization/connection between separated peoples.

2. World diet changes with introduction to new foods.

3. New chapter to world history.

Front 37

Legacies of the Mongols

Back 37

1. Expanded commerce and connected Asian to European trade routes.

2. Spread ideas(religious beliefs and scientific methods)

3. Spread weapons (gunpowder, cannons, firearms)

4. Spread diseases (bubonic plague)

Front 38

Reasons for the Mongol success

Back 38

1. Fighting skills

2. Unity and discipline

3. Reconnaissance

4. Terror and intimidation

5. Borrowed ideas and techniques

6. Leadership (Ghengis Khan)

Front 39

Characteristics of Central Asian nomads

Back 39

1. Small populations

2. Simple societies

3. Nomadic society

4. Herding and horsemanship were their livelihood.

Front 40

Keys to success for Ghengis Khan (Temujin)

Back 40

1. Charisma

2. Loyalty

3. Religious convictions (he was doing what he thought god wanted him to do)

Front 41

What was Kublai Khan's main successes

Back 41

1. Unified China

2. Best ruler of the three grandsons

3. Kept Mongol warfare but adopted and adapted to Chinese ways.

Front 42

Why did the Mongol empire fall?

Back 42

1. Better at conquest than governing

2. Black death

Front 43

What was they key to success for the Ottoman Empire?

Back 43

Military strength

Front 44

What was the key themes of society in the Ottoman Empire?

Back 44

Flexibility and tolerance

Front 45

Ottoman government synthesis

Back 45

. Sultans exclusive right to rule (Persian: tolerance and flexibility) (Byzantium: head of church and state).

. Four pillars of tolerance (Turkish)

. Islamic laws and customs (Arab)

Front 46

Reasons for Spanish victory over Aztecs

Back 46

1. Toltec legend of the God

2. Timing of the Spanish arrival (harvest season for Aztecs)

3. Misinterpretations of Spanish hinder Aztecs

4. Cortes leadership skills

5. Small pox effect

6. Spanish military technology

7. Aztec policy of domination and exploitation haunts them.

Front 47

Reasons for Spanish victory over Incas

Back 47

1. Spanish military advantage

2. Small pox

3. Atahualpa's underestimation of Spanish military powers

4. Took support of Inca groups

5. Pizzaros deception of Ahahualpas

Front 48

Two key characteristics that handicapped the Aztecs and Incas

Back 48

1. Emperor's were too hesitant in the conquest

2. They were too isolated to receive any information on the spanish.

Front 49

Aztec expertise

Back 49

1. Chinampas (platforms)

2. Causeways

3. Revolutionary architecture

Front 50

Importance of Aztec religion and impact

Back 50

Human sacrifice led to continuous warfare and conquest.

Front 51

Aztec social classes

Back 51

1. Tecuhili (Warrior elite)

2. Merchant class

3. Artisan caste

4. Commoners (Macehualtin)

5. Slaves (Tlatacotin)

Front 52

Inca conquest methods

Back 52

1. Advanced warning system of attacks

2. Diplomacy then force

3. Assimilation

Front 53

Social structure of the Inca empire

Back 53

1. Emperor (Sapa Inca)

2. Inca Caste (blood relatives and curacas)

3. Commoners

Front 54

African societies: two major developments that foster first connections between societies

Back 54

1. Bantu migrations (most advanced/sophisticated tribe).

2. Spread of Islam

Front 55

Climate zones in the African societies

Back 55

1. Sahara: Extremely hot and humid. Lot of nomadic peoples.

2. Sahel: Coastal living. The middle part is dry and arid. No major cities.

3. Savanna: Grasslands. More complex societies here. Have domesticated animals.

4. West central Africa zone. Has rainforests, jungles and plains. Small populations most live in villages.

Front 56

What do all the African climate zones have in common?

Back 56

1. Isolation (geography and climate)

2. Diversity and bantu migrations

3. Legend and folklore (oral history)

4. Local rulers (Clans or kingdom)

Front 57

Kush culture

Back 57

The Kush has ivory, gold and slaves.

Front 58

Maroe culture

Back 58

More independent than the Kush. Copied Egypts pharaoh system and the pyramids. Call their kings pharaohs. Their key to independence is their iron works and textiles.

Front 59

African complex societies

Back 59

The Nok and the Mande

Front 60

Characteristics of the Nok (complex society)

Back 60

Rose out of the Savanna. They rely on iron works but they trade it. Their figurines are precious to the fertility gods.

Front 61

Characteristics of the Mande (complex society)

Back 61

Also have iron works and textiles but what makes them more advanced is their long distance trade.

Front 62

Bantu migrations and culture

Back 62

Most sophisticated tribe. They had one common language but over 400 different dialects of that language. Brought a common language and then through that they established communication. They also had advanced agriculture. They passed on language and culture and agricultural techniques through migration.

Front 63

Where did the Bantu's migrate?

Back 63

From the Congo to the East Coast and the second wave was from the Congo southward.

Front 64

East vs West Bantus

Back 64

The East Bantu's have centralized city states and villages under a divine right king. The West Bantu's have small scale societies. They live in tribal villages that are led by one family or clan. Broken into age groups. All Bantu's believed in spirits.

Front 65

Characteristics of Islamic Africa

Back 65

Islam helped transform the trans-saharan trade on west african muslims. It established Islamic faith and cultural dominance, gold trade routes, beginnings of slave trade in Africa, urbanization of west african kingdoms. More control and centralization under Islam.

Front 66

Characteristics of the Mali Empire

Back 66

Advanced in calvary and horses. They traded gold, agricultural crops and slaves. Mansa Musa was the key ruler. He incorporated islamic customs and traditions into their native african ways.

Front 67

Mali Empire key to society

Back 67

A lot of large urban cities, stone walls and structures. Timbuktu was the center of trade and had 3 of the largest Mosks in the world.

Front 68

East african trade

Back 68

Traded gold, ivory, slaves. The slave trade was the key to success

Front 69

East african city states

Back 69

city-states was the political makeup.

Front 70

East african slavery

Back 70

Slavery wasn't really attached to the color of your skin. It was not permanent it was temporary.

Front 71

Different types of slavery pre-european contact

Back 71

Prisoners of war (POW)

Criminals

Debtors

Servitude

Front 72

two major historical interpretations on why the slave trade expanded

Back 72

1. Were they already racist?

2. Did racism evolve from economics?