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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is Plato significant to psych?
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Greek Philosopher
correct knowledge preexisting & discover it through reasoning perception & imagination die |
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Why is Aristotle significant to psych?
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Pre-systematic Psych
-rejects Plato & says that higher cognitive powers come from sensation & knowledge not pre-existing -1st steps toward scientific method - arts are cathartic |
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Why is Avicenna sig to psych?
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-sim to Aristotle & plato b/c soul sep from body
- self was the primary idea of soul |
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Why is Averroes sig to psych?
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-truth is from reason, not faith
-taxonomy of intellect - humans share collective intellect → Jung |
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Why is Descartes sig to psych?
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-mind separate from body & nonphysical like Plato; 2 diff clocks
-Realist |
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Why is Spinoza sig to psych?
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-theory of emotionality
- 3 joys (joy, sorrow, desire) & 48 emotional states --> understand them & you have control -Realist |
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Why is Leibniz significant in Psych?
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-Realist
-1st appearance of notion of unconsciousness |
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Why is Hobbes Sig in Psych?
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- British Empiricist
-associationist - rejects non-material soul/mind & innate ideas - 1st to say mind’s contents begin w/sensory impressions |
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Why is Locke sig in Psych?
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-empiricist
-refuted plato & Descartes innate ideas -> tabula rasa -ideas of sensation & ideas of reflection -objects have primary (objectively exist) & secondary (subjective) qualities - learning is through association |
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Why is Berkeley a sig figure in Psych?
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-to be is to be perceived
-against locke’s prim/secondary qualities -uni created by our perception of it, early theory of vision that we learn visual perceptions through trial and error |
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Why is Hume so imp in Psych?
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theory of emotionality & the passions
- criticized Descartes - distinction btwn impressions and ideas but can’t define between mental contents and objective world - nature of causality led to scientific method b/c said empiricistic method of observation couldn’t establish that one thing causes another -Empiricist |
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Who were the Charlatans who snuck in after Kant's Idealism snuffed psych?
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Mesmer (magnet therapy & hypnotism) & Gall (phrenology)
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Who was Weber? Why is he so dang huge?
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JND & Weber’s Law linked physical & mental
-psychophysics |
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What about Fechner? What did he contribute? What movement?
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-psychophysics
-formal start of experimental psych - threshold, dispelled Kant |
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Who was Peirce? What did he establish?
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Psychophysics
-inductive, deductive, hypothesis testing |
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What about von Helmholtz?
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color & eye
psychophysics |
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What was up with Wundt?
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Structuralist/Voluntarist
- study of consciousness said it organized its own contents -focused on immediate experience & studied consciousness -Tridimensional Theory of Feelings – pleasure/displeasure, tension/relaxation, excitement/depression and all combined are apperception |
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Titchener - what was his structural bend?
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Structuralist
-progenitor of American psych -had ppl pay attention to elementary sensations & found 44,000 |
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James - who struct a match under him to make him so fun?
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Functionalist-
-stream of consciousness - pragmatist & said that anything is true if it works - emotions caused by physio responses → James-Lange theory of emotion |
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What was Dewey's function in psych?
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est’d U of C
- consciousness produces correct bx for context so org will survive |
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What did Angell add to the fun?
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Dewey’s student
-made school successful -wrote “psychology” & said it was study of mental operations & functions |
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Who mustered up forensic?
Did the kids like the Cat-tell? Was Witmer witty in session? Hope the kids liked study Hall! Did Triplett go for the tri? How strong IS Scott? |
forensic-musterberg
cattell-mental tests kids binet-IQ Hall - child study movement Tripless - sports psych Witmer - clinical psych Scott - industrial/org psych |
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Thorndike - he may have been fun, but damn was he moody!
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Behaviorism
-puzzle box, law of effect, law of exercise (rev of effect), spread of effect -referred to theory as connectivism -operant conditioning |
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What's up w/Pavlov's animal cruelty?
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behaviorism
conditioned/unconditioned |
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Watson - behavior speaks volumes
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blank slate so called for bxism to control it
-conditioned emotional reaction w/little Albert |
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Mary Cover Jones - whose ass did she cover?
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direct conditioning to systematically desensitize peter from fearing rabbit
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Skinner - talk about a punishment!
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behaviorism
-reinforcement/punishment, operant/respondent -teaching machine & aircrib |
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Bandura - bx pissed his social cognition off
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critic of bx
- social cognitive theory -> modeling b/c of emotion reinforcement, “self-efficacy |
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Rotter - control plotter
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behaviorism
internal/external locus of control - learned in childhood - how much control we think we have impacts effectiveness of C-R contingencies |
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Psychoanalysis - Breuer and Freud
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Breuer (talking cure)
Freud (topo – uncon, precon, con; structural – id, ego, supergo) |
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What did Adler add?
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indi psych; creative self, style of life, and superiority
-psychoanalysis |
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Jung - talk about an ego obsession!
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ego holds conscious mind & persona; 4 functions of consciousness – thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition; most of complexes exist in personal unconscious; collective has the archetypes; individuation is growth process
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Who borrowed from Cover and established Behavior Therapy?
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Wolpe (based off Jones’ work → Progressive Muscle Relaxation); later ppl add bx rehearsal, aversion therapy
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Gestalt - what were those illusionists up to?
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(Wertheimer, koffka, kohler; trial & error) – Wertheimer (phi phenomenon; invalidates associationist, reductionist psych), Koffka, Kohler (puzzles for apes making them strategize to show trial & error
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Humanism - 3rd...what?!?
