History Final

Front 1

Zoroastrianism

Back 1

the official religion of ancient Persia

Front 2

Avesta

Back 2

the main text of Zoroastrianism

Front 3

augurs

Back 3

Roman priests in charge with interpreting signs from gods

Front 4

dies fasti/nefasti

Back 4

good and bad days for business in the Roman calendar

Front 5

Mithras

Back 5

mystery cult from Persia

Front 6

Sol Invictus

Back 6

cult of the Unconquered Sun

Front 7

Arianism

Back 7

Christian heresy stating that Jesus was human

Front 8

Monophysitism

Back 8

Christian heresy that Jesus was only god

Front 9

Kush

Back 9

Egyptian name of kingdom of Nubia

Front 10

Apademak

Back 10

lion-god of Meroe

Front 11

Mapungubwe

Back 11

South African kingdom flourished between 11th-13th c.

Front 12

Jenne-Jeno

Back 12

most important center of West Africa on the Niger River

Front 13

Kumbi-Saleh

Back 13

capitol of the Kingdom of Ghana

Front 14

Sundiata

Back 14

(1230-1255) founder of the Mali empire

Front 15

Mansa Musa

Back 15

(1312-1337) most famous ruler of Mali

Front 16

Quetzalcoatl

Back 16

most important god of Mesoamerica

Front 17

quinoa

Back 17

local grain from Mesoamerica

Front 18

Chavin

Back 18

important culture of Peru preceding the Moche

Front 19

Chan Chan

Back 19

the coastal capital of Chimu

Front 20

Hokoham

Back 20

north american culture displaying mesoamerican influence

Front 21

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

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an anonymous work by a Greco-Egyptian of the first c. AD concerning the exchange network developed in the Indian Ocean

Front 22

dhow

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Muslim ship

Front 23

Gujarat

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kingdom in Western India under the control of the Delhi Sultanate

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Cambay

Back 24

Most important trade center of Gujarat

Front 25

Swahili

Back 25

eastern coast of Africa

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ibin Battuta

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(14th c.) most famous Muslim traveler who left detailed account of travels

Front 27

Kilwa

Back 27

most important town of the Swahili coast

Front 28

Wen and Sai

Back 28

two rulers of the Sui dynasty

Front 29

Chang'an

Back 29

Tang capital of China

Front 30

Kashgar and Khotan

Back 30

most important trade cities of the Uighurs

Front 31

Battle of the Talas River

Back 31

751 major batter lost by the Chinese to Muslims

Front 32

Liao Empire

Back 32

successor of the Tang in northern China

Front 33

Tanggut Empire

Back 33

successor of the Tang in NW China

Front 34

Khitan

Back 34

people related to the Mongols who created the Liao state

Front 35

Jurchens

Back 35

people of eastern Asia who replaced the Liao Empire

Front 36

Kaifeng

Back 36

Capital of Song China

Front 37

Hangzhou

Back 37

capital of Southern Song China

Front 38

Zhu Xi

Back 38

Confucian thinker in 12th c.

Front 39

Chan Bhuddhism

Back 39

emphasize medatation

Front 40

Koryo

Back 40

dynasty that unified Korea

Front 41

Chapa rice

Back 41

rice from Vietnam exported to China

Front 42

Nara

Back 42

early capital of Japan

Front 43

Fujiwara

Back 43

most powerful Japan clan (8th-12th c.)

Front 44

Tale of Genji

Back 44

written around the year 1000 by the noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu

Front 45

Kamakura Shogunate

Back 45

state created in Honshu, dominated Japan from the 12th c.-14th c.

Front 46

bushido

Back 46

code of honor employed by the samurai

Front 47

sepukku

Back 47

honorable death

Front 48

Sasanian empire

Back 48

Persia in Late Antiquity (3rd to 7th c.)

Front 49

Kaa'ba

Back 49

pre-Islamic and Islamic holy site of MEcca

Front 50

Khadija

Back 50

Muhammad's first wife

Front 51

Fatima

Back 51

Muhammad's daughter

Front 52

Hijra

Back 52

Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina 622 AD

Front 53

umma

Back 53

the community of the faithful

Front 54

Abu Bakr

Back 54

the first caliph

Front 55

hadiths

Back 55

collection of traditions regarding Muhammad's teaching

Front 56

Aisha

Back 56

Muhammad's wife, daughter of Abu Bakr

Front 57

Sira

Back 57

stories of Muhammad's military victories

Front 58

Ummaya

Back 58

took power from Muhammad's clan in mid 7th c.

