History Final Mcgough

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Urban Society

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A system in which cities are the center of political, economical, and social life

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Secular

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Wordly

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Mercenaries

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A soldier who sells his service to the highest bidder

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Renaissance

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The cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome.

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Nobility

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the group of people belonging to the noble class in a country, especially those with a hereditary or honorary title.

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Dowry

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property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.

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Humanism

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an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.

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Vernacular

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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Fresco

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a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries.

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Salvation

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deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ.

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Indulgence

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a thing that is indulged in; a luxury.

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Ninety-Five Thesis

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Disputation on the power of indulgences were written by Martin Luther and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

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Lutheranism

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a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483-1546) — a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.

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Justification

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the action of declaring or making righteous in the sight of God.

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Predestination

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(as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

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Annul

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declare invalid (an official agreement, decision, or result).

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anti-Semitism

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hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

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Circumnavigate

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sail all the way around (something, especially the world).

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Conquistadors

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a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

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Encomienda

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a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

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Columbian Exchange

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refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.

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Colony

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one and occupied by settlers from that country.

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Mercantilism

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

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Plantation

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an estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor.

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Triangular Trade

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a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another.used to refer to the trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that involved shipping goods from Britain to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves, these slaves being shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, rum, and other commodities, which were in turn shipped back to Britain.

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Middle Passage

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the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

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Hierarchy

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a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

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Viceroy

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ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.

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Militant

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combative and aggressive in support of a political or social cause, and typically favoring extreme, violent, or confrontational methods.

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Armada

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a Spanish naval invasion force sent against England by Philip II of Spain in 1588. It was defeated by the English fleet and almost completely destroyed by storms off the Hebrides.

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Huguenot

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a French Protestant of the 16th–17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

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Inflation

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a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

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Divine Right

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The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. This belief was common through the seventeenth century and was urged by such kings as Louis xiv of France.

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Puritans

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a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

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Limited Monarchy

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A government in which a monarch agrees to share power with a parliament and abide by a constitution; also known as a constitutional monarchy.

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Absolute Monarchy

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or despotic monarchy is a monarchical form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people. An absolute monarch wields unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its people.

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Absolutism

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the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

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Natural Rights

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are those that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable (i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws).

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Janissaries

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a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.a devoted follower or supporter.

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Nomadic

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A nomad is someone who lives by traveling from place to place. Nomadic thus means anything that involves moving around a lot. Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes follow the animals they hunt, carrying tents with them.

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Suttee

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the former Hindu practice of a widow throwing, burning

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Daimyo

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(in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun.

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Kabuki

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a form of traditional Japanese drama with highly stylized song, mime, and dance, now performed only by male actors, using exaggerated gestures and body movements to express emotions, and including historical plays, domestic dramas, and dance pieces.

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Geocentric

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having or representing the earth as the center, as in former astronomical systems.

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Heliocentric

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having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system.

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Rationalism

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a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response."scientific rationalism"

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Scientific Method

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a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

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Inductive Reasoning

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is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning is often used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, or behavior.

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Philosophe

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one of the deistic or materialistic writers and thinkers of the 18th century French Enlightenment.

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Deism

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belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.

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Physiocrats

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a member of an 18th-century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Advocating adherence to a supposed natural order of social institutions, they also stressed the necessity of free trade.

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laissez-faire

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a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

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Social Contract

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In moral and political philosophy, the social contract or political contract is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

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Salon

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an establishment where a hairdresser, beautician, or couturier conducts business.synonyms: establishment, premises; More2.a reception room in a large house.

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Enlightened Absolutism

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Enlightened absolutism, also known as enlightened despotism and benevolent absolutism, is a form of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs embrace rationality.

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Confederation

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an organization that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league.

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Federal System

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A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units. b. Advocacy of such a system of government. 2. Federalism The doctrine of the Federalist Party.

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Bourgeoisie

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.(in Marxist contexts) the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

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Proletariat

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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

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Bicameral

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(of a legislative body) having two branches or chambers.