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3rd force after psychoanalysis & behaviorism; conscious experience, free will of indi; influ by Adler; Maslow, Rogers)
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Existential (Maslow, Yalom, May)
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- assumes ppl need guidance & to instill hardiness in client to keep them from choosing the past as they need to escape “ontological guilt”; focuses on the now
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Gestalt Therapy - Perl of a guy!
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Fritz Perls; each indi can assume responsibility for own thought/feelings & when they do they get closure & wholeness; personality involves battle btwn slef & self image
reaction to psychoanalysis |
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CBT - but Ellis had the ABCs
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Ellis (Rational Emotive Therapy; therapist plays harsh role to confront illocal beliefs; Activating Events, Maladaptive Belief, Consequential Emotional Reaction – ABC),
Beck (psychotherapy would work faster if it challenged thoughts; nicer; had client reach conclusions; hwk) |
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Schema Therapy
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Schema Therapy - places greater emph on therapeutic relationship than standard CBT & focuses more on changing the circular process that has led them astray by changing the schema. Young started by modeling off Beck’s schema
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Object Relations Therapy
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Klein; Fairbairn, Winnicott;
-from Freudian & primacy of relationships in personality -internal relationships with mental reps of others “objects” |
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Klein may have leined towards Freud, but she had her eye on the Object
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death instincts
- fantasy is necessary -baby is paranoid-schizoid before graduating to depressive - part object/good object/bad object/whole object → it all stems from blending realities, |
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Fairbairn had a fair number of egos
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1st true model w/a self that is formed from external others & relationship
-rejects Freud’s energy divides & gives ego its own energy -central ego (real ppl/outside world), libidinal ego (loving response to good), antilibidinal ego (needy formed out of bad objects & fights the libidinal like superego fights ego -pathologies from internalized bad objects |
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Winnicott's wasn't held enough as a baby
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-good enough mother
-holding environment - primary maternal occupation -criticized Klein’s failure to account for bad mothering -me vs not-me until sense of true self comes from attention; not enough means a false self |
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Self Psychology
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- like object relations b/c relationships more imp than internal drives but diff b/c sense of self is more imp to personality dvlpmnt
-minor trauma nec for healthy personality dvlpmnt |
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Kohut - what was his Self ID?
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started Freudian then Self Psych
-narcissism is normal unless severe "idealizing transference" & "mirroring transference" b/c see therapist as "selfobject" to make up for making up for nuclear self by picking a grandiose self -infants adapt through transmuting internalization -empathetic therapist |
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Structuralism & Psych
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structure of language produces “reality”; deterministic philosophical system; created by Claude Strauss Levi
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Derrida
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criticizes structuralism
-texts don’t necessarily reflect “truth” - need to “deconstruct” to discover the important meanings that had been excluded from the texts. |
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Postmodernism
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-rejects modernity from Descartes to Derrida; embrace discontinuity
-modernism undermines human freedom (Gergen, Ethnocentric, Feminist) |
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Gergen - what was his social construction?
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creates Social Constructionist; said scientific method is dysfunctional; define ourselves through others
"I am linked therefore I am" |
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Social Constructionism
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argues that all human knowledge and awareness are the product of social processes. Likens the traditional stance of the psychotherapist to that of colonial;
-postmodernism -Gergen & I am linked therefore I am |
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Narrative Therapy
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also considered to be a postmodern psychotherapy
- created by Michael White -stories are the medium of life experience but are also arbitrary and selective - focuses on helping clients re-author their stories to improve their human interactions |
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Ethnocentric Psychology
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Afrocentric psych; suggests particular racial/ethnocultural gp needs a psych by & for itself
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Afrocentrism
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Leopold Senghor;
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Feminist Psychology
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acknowledge power diff in therapist-client relationship; power w/ vs power over
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Stone Center writers & Relational Theory
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related to object relations; e-emph unconsciousness & says human interactions broken into experiences of connection & disconnection
-connection produces growth |
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Theory of Emotions
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Joy + Desire + Sorrow --> 48 states
Know 'em and you control 'em Spinoza |
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Theory of Vision
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We learn depth, distance, etc through trial & error
Berkeley |
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Theory of Causality
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Can't assume cause from observation
Hume |
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Tridimensional Theory of Feelings
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pleasure/displeasure, tension/relaxation, excitement/depression and all combined are apperception
Wundt |
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Law of Effect
Law of Exercise Spread of effect |
Thorndike
effect --> do it to get response exercise --> stop & response will Spread --> connect |
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Social Cognitive Theory
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Bandura
modeling b/c of emotion reinforcement |
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4 Functions of Consciousness
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thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition
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Who influenced Jung?
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Averroes
Freud |
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Progressive Muscle Relaxation
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Wolpe based this behavioral therapy off of Mary Cover Jones' findings
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Rationalists
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Descartes
Spinoza |
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Behaviorists
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Skinner
Thorndike Watson Bandura Rotter Mary Cover Jones Wolpe (behavior therapy) |
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Empiricists
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Hobbes (associationist)
Locke Hume Berkeley |
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Structuralists
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Wundt
Titchener |
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Functionalists
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James
Angell dewey (taught angell) |
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Object Relations
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Klein
Winnicott fairbairn |
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Psychoanalysists
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Breuer
Freud Adler Jung Anna |
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Postmodern
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Narrative - white
enthnocentric/afrocentric feminist social constructionism Self psychology |
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psychophysics
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fechner
von helmholtz pierce |
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Behavior
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behavioral therapy (wolpe)
RET (ellis) CBT (beck) Schema (young) |
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Applied
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Musterberg
Cattell Hall Triplett Binet |
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gestalt psychology
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wertheimer, koffka, kohler; reductionist response to behaviorism; trial & error
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