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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alien&Sedition Acts
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-1798
Pres. John Adams changed naturalization laws and Gave President power to deport trouble making aliens. Crime to "defame" govt. Triggered by democratic- Republican political clubs. Went after printers and Newspaper editors. Response: KY and VA Resolutions which was the beginning of a nullification debate. |
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Anti-Federalists
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1780 Articles of Confederation. The central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than its subnational states (state govt.)
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Battle of New Orleans
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1814-1815 British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and vast territory America had acquired with LA purchase often regarded as the greatest american land victory of the war
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Articles of Confederation
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Ran 1781-88 created one national assembly where each state had one vote. French expected to send 13 separate ambassadors to US mainly a defense pact 13 separate govts. state constitutions often quite liberal
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Bill of Rights
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1791, first 10 amendments to constitution
Ratified-December 15, 1791 Author-James Madison Purpose- To set limits on government actions in regard to personal liberties. |
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Battle of York Town
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Date
September 28 – October 19, 1781 Location Yorktown, Virginia Result by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, it proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in North America, as the surrender of Cornwallis' army prompted the British government eventually to negotiate an end to the conflict. |
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Democratic-Republican Societies
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-"Jeffersons party"
-believe in personal liberties,less federal govt, states rights, pro-agricultural -pro french -tend to be in south (want to see more power on state level) -opposed national bank -strict constructionists |
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Election of 1796
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Fed: John Adams &Pinckney
Dem-Rep: Jefferson& Burr -hamilton hated adams and campaigned secretly for pinckney -adams supporters retailated by leaving off pinckneys name -result: adam won, but with jefferson as VP |
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Embargo of 1807
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Britian declared war on France and started interfering with American- French shipping. Jefferson embargo Act" banned American vessels from foreign ports to protect them. Embargo hurt america worse than England. Bad political mistake, ended america's period of prosperity
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Federalist Party
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Washington, Adams, Hamilton party. wanted stronger govt and army. Pro British, anti French. Wanted nathional bank support for commerce. Wanted govt dominated by business, elites.
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General Andrew Jackson
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was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814), and the British at the Battle of New Orleans (1815). A polarizing figure who dominated the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s, as president he destroyed the national bank and relocated most Indian tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River. His enthusiastic followers created the modern Democratic Party. The 1830-1850 period later became known as the era of Jacksonian democracy
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Haitian Revolution
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1791-1804 period of violent conflict in the french colony of saint Domingue. Lead to elimination of slavery and establishment of first republic ruled by blacks
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New Netherlands
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New Netherlands (capital New Amsterdam) military trade post.
Pluralistic from start—18 languages in city by 1630s, many religions. Under-settled colony (9000 whites) surrendered to English in 1664. Residents refused to fight for Gov. Stuyvesant. 1614 Dutch East India Co. trading post (Albany). Manhattan 10 years later. Part of overseas trade empire. |
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Leislers Rebellion
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New Netherlands taken over by English in 1664 became NY's Anglo0Dutch hierarchy. Leisler a militia commander. Backed by dutch merchants and lower classes. English Govt. Stepped in; Leisler tried for treason and hanged in 1691
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James Oglethorpe
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22 December 1696 – 30 June 1785) was a British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer in Britain, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prison, in the New World.
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William Penn
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October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was an English founder and "Absolute Proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future U.S. State of Pennsylvania. He was known as an early champion of democracy and religious freedom and famous for his good relations and his treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, Philadelphia was planned and developed.
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Predestination
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is a religious concept, which involves the relationship between God and his creation. The religious character of predestination distinguishes it from other ideas about determinism and free will. Those who believe in predestination, such as John Calvin, believe that before the creation God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space.
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Abolitionists
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was a movement to end the slave trade and emancipate slaves in western Europe and the Americas. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century, when rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment criticized it for violating the rights of man, and Quaker and other evangelical religious groups condemned it as un-Christian
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Abraham Lincoln
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February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States,[1][2] Lincoln won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. His tenure in office was occupied primarily with the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consti
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Doctrine of Nullification
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presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared, by the power of the State itself, that the federal Tariff of 1828 and the federal Tariff of 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. The controversial, and highly protective, Tariff of 1828 (also called the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. Opposed in the South and parts of New England, the tariff’s opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced
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Fifty-four Forty or Fight!
