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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Market Revolution
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Economic integration and expansion
Long lasting period of change 1815-1850s Dramatic effects on society, culture, politics, and the economy Fueled by improvements in transportation and mechanization The economy becomes more integrated; the small farmer is in a profoundly different economy than their political heroes have led them to believe |
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The Transportation Revolution
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Using technology to overcome geography
High shipping costs on land (the same as shipping something across the Atlantic) Very dependent on ocean going commerce Roads Private and public ventures Toll roads do not make a profit National Road (1811) Most prominent and successful Easier to travel west past Ohio 1839- gets to Vandalia, Illinois Roads still susceptible to poor weather |
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Water Transportation
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Steamboats
Robert Fulton- 1st one to make practical steamboats Increased use during and after War of 1812 True two-way traffic On major river systems But they are still limited by the water ways themselves! HM! Canals Existing waterways limited Erie Canal- 1817 De Witt Clinton- proposes a 364 mile long canal from Buffalo to Albany Expensive and difficult to build 6 years to build, 2 to open it up to commerce; $7 million Very profitable First means of shipping items in bulk through the Appalachians In less than a decade, it paid for itself Locks of the canal made it possible; system of pumps to change the water levels |
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Railroads
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applied steam engine to overland expansion
First appear in 1830s 13 mile track in Maryland Top speeds- tens of miles an hour Engines are dangerous- they explode Tens of thousands of miles of track laid by 1850s Fast, cheap, and capable of carrying large loads |
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Telegraphy
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1844
Samuel F.B. Morse Rapid communications Renders older means of communication useless Pony Express 1850- becomes obsolete after 10 years |
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Railroads and Telegraphy
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All of these advances are bringing the country together & facilitate Westward expansion
After 1812, there are 6 new states The trip is now profitable and easier Ohio’s population grows rapidly National market place for goods Profound shifts in employment Farming dies out in New England Midwest- America’s breadbasket Contributions to Sectionalism Canals link Northwest & Midwest= economic integration No canals/ railroads in the south= economic isolation |
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Eli Whitney
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1793: Eli Whitney invents cotton gin
Makes cotton farming profitable Files patents suits Revitalizes slavery Land boom |
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Cyrus McCormick
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1831: Cyrus McCormick creates mechanical reaper
Credit and service networks Authorized dealer networks Quicker and easier harvesting |
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Samuel Slater
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Copies English textile mill in 1790s in Rhode Island
Not very successful |
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Francis Cabot Lowell
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Combines spinning and weaving in single factory
Memorizes plans from England Lowell, MA Factories dedicated to cotton manufacturing Young, single women in dorms worked 66 hours a week Went on strike on occasion Successful, doesn’t die out until 1840’s |
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Industry in the Cities
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New wave of urbanization
Urban population from 3 to 16 percent between 1800 and 1860 Cities grow rapidly into thriving manufacturing centers American system of manufacturing Divisions of labor Unskilled workers Greater separation between people doing the work & management itself |
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1828 Election
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Bitter and dirty campaign
Supporters campaigned for candidate in the past Adams (National Republicans) vs. Jackson (Democratic Republicans)- Factions emerge Both men do not actively campaign for the jobs Nasty battles fought by their supporters Jackson’s wife a bigamist- still married to the ex-husband; died a few weeks later “Adams can write; Jackson can fight” Coffin Handbills- advertised how he killed people Jackson is liberal with the firing squad |
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Results of the 1828 Election
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Jackson wins easily
2-1 margin in electoral votes Distinctions First westerner elected president First president not from VA or MA Ends succession of Secretaries of State to Presidency “The Revolution of 1828” The common triumphs- like Jefferson |
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Jackson’s Philosophy
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not well defined
Strict constructionist Affinity for the common man Rhetorically attacks privilege and wealthy interests Gains favor of the common people Great personal wealth Attacks concentrations of power in Washington Favors local control Government to ensure equal opportunity and protections Nationalist in many respects Minority fringe groups are not his concern inconsistent |
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Jackson's use of the veto
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-only exercised 3 times prior to 1829 (in 40 years)
-Jackson used it 12 times in 8 years - he also vetoes a federal road project |
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Spoils System
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Jackson
-rotation of civil servants every 4-5 years so they do not become complacent and abuse their powers -this is also a way to gain votes- clean out the civil service pool after an election and replace it with party cronies (20% of jobs swapped out with this method) |
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End of Native Resistance under Jackson
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Creeks in the S; Techumesh in the N
Civilized Tribes- Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws Wanted them to become like white men Jackson thinks they are too savage Focus on farming Treaties with state of GA for control of this land Settlers want to move on these Native lands Federal government can trump the states Contract law- bound to contracts |
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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
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1831
John Marshall Cherokees wanted to be dealt with as a foreign power; Marshall doesn't take it this far He decides that they are a ward of the state; they must be protected Since GA doesn’t see them as an independent nation, GA gets them off their land further |
