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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Columbus's accomplishments
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Founded the New World
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Spain and Portugal divided the "heathen lands" of the New World- Spain got most, but Portugal got territory in Africa, Asia, and South America
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Jamestown
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Virginia Company of London got charter from King James I. Early years a nightmare- many colonists perished, died from disease, malnutrition, and starvation. Captain John Smith whipped colonists into shape.Jamestown formed for economic purposes, nothing to do with religion. 1st permanent English colony
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Western European expansion in the 15th century
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AFE; Muslim, trade, formation of nation states, European superiority
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Permanent European settlements
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1st French- Quebec; Spanish- St. Augustine; English- Jamestown; 1st ever- St. Augustine.
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Religion
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Jamestown = gold; “Beacon upon hill” = Puritans = religion (MA bay)
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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Formed by non-Separatist Puritans, well-equipped expedition, many educated people immigrated, Puritan “Beacon upon Hill,” provincial government
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The Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
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Lord Baltimore promoted freedom if worship from start. guaranteed toleration to all Christians. Decreed death penalty to Jews and atheists, but offered temporary cloak of protection to Roman Catholics
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Pennsylvania
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Quaker Haven; Quakers were the earliest abolitionists
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Georgia
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Oglethorpe debtor’s haven, grew slowly
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New York
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established when Britain took it from the Dutch
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The headright system
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50 acres for those who provided passage for a laborer
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Bacon’s Rebellion
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indentured servants- free, go west, but there are Native Americans; Bacon rises because government won’t help. Results: planter’s aristocracy realize they need a new work force
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Quakers
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First abolitionists
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First Great Awakening:
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first unified American thing (first spontaneous mass movement). Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminus preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person’s eternal fate. Jonathan Edwards preached that believing in salvation through good works was wrong, an instead should depend on God’s grace. George Whitefield, gifted orator, had message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence. “Old lights” were skeptical of revivalists. Effects: Action to enlightenment, opens the door for people getting involved in religion (like women, Native Americans, African-Americans), emphasis on emotive spirituality that undermined older clergy. Need to train new ministers-colleges like Rutgers, Princeton, Dartmouth. Reaction to European enlightenment
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Mayflower Compact
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Established principle of majority rule- NOT A CONSTITUTION
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The Dominion of New England
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established by BRITISH to gain colonial control
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Mercantilism
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export more than you import, need colonies, wealth is power. Exploit colonies and keep them from manufacturing. Pass laws to do so. Levy a tariff on imported goods from other countries. To make mother country rich and exploit colonies.
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Albany Plan of Union
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Ben Franklin; 9 colonies; worried about Native uprisings and French. “Join or Die” cartoon- don’t join APoU and you’ll “die"
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French and Indian War
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cause- Natives; effects- Brits want colonies to pay for defense. (But why? No natives/French)
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Declaratory Act
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British have complete control over colonies. Can pass any law in any circumstance
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Intolerable Acts (aka Coercive Acts)
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came about because of Boston Tea Party. Four acts are: Boston Port Act, New Quartering Act, governor could restrict town meetings (no legislative bodies), and British officials accused of crimes must be tried in England
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Common Sense
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this is the thing that rallies colonist toward independence. Written by Thomas Paine. Easy language for everyone to read, helps common people to rise up. Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically a republic, where power flowed from the people themselves
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Lexington and Concord
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where first bloodshed of Revolutionary War occurred
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Battle of Saratoga
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Turning point in Revolutionary War. French openly support us. We continue to cheat, our capital (Philadelphia) was captured. Morgan’s men had rifles, not muskets. We sit in trees and shoot at officers. We take out Burgoyne at Saratoga
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France in the American Revolution
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helped because they hated the British.
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Battle of Yorktown
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only way we won the battle was the French. Controlled Chesapeake capes. 1781. British General Cornwallis fell back to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborne supplies and reinforcements. General Washington led march to assault on Cornwallis (fleet of Admiral de Grasse) from New York area to Chesapeake. Accompanied by Rochambeau’s French army, Washington beset the British by land, while de Grasse blockaded hem by sea after beating off British fleet. On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men.
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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formally recognized independence of America. Loyalists compensated- land given back. British supposed to abandon forts in Ohio Valley. We get some fishing rights in Nova Scotia.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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came to grip with the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies. First, two evolutionary territorial stages; when the territory could boast sixty thousand inhabitants, it might be admitted to Congress as a state with all privileges of the thirteen charter members. Also slavery was forbidden in Old Northwest. Established process to bring in new states.