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Coup d'etat

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sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

(among North American Indians) an act of touching an armed enemy in battle as a deed of bravery, or an act of first touching an item of the enemy's in order to claim it.

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Nationalism

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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

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Capital

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the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center.2.wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.

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Urbanization

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word for becoming more like a city. When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas. This is called urbanization. Maybe tall apartment buildings spring up on what had been the outskirts of town, bringing more people there to live and work.

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Socialism

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a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

policy or practice based on the political and economic theory of socialism.

(in Marxist theory) a transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism.

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Conservative

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holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.

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Liberal

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open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.

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Militarism

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the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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Realpolitik

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is politics or diplomacy based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral and ethical premises.

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Emancipate

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set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions.

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Imperialism

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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Social Darwinism

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term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest."

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Partician

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especially with reference to a country with separate areas of government) the action or state of dividing or being divided into parts."the country's partition into separate states"

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Sepoy

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Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.

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Archipelago

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a group of islands.a sea or stretch of water containing many islands.

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Boxers

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a member of a fiercely nationalistic Chinese secret society that flourished in the 19th century. In 1899 the society led a Chinese uprising ( the Boxer Rebellion ) against Western domination that was eventually crushed by a combined European force, aided by Japan and the US.

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Nationalism

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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.advocacy of political independence for a particular country.

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Conscription

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compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

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Ultimatum

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final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation or a breakdown in relations.

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Mobilization

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the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Russian army during the 1850s and 1860s.

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Trench Warfare

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a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

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Blockade

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an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.

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U-Boat

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a German submarine used in World War I or World War II.

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Armistice

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an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

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Reparations

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the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged.

the compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.

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General Strike

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strike of workers in all or most industries.

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Maginot Line

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a zone of heavy defensive fortifications erected by France along its eastern border in the years preceding World War II, but outflanked in 1940 when the German army attacked through Belgium. 2. any elaborate line of defense or set of barriers.

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Fascism

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an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

(in general use) extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practice.

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Mein Kampf

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an autobiography by the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess.

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Nuremberg Laws

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The Nuremberg Laws were two laws which excluded the Jews from German life, as well as took away some of their natural rights. They were first declared at the annual Nazi rally held in Nuremberg in 1935.

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Kristallnacht Riots

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known as The Night of the Broken Glass. On this night, November 9, 1938, almost 200 synagogues were destroyed, over 8,000 Jewish shops were sacked and looted, and tens of thousands of Jews were removed to concentration camps.

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Appeasement

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the action or process of appeasing.

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Anschluss

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as the Nazi propaganda term for the annexing of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. German spelling, until the German orthography reform of 1996, was Anschluß and it was also known as the Anschluss Österreichs

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Sanction

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a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.

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Blitzkrieg

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an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.

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Luftwaffe

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is a generic German term for an air force. It was also the official name for the Nazi air force founded in 1935. Led by Hermann Goering, it became the largest and most powerful in Europe by the start of World War Two.

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Genocide

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the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

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Einsatzgruppen

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Einsatzgruppen (German for "task forces", "deployment groups"; singular Einsatzgruppe; official full name Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II.

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holocaust

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destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war.

a Jewish sacrificial offering that is burned completely on an altar.

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NATO / Warsaw Pact

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A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact.

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Detente

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the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

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Apartheid

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(in South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.segregation on grounds other than race.

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Intifada

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the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987.

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Hamas / Hezbollah

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Elections in Gaza and the West Bank are supposedly planned for later in the year. Fatah and Hamas are both predominately Sunni Muslim. Hezbollah, based to the North of Israel in Lebanon, is a major political party, with a militant wing, representing Shiite Muslims.

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Tienanmen Square

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a large plaza in central Beijing, China: noted especially as the site of major student demonstrations in 1989 suppressed by the government

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Vietnam War

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The Vietnam War (1955–75) was a Cold War conflict pitting the U.S. and the remnants of the French colonial government in South Vietnam against the indigenous but communist Vietnamese independence movement, the Viet Minh, following the latter's expulsion of the French in 1954