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arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century. Both the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA) had territorial and commercial aspirations in the region as well as residual claims from treaties with Russia and Spain.[1] The British knew the region as the Columbia District, a fur-trading division of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), while Americans referred to it as the Oregon Country. The broadest definition of the disputed region was defined by the following: west of the Continental Divide, north of the 42nd parallel north (the northern border of New Spain and after 1821 of Mexico), and south of the parallel 54°40′ north (the southern border of Russian America after 1825).
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Free Soil Party
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hort-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a third party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. They opposed slavery in the new territories and worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed blacks in states such as Ohio.
The party membership was largely absorbed by the Republican Party in 1854. |
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Freedman's Bureau
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was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. Passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment, it became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South.
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Wilmont Proviso
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one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande.[1]
Congressman David Wilmot first introduced the Proviso in the United States House of Representatives on August 8, 1846 as a rider on a $2 million appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican-American War. (In fact this was only three months into the two-year war.) It passed the House but failed in the Senate, where the South had greater representation. It was reintroduced in February 1847 and again passed the House and failed in the Senate. In 1848, an attempt to make it part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed. Sectional conflict over slavery in the Southwest continued up to the Compromise of 1850. |
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Trail of Tears
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1838, The 1791 treaty with the cherokee indians was revoked because gold was found on their land in Georgia. The supreme court said "the constitution protects valid treaties." National troops forced indians to move west into filthridden huts. 4,000 died on journey to OK. OK territory promised to them in return for relocation
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Free People of Color
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about 4,000 free people of color in 1830, over half of those people in two cities: New Orleans and Charlestown. Dominated some industries. Precarious legal existence. Descendants of manumitted slaves and some escapees. Often mixed race saw themselves as a discrete class
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Second Great Awakening
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1790s- 1840s more emotional. Evangelical religions itinerant preachers. Methodists, baptists. Evangelical Religions spur to reform movements. Individual preachers such as Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher, Barton Stone, Peter Cartwright, and Asahel Nettleton became very well known as a result. Evangelical participation in social causes was fostered that changed American life in areas such as prison reform, abolitionism, and temperance.
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Manifest Destiny
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1840s God given purpose for the US to move West to the pacific and to possibly tip South America and Canada
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Battle of Alamo
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March 7, 1836 old mission seized by about 180 Texans and reinforced by a few dozen volunteers. Santa Anna from the mexican army had several thousand. Siege lasted two weeks and all defenders died and about 600 mexicans died. The only Texan survivors were the leaders wife and infant and a slave. There was no real military reason for the mission for either side.
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Battle of San Jacinto
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March 7, 1836 old mission seized by about 180 Texans and reinforced by a few dozen volunteers. Santa Anna from the mexican army had several thousand. Siege lasted two weeks and all defenders died and about 600 mexicans died. The only Texan survivors were the leaders wife and infant and a slave. There was no real military reason for the mission for either side.
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Mexican-american war
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1846-48 Triggered by US desire for expansion West and South. US resented Mexican control of California, Nevada, New Mexico and Arizona. And influence on Utah and Texas. Two countries quarreled over Rio Grande border. Fighting one sided Mexico City taken but attempts to take all Mexico failed
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). The treaty was signed by Nicholas Trist on behalf of the United States and Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto and Miguel Atristain as plenipotentiary representatives of Mexico on 2 February 1848. Set modern US Mexico border
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Nat Turners Rebellion
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was a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed approximately 55 white people, the highest number of fatalities caused by slave uprisings in the South. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for several months afterward.
In the aftermath, there was widespread fear, and white militias organized in retaliation against slaves. In the frenzy, many innocent enslaved people were punished. At least 100 blacks, and probably more, were killed. Across the South, state legislators passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks (such as prohibiting formerly allowed voting), and requiring white ministers to be present at black worship services. |
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Fugitive slave act
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1850, Meant that slaves and kidnapped could be seized anywhere in US and transported back to slavery. Trial of fugitive Anthony Burns caused rioting in Boston in 1854. Another escaped slave, Simms brought back to GA, publicly whipped
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Uncle Toms Cabin 1854
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Harriet Beecher Stowe wife of famous evangelical, Published best-seller of 19th century in 1854. Evangelical style: focused on Christian man, mother and child. Lincold called her the "little woman who started the big war"
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Underground railroad
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began in early 19th century some parts of network grew out of older maroon communities. Worked by word of mouth "grapevine" peaked 1840s- 50s Fugitive Slave Act of 1850s meant they had to go to Canada
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Kansas-nebraska act
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1854 followed four failed attempts to organize territory proposed letting the settlers themselves decide. Formalized "compromise of 1850" into law. Repealed 1820 compromise, called for two new states. Republican party formed in opposition
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Bleeding Kansas
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"free soilers" vs. pro-slavers. Mini-Civil war in Kansas Territory, 1854-59. Kansas Govt officially proslavery, but abolitionsits flooded in to stack the elections. Osawatomie burned by proslavers. Pottawatomie Creek: murder of five men by free soilers.
