History Final

Front 1

Tigris and Euphrates

Back 1

two rivers surrounding Mesopotamia. They provided fertile soil from the water and crop growth which lead to a blossoming population around the rivers.

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Equal-field system

Back 2

Government distribution of land during the Tang Dynasty to avoid the unfair social problems of previous dynasties. It was distributed based on the fertility of the land and on the needs of the person receiving the land. It was an example of centralization.

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Theme System

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established by the byzantine empire where specific areas where ruled by generals for military defense and to keep control of the empire.It allowed the Byzantine empire to rule a larger area and have better defenses against invaders

Front 4

Code of Hammurabi

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Standards for behavior and stern punishments for violators in Mesopatamia.Based on lex talionis, or the law of retaliation. Created to bring justice to an area in which the belief of no afterlife provided no consequences for one’s actions

Front 5

Five pillars of Islam

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Founded by Kong Fuzi (Confusius) in China
Confucianism promoted human relationships, qualified government officials, the importance of education and social activism. China was in a period of chaos because o the dynasties being overthrown. Confucianism brought back some order.

Front 6

Legalism

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Legalism ultimately restored order and unified China
Focuses on the well being of the state, holistically, unlike Confuscianism
Encouraged military service or cultivation over other careers like educators and merchants

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Confucianism

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Believed that people are inherently bad
Legalism is about what serves the intereest of the state

Front 8

Five Pillars of Islam

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Founded by Muhummad
It governed every Muslim’s everyday life
Of the Five Pillars, four concern practice (acts, deeds or endeavors) that adherents must fulfill (prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage)
Part of the salvation for the religion of Islam

Front 9

Colombian Exchange

Back 9

During the European Exploration and after the voyage of Columbus, the Columbian Exchange became the global diffusion of everything, which included plants, food crops, animals, human population, and diseases. The main disease was smallpox, which wiped out most of the native people, such as the Aztecs. Even though many people died, the population doubled because there was more food resulting in healthier people.

Front 10

Manors

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These are large estates, which are self-sufficient communities owned by lords in Medieval Europe. They provided regional stability in the absence of an Empire. The lords controlled the government, administration, police services, and provided justice in the manors. The serfs, or the lower class people, provided all the labor.

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Latifunda

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A massive plantation in the Roman Empire. The owners used slave labor to put the small farms out of business. This was only used by the wealthy people, which increased the poverty because the small farmers did not have as much income.

Front 12

Conquistadors

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These were the “conquerors” during the European Exploration who represented the European colonization, domination, and exploitation of the new world. A huge advantage they used was their superior technology, such as ships, instruments, and the volta do mar strategy, which is the “return through the sea.” A few of the greatest conquerors of this time were Cortes who defeated the Aztecs by inadvertently exposing them to smallpox, Pizarro who defeated the Incas by taking over the kingdom and by using horses for quick mobilization, and De Soto who took over the southern part of America and discovered the Mississippi River.

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Joint stock companies

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This was developed by the English and Dutch to limit risks to their investments during the European Exploration. The government supported these companies, and they formed a global trade network. Two examples of these companies are the English East Trade Company and the Dutch United East India Company

Front 14

Abraham

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He is from the city of Ur, which was a polytheistic place, but he only believed in one God. He made a covenant with God that he would lead the Jews to Canaan, which was the promised land. He is known as the Father of Judaism.

Front 15

Torah

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This is the Holy book of the Jews, which is what we know today as the Old Testament. This book came from Yahweh, and he would punish or reward the people based on how well they observed his commandments. This is the Orthodox’s text, which is less strict than the Talmud. The Torah does not stop the people from speaking the name of the Lord, which was restricted by the Talmud.

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Nirvana

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It is known as the state of spiritual independence for Buddhism. The Buddhist believed that living this lifestyle will lead to personal salvation -- escape from the cycle of incarnation and the attainment of nirvana. It allowed Buddhism to be more appealing to the Indians and when you are in Nirvana you are liberated from suffering.

Front 17

Inca roads

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One of the Incas’ new technologies was roads, in which they built an all-weather highway system of over 16,000 miles. The invention of the roads allowed the Inca government to maintain centralized control by moving military forces around the empire quickly, transporting food supplies where needed, and tying the widespread territories together. The government had runners positioned at convenient intervals to deliver government messages.

Front 18

De Gama

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Gama reached India in 1498 by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope from Portugal. He opened the door to maritime trade between Europe and Asian people and helped establish permanent links between the worlds’ various regions. De Gama served as a representative of all the European explorers, by opening up the door to finding the new lands around the world.

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Trans Sahara trade route

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was used by kings to obtain items and to bring back to the people to sell and make money. Timbuktu and GAO was major terminus along the route in which Mansa Musa expanded Mali’s influence. Mansa Musa brought wealth through their economy and the trade route also assisted in the advancement of the Islam religion.

Front 20

Grand canal

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disciple of Socrates who builds on Socrates views by developing his own systematic vision of the world and human society that were known as the theory of forms or ideas. Plato became frustrated that he couldn’t gain intellectual control over the world, and he also had the less intelligent classes work at functions for which their talents best suited them. Plato ideas about the abstract nature alienated another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, who rebelled against Plato views. Plato wrote the Republic which detailed the ideal state in which role was accomplished by philosophy King.

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Justinian code

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Byzantium emperor, and he ordered a thorough review of Roman law. He codified it in the Corpus iuris civilis (Body of Civil law). It compiled early Roman laws and legal principles that were illustrated by cases. The Justinian Code influenced civil law codes throughout much of Western Europe *Grand Canal- It was build during the Sui dynasty and was the world’s largest waterworks project. It was built to facilitate trade between Northern and Southern China that were previously compartmentalized by the East and West Yellow and Yangzi River’s. This integrated economies of Northern and Southern China which established an economic foundation for the political and cultural unity and also made China more centralized

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Plato

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disciple of Socrates who builds on Socrates views by developing his own systematic vision of the world and human society that were known as the theory of forms or ideas. Plato became frustrated that he couldn’t gain intellectual control over the world, and he also had the less intelligent classes work at functions for which their talents best suited them. Plato ideas about the abstract nature alienated another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, who rebelled against Plato views. Plato wrote the Republic which detailed the ideal state in which role was accomplished by philosophy King.