Front 59

Shia

Back 59

sect of Islam, followers of Ali and Fatima

Front 60

Sunna

Back 60

mainstream Islam by Aisha

Front 61

Muawiya

Back 61

most important Ummayad caliph

Front 62

Abu-Abbas

Back 62

founder of Abbasid dynasty

Front 63

Abd al-Raham

Back 63

last surviving member of Ummaya family

Front 64

Dhimmi

Back 64

people of the book

Front 65

mamluk

Back 65

Turkic Muslim took control of Baghdad. Later stopped the Mongol expansion in 13th c.

Front 66

Seljuks

Back 66

Turkic Muslims took control of Baghdad after mamluks

Front 67

Mamun the Great

Back 67

813-833 one of the greatest Abasid caliphs

Front 68

Fatimids

Back 68

clan of Shiites 919-1171

Front 69

Mahdi

Back 69

Savior in Shia doctrine, last imam

Front 70

Buyids

Back 70

Persian clan who took control of Baghdad

Front 71

Moazarabs

Back 71

"Arabized" Christians in Spain

Front 72

Almoravids

Back 72

Berber dynasty 1056-1147

Front 73

Almohads

Back 73

Berber dynasty 1147-1238

Front 74

Al-Razi

Back 74

a Persian scientist, wrote a 20 volume compendium of all medical knowledge

Front 75

Avicenna

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Muslim scholar, systematized all medical science in early 11th c.

Front 76

Averroes

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Muslim scholar, reconcile philosophy and the Quran 12th c.

Front 77

sharia

Back 77

Islamic law

Front 78

ulamas

Back 78

local scholars specialized in legal issues

Front 79

madrasas

Back 79

institutions of higher education in the Muslim world

Front 80

Sufis

Back 80

group of missionaries, mystical union with Allah. created brotherhoods in all major Muslim towns

Front 81

al-Ghazali

Back 81

influential Sufi thinker

Front 82

Nika

Back 82

"Victory" in Greek

Front 83

Belasrius

Back 83

Justinian's most successful general

Front 84

Ostogoths

Back 84

Germanic people who took control of Ital at the end of the 5th c.

Front 85

Lombards

Back 85

Germanic people took control of Ital at the end of the 6th c.

Front 86

Heraclius

Back 86

610-641 Byzantine emperor defeated Sasanian Persia but was defeated by Muslim Arabs

Front 87

Idonoclasm

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"breaking icons" issued by Leo III against religious icons

Front 88

Clovis

Back 88

founder of Merovingian dynasty in Frankish kingdom

Front 89

Neustria

Back 89

western half of Frankish kingdom

Front 90

Austrasia

Back 90

eastern half of Frankish kingdom

Front 91

Battle of Poitiers

Back 91

732 battle won by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel against an Arab army invading from Spain

Front 92

Irene

Back 92

Byzantine empress who almost married Charlemagne

Front 93

Lindisfarne

Back 93

monastery of Britain sacked by Vikings in 793

Front 94

Pope Urban V

Back 94

called the first Crusade at the end of the 11th c.

Front 95

Saladin

Back 95

united Muslim world against crusaders and retook Jerusalem

Front 96

Basil II

Back 96

976-1025 successful Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty

Front 97

Battle of Manzikert

Back 97

1071 major battle won by the Seljuk Turks against the Byzantines; the Byzantine Empire lost most of Asia Minor

Front 98

Alexius Comnenus

Back 98

the Byzantine Emperor who called Urban V for help, lead to the First Crusade

Front 99

Nicaea

Back 99

Byzantine capital after Constantinople was took by the crusaders in 1204 during the infamous Fourth Crusade

Front 100

Photios

Back 100

Byzantine patriarch most active in disputes with the Papacy

Front 101

filioque

Back 101

The Orthodox creed states that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father while the Catholics added the word filioque, meaning "and from the son;" created a major dispute between the two churches, led to the Great Schism of 1054

Front 102

czar Boris

Back 102

Bulgarian king converted to Orthodox Christianity

Front 103

Vladamir

Back 103

Russian prince converted to Orthodox Christianity

Front 104

Moravia

Back 104

kingdom in central Europe disputed by the Pope and the Patriarch; eventually

Moravia converted to Catholic faith

Front 105

Philip IV

Back 105

1285-1314 French King who placed the foundations of the French modern state, strong bureaucracy, called the first meeting of the French Parliament

Front 106

Jacques de Molay

Back 106

Great Master of the Templar order burned at the stake by Philip IV

Front 107

conclave

Back 107

council of cardinals who elect the Pope

Front 108

Unam Sanctam

Back 108

document issued be Pope Boniface VIII at the beginning of the 14th c. in which he reasserted the authority of the Pope above kings