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Shays’ Rebellion
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cause- land being taken away from farmers in debt. Effect- MA put down rebellion, call for stronger central government
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The Constitution
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scrapped old Articles. Great compromise- representation by population in the house, equal in Senate. Tax bill or revenue originates in house. Large state plan framework for Constitution. Set up bicameral legislature. Federal government has power to regulate interstate government
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Compromises
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Need to fix Articles. Big issue- COMMERCE. large state plan (bicameral and population-based) was suggested by VA, small state plan(unicameral and equal representation) was suggested by NJ, electing president indirectly. 3/5 compromise, separation of power, checks and balances, representation, Great compromise, slave trade would continue until 1807
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Farewell Address
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warned of two things- political parties and permanent tangling of alliances
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The XYZ Affair
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envoy was secretly approached by 3 go-betweens. French wanted $250,000 just to talk to Talleyrand. Angered, Marshall and the envoy returned to the U.S.
Infuriated, America began preparations for war: the Navy Department created; navy expanded; Marine Corps reestablished. America needs respect. |
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Revolution of 1800
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first time Federalist vs. Republican. One part was excise tax
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Marbury v. Madison
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Commission never delivered to Marbury- wanted to sue. Judiciary Act 1789 established principle of judicial review (article 13 stated that if you have a problem, you can go to Supreme Court. Marshall dismissed this as unconstitutional). John Marshall said Supreme Court didn’t have jurisdiction to hear case- Supreme Court cases can only be heard if they come from an appeal from a lower court. Jefferson hated Marshall because he thought he was using court for what he wanted. Congress determined constitutionality of congressional acts, not the states
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The Louisiana Purchase
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provided land for farmers, opened the Mississippi. Strict constructionists though Jefferson wouldn’t do it
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Loose construction
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Hamilton- loose-Federalists: believed in “necessary and proper” or ‘elastic” clause Jefferson-strict-Democratic-Republicans: if it’s not in the Constitution, you cannot do it, like 10th amendment. Disagree about bank
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Whiskey
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against excise tax, southwestern PA. Pioneers regarded it not as a tax on a frivolous luxury but as a burden on an economic necessity. GW takes troops, found no rebellion. This shows that GW’s government, now substantially strengthened, commanded a new respect. Opposition upset by this brutal display of force.
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Antifederalists vs. Federalists
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Fed- support ratification of constitution, had power and influence on their side, lived on the coast, wealthier, better-organized, more educated, support federal government. Anti-fed- wanted bill of rights, saw constitution as way to give federal government power and as plot by upper crust to steal power from the common folk, opposed strong central government, liked states rights, poorest classes (farmers, debtors), backcountry
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War of 1812
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causes: warhawks, British impressments of US sailors, arming Indians, Brits are respecting our neutrality rights
Effects: strong sense of nationalism, united, no land exchanged, Europe no longer dictates our domestic and foreign policy. One of America’s worst-fought wars |
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The Hartford Convention
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Killed the Federalist Party. Attendees, at one point, suggested secession. They wanted a series of constitutional amendments. Convention’s final report quite moderate: demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. Fears that a once-proud N.E. was falling subservient to an agrarian South and West. Delegates sought to abolish 3/5ths clause, to limit presidents to a single term, and to prohibit the election of two successive Presidents from the same state- aimed at “Virginia Dynasty”
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The Treaty of Ghent
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restored conquered territory; neither GB nor US received anything
Treaty of Ghent (signed Christmas Eve of 1814) was essentially an armistice Both sides agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. No mention of American grievances: Indians, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressments, and confiscations. |
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Election of 1824
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Henry Clay offered position but had to sway election for John Quincy Adams
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“American System”
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Made by Henry Clay. Three parts:
1. Protective tariff 2. 2nd Bank of US 3. Internal improvements paid by federal funds (transportation) (especially in Ohio Valley) This would transport foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and the West to the North and the East. In exchange, manufactured goods would flow in the return direction Madison vetoes 3rd part regarding internal improvements canals Demands for better transportation affected the public |
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Missouri Compromise
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Henry Clay- Congress agreed to have Missouri be slave state and Maine a free state. 36 30 is boundary- north of that is free territory.
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The Monroe Doctrine
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Nonintervention and noncolonization. Didn’t want to deal with European nations or have them interfere.
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Election of 1824
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corrupt bargain, House of Representatives has to choose winner of election
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The spoils system
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Rewarding political supporters with political office. “Anyone can do these jobs.” Many scoundrels end up taking office
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Doctrine of Nullification
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states will determine that Tariff unconstitutional- not collected in SC. Results in two compromise tariffs
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Eli Whitney
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invented the cotton gin in 1791. Most factories need cotton, but getting the seeds out is difficult. More slaves needed for production- slavery therefore increases.