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Dred scott case/decision
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1856, Dred Scott, a slave taken into free territory by his owner but returned to missouri sued for freedom in 1846. 1856 supreme court finally ruled against him as a bondsman, not a citizen, no right to sue in courts. Decision questioned congressional prohibition of slavery in the territories. Judges also questioned if blacks were citizens. Ramifications: meant slavery could conceivably spread anywhere.
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Harpers Ferry
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Brown a participant in bleeding Kansas led sons and handful of followers- radical abolitionists. Harper's Ferry, VA 1859: Rallying point for abortive slave insurrection. Insurrection ended in shootout but Brown made himself a martyr at trial
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King Cotton
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1790:slavery dying out
1793:slavery rising 1790:697,897 slaves 1810: 1.2 million slaves by 1860:cotton 60% of american exports |
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Fort Sumter
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Charleston, SC. April 6, 1861. First shots fired in Civil War. Fort fired upon by confederate forces when Lincoln tried to strengthen garrison surrendered without casualties
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Confederate states of america
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"CSA" Loose alliance, based on articles of Confederation. Eventually 11 southern states joined. 7 States seceded before Lincoln's inauguration
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Missouri compromise of 1820
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1820, 1819 slavery banned in North. Missouri first western state. Missouri applied for statehood as slave state. Slavery prohibited north of 36 degree 30' except MO
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Townshed Duties
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1768, Taxes on imported goods massive organized protests, Liberty Riot0 costom agents tried to seize John Hancock's ship for smuggling. Taxes repealed in 1770
Taxes on imported goods. Resulted in massive organized protests. Liberty Riot: June 1768: customs agents tried to seize John Hancock’s ship for smuggling. Taxes repealed (save tea) in 1770. |
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HartFord Convention
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1814, federalists held a secret meeting to talk about New England seceding from union.
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NY draft Riots
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March: Lincoln begins draft. Wealthy could exempt out by paying $300 or hiring substitutes. July 13: NYC draft office burned. Started four days of intensive rioting. Over 100 blacks killed in rioting. Union cannon fired on city
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Stamp Act 1765
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10,000 Br. troops still in America at end of war.
Taxes MP George Greenville’s idea. Sugar Act, 1764. Strengthened customs service. Vice-Admiralty courts. Stamp Act, 1765. “No taxation w/out representation.” |
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Sons of Liberty
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Also called the “American Whigs,” Patriot Party.
Led resistance to British regulations. Violent aspect from outset: Stamp Act riots, Aug. 1765 (NY, Mass.). |
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Non-importation agreements
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1st boycotts—started 1765.
Circular letters, agreements by 1768. Agreements not to import from English. Enforced by peer pressure, intimidation . Considered illegal by British govt. More effective than violence? |
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Battle of saratoga, 1777
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British tried to cut New England off
Gen. Burgoyne supposed to meet up w/ Howe at Albany, but other armies never showed Turning point of war Major American victory Over 5,500 Br. surrendered Brought allies in |
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Whig party
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Jackson increased infrastructure spending—particularly in West
Killed the National Bank by veto, 1832-33—personal feud with bank president Nicholas Biddle. Refused to intervene for Cherokee Indians vs. GA. Ignored two pro-Indian Supreme Court decisions (1831 and 1832). Whig Party, 1836—formed to oppose him. |
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Barbary Wars
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series of wars between the United States of America and the Barbary States of North Africa in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At issue was the Barbary pirates' demand for tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. If ships failed to pay, pirates would attack the ships and take their goods, and often hold crewmembers for ransom. United States naval power attacked the fortified pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers. The administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison undertook the actions against the Barbary States. Jefferson led the first, from 1801 to 1805, against pirates' cities in what are today Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria. Madison directed forces for the second war in 1815.
Result-american victory 1801-1815 |