Front 109

Avignon

Back 109

town in southern France where Papacy moved in 1309

Front 110

Gascon

Back 110

an English possession in western France, one of the reasons for the Hundred Years' War

Front 111

Orleans

Back 111

first major victory of the French

Front 112

Jacquerie

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major peasant revolt in France in 1358

Front 113

Temujin

Back 113

real name of Genghis Khan

Front 114

Karakorum

Back 114

capital in Mongolia founded by Genghis Khan

Front 115

Khanabliq

Back 115

"city of the khan" near Beijing served as Mongol capital in China

Front 116

Hulagu

Back 116

grandson of Genghis Khan responsible for Mongol expansion to Muslim world

Front 117

Ilkhanate of Persia

Back 117

Il-Khan means "subordinate khan," Mongol state which replaced the former Abbaside Empire

Front 118

Batu

Back 118

Genghis's grandson responsible for expansion in Eastern Europe

Front 119

Subotai

Back 119

one of the most brilliant Mongol generals and Batu's right hand in his European campaign

Front 120

Alexander Nevsky

Back 120

1236-1263 prince of Novgorod, a city which narrowly escaped the Mongol onslaught because the rainy Spring of 1238 made the terrain impracticable for the Mongol cavalry

Front 121

Battle of Liegnitz

Back 121

1241 Mongols defeat German army

Front 122

Ogodai

Back 122

Genghis grandson and Great Khan

Front 123

Mongke

Back 123

grandson of Genghis Khan became Great Khan after Ogodai and was a brilliant administrator facilitating communication and trade between East and West.

Front 124

Timur

Back 124

known as Tamerlane in Europe, a Muslim Turk who took Genghis Khan as model and

created a large empire with the capital at Samarkand in Central Asia

Front 125

Zhu Yuanzhang

Back 125

leader of the Red Turban Movement, the rebellion against Mongol rule in China; claimed the Mandate of Heaven and founded the Ming dynasty; ruled under the name Hongwu (1368-1398)

Front 126

Yongle

Back 126

(1403-1424) - Ming emperor who returned the capital to Beijing and built the Forbidden City. Yongle also restored commercial links with the Middle East and began a program of exploration in the southern seas for commercial purposes

Front 127

Lorenzo de Medici

Back 127

"the Magnificent" - his rule is considered the most flourishing period in the history of Florence, a time of great cultural growth, which made Florence one of the most important centers of the Italian Renaissance

Front 128

Nicolo Machiavelli

Back 128

worked as a diplomat in Florence and later wrote his famous work The Prince known for its political pragmatism

Front 129

doge

Back 129

(duke) - ruler of Venice first appointed by the Byzantine emperor and later elected by a great council

Front 130

Guangzhou (Canton)

Back 130

one of the most important trade centers of China where many foreign merchants operated

Front 131

Zheng He

Back 131

a Muslim eunuch with family ties in Persia who became the trusted advisor of emperor Yongle and led the famous expeditions in the Indian Ocean between 1405 and 1433

Front 132

Ceuta

Back 132

major trade center of Muslim Morocco conquered by the Portuguese in 1415. This assault combined aspects of a religious crusade with the desire to make a profit and gain access to the trans-Saharan trade routes

Front 133

Bartolomeu Dias

Back 133

Portuguese; was the first to circumnavigate the continent in 1487-88

Front 134

Vasco da Gama

Back 134

Portuguese; led an expedition around Africa in 1497-98

Front 135

Pedro Cabral

Back 135

at the head of a Portuguese fleet he sailed too far west by mistake and reached South America in 1500; claimed Brazil for the Portuguese crown

Front 136

Fernando Magellan

Back 136

made the first voyage around the South American continent and into the Pacific in 1519; Europeans realized how far away India and SE Asia really were

Front 137

Nahuatl

Back 137

language of Aztecs

Front 138

Chichen Itza

Back 138

northern lowlands of Yucatan, flourished from 850 to 1000

Front 139

Itzcoatl

Back 139

1428-1440 Aztec leader who emerged as the dominant figure in a regional system of alliances

Front 140

Viracocha

Back 140

the creator god of the Inca

Front 141

Inti

Back 141

sun god of the Inca

Front 142

Pachacuti

Back 142

1438-1471 Inca ruler who expanded

Front 143

ayllu

Back 143

small Inca communities run by local leaders who were responsible for collecting the contribution for the Inca ruler, called mit'a

Front 144

charqui

Back 144

jerky