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Specie Circular
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Bank lending money to everyone- massive speculation. Result- Jackson forced to do the specie circular (only gold and silver used to pay for western land)
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Immigration during the middle of the nineteenth century
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famine, failed revolutions (1848), economic hardships, religious and political persecution
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Nativists
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Americans did not like immigrants. Formed political party known as the “Know-Nothing” Party (named after immigrants)
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Reform movements
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improvement of conditions for the mentally ill, prohibition of alcohol, women’s education
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Brooke Farm Community
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commune living; philosophy based on working together, utopian society
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Penitentiaries
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people misguided; reform and bring back into society
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Dorothea Dix
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Worked to reform conditions for the mentally ill. Even spoke in front of government in support of her work- big deal for the time
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Seneca Falls Convention
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Main topic was suffrage for women, started the women’s rights movement
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Manifest Destiny
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idea that it was America’s God-given destiny to expand to the West, inevitable
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“Fifty-four forty or fight”
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Rallying call to take all of Oregon from British- end up at the 49th parallel instead
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The Mexican War of 1846
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Polk provoked this war- sent Zachary Taylor into disputed territory. Goal- to get California
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The Willmot Proviso
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issue of expansion of slavery. No expansion in territory received from Mexico- did not pass.
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The Compromise of 1850
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New Mexico and Utah open to slavery, new restrictive laws on slaves, no more slave trade in D.C.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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penned The Liberator. Radical who wanted immediate emancipation of slaves
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American Colonization Society
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Founded to send blacks back to Africa in 1817. 1822- Liberia established for former slaves- 15,000 transported
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Stephen Douglas's plan. Nebraska split into two parts. Slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty.
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popular sovereignty
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people in the territory could voted on whether to institute slavery or not
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Dred Scott vs. Sanford
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Dred Scott, a slave who had lived with his master (residence in Missouri) for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory, sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The Supreme Court ruled that because a slave was private property, he could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery. The Fifth Amendment forbade Congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law. The Court went further and stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories, no matter what the territorial legislatures themselves wanted.
This victory delighted Southerners, while it infuriated Northerners and supporters of popular sovereignty. |
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Freeport Doctrine
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Douglas's reply to him became known as the "Freeport Doctrine." Douglas argued that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Laws to protect slavery would have to be voted on by the territorial legislatures.
Douglas won the senatorial election, but Lincoln won the popular vote. |
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John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry
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invade the South secretly with a handful of followers, call upon the slaves to rise, give the slaves weapons, and establish a black free state as a sanctuary.
In October 1859, he seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Because many of his supporters failed to show up, he was caught and sent to death by hanging. When Brown died, he lived on as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. |
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Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860
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Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860, but he did not win with the popular vote. 60% of the nation voted for another candidate. 10 southern states didn't even allow Lincoln to appear on the ballot.
South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because it now had a reason to secede. Even though the Republicans won the presidential election, they did not control the House of Representatives, the Senate, or the Supreme Court. |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Antietam provided Lincoln with the military backing to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, 1862. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued a final proclamation. Lincoln now made the Civil War a war to end slavery
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The fall of Atlanta to General Sherman
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The invasion of Georgia was left up to General William Tecumseh Sherman. He captured Atlanta in September of 1864 and burned it in November. He destroyed rail lines and burned buildings. He continued on through Georgia, with the main purposes of destroying supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes. Sherman captured Savannah on December 22, 1864.
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14th Amendment
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1866. 1- gave civil rights, including citizenship, to the freedmen; 2- reduced the representation of a state in Congress and Electoral College if it denied blacks on the ballot; 3- disqualified from federal and state offices former Confederates who, as federal officeholders, had once sworn to support the Constitution of the United States; and 4- guaranteed the federal debt, while the Union assumed all Confederate debts.
Congress began to develop into the dominant role in controlling the government. All Republicans agreed that no state should be welcomed back into the Union without ratifying the 14th Amendment. |
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13th Amendment
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Freed slaves, part of Johnson's Reconstruction plan
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Andrew Johnson’s impeachment
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Johnson broke Tenure of Office Act and went against Radical Republicans. Act passed in 1867- required President to ask permission of Senate before removing cabinet members. Made to get Johnson out of office. Johnson removed Stanton w/o permission and was impeached for “high crimes and misdemeanors.” Voted “not guilty” by a margin of one vote.
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"Scalawags"
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were Southerners who were accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence in the radical governments
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Freed slaves
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blacks began to organize politically. They were strong participators in the Union League, originally a pro-Union organization. Freedmen turned the Union League into a network of political clubs that educated members and campaigned for Republican candidates. The League also took up building black churches and schools, representing black grievances before local employers and government, and recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation.
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The Compromise of 1877
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set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. It was made to determine which party would win the election. The committee finally determined, without opening the ballots from the 3 disputed states, that the Republicans had been victorious in the disputed ballots from the three states, giving the Republicans the presidency.
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"Trail of Tears"
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1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. It moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi. The five "civilized" tribes were hardest hit.
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Bill of Rights
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James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights and got them passed by Congress in 1791. First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
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Boston Tea Party
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Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.
On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. |