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Worcester v. Georgia
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(1835)- under Marshall
Didn’t get a license to settle on Native lands, goes to jail, cherokees finance this Marshall- they are a “Distinct Nation” |
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Trail of Tears
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Georgia violates decisions with Jackson’s backing
Indians are sent west to OK 15,000 arrive in OK; 4000 die along the way Senior officers horrified & disgusted in what they are trying to do |
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Jackson’s view of banks
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Personal opposition- lost some of his money
Public rhetoric- he actually uses banks 2nd Bank of the US parasitic and dominated by foreigners (British) Believes this is unconstitutional |
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Nicholas Biddle
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Manager of 2nd Bank of the United States
Early renewal of charter- 1832 Both houses pass a renewal Vetoed by Jackson because he says its unconstitutional Biddle doesn’t have the 2/3 to override a presidential veto |
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The Bank War
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Jackson fires two Secretaries of Treasury before one refuses bank charter
Taney agrees and begins taking federal money out of the bank; reduces the money it has in the reserve Biddle causes artificial recession- so that he can blame Jackson Calls in loans from state banks Bank charter expires in 1836 Banking system weakened over the long term Makes it hard for the government to influence financial sector |
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Peggy Eaton affair
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1828
Personal dispute becomes political Wife of secretary of war tries to participate in social gatherings with other wives Allegations that 1st husband killed himself after her affair with John Eaton Cabinet members become upset that Jackson is forcing social interactions w/ Peggy Jackson drops Calhoun from the ticket Martin Van Buren saw these squabbles so he and his wife become close with the Eaton couple- he becomes VP in the 1832 election (Eaton & Van Buren resigns) |
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Nullification crisis
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SC unhappy with Tariff of Abominations and Tariff of 1832
Economy was stagnant and now they have to pay more Attempts to nullify law and gather arms Since constitution was the states coming together, states can nullify laws Force Bill and compromise Tariff of 1833 Tariff of 1832- to alleviate southerner’s problems- doesn’t Attempts to nullify and gather arms (talks of secession) Force Bill (stick)- congress authorized to use force if SC secedes Tariff of 1833 (carrot)- gradually lowers tariffs down to tariff of 1816 levels |
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Democratization
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All but one state (SC) uses popular vote to pick electors by 1832
Votes begin to matter Expansion of the franchise- voting rights West to east Property qualifications to vote in the east (white, man of age..) As more states are admitted, they have no property qualification (universal white male suffrage) Higher voter participation 1830- 50% 1840s- 50-75% (remains here) |
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Second Party System
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Created by Jackson
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Democratic Party
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-Organized by Martin Van Buren- Bucktails
-Trying to breakdown barriers for mass political participation -Political parties are a necessity for the nation -1832 Convention for Jackson -1st time a convention his held -1st modern political party -Locofocos- like Jackson's rhetorical assaults on wealthy & privileged interests |
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Whigs
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1834-1836
-Anti-Jackson forces -Much less organized than the democratic party -Call Jackson "King Andrew"- monarchial Tyrant who is born to command -Old National Republicans- Clay, Daniel Webster -Merchants, business interests, anti-Masons, Catholic immigrants -Anti-masons- secret social group, against free Masons, Jackson & other prominent Democrats are members of the free masons -Goals: American system, tariff -Argue for CONGRESSIONAL supremacy, not tyranny in the executive |
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After Jackson...
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Martin Van Buren (Democrat) - president of 1836 (succeeds Jackson)
-Whigs ran a pool campaign so basically they DON'T WIN -Panic of 1837- Biddle’s mess hadn't completely gone away -Caused by Specie Circular- Jackson prevented people from buying credit on Federal land- wrecks federal economy -Worse economic downturn since 1780’s Whigs win 1840 Election -William Henry Harrison & Tyler nominated -Tippecanoe and Tyler too -Harrison dies after one month (longest speech in the cold) -Tyler expelled from party mid-term because he is more Democratic |
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Legacies of Jackson
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Banking system destabilized by getting rid of the second bank
Resurgence of party politics since he was divisive, speeds up process -Infrastructure entrenches their place in the system Democracy and the common man -Views himself as the common man’s champion -Sincere? -He’s wealthy, inconsistently governs, 1st whips more mass fervor |
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Effects of the Market Revolution
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-Coming to grips with change
-Mass Politics -Market Revolution- 1) transportation allows for prosperity to increase trading 2) contact with people outside of their communities 3) gives rise to a movement dedicated to women's rights -interest in reforming American society 1) slavery 2)Women's rights |
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Second Great Awakening
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-Begins in the early 1800s and stops in the 1840s
-Western Camp Revivals -must purge sin from their lives or condemn themselves to damnation -Camp Ridge Revival- Kentucky -10-20,000 people -many different preachers & faiths -Tradition of evangelism -Burned-Over District -Many different religious revivals -Seat of intense religious activity -Albany-NYC- Eerie canal also going on here (not an accident); feeds into the religious movement -Charles Grandison Finney -Lawyer turned Presbyterian minister -Popular revivalist preacher -American philosophy- God is not angry, vengeful, or a punishing God- he is JUST & he wants to see his subjects at seat (if you wanted to become a Christian, you could come receive prayer there) -INDIVIDUAL has the power to accept salvation if they overcome their problems & weaknesses -1831 he converts over 100,000 people through his rallies |
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Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-day Saints
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-Mormons
-Joseph Smith writes Book of Mormon (Mark Twain criticizes it) -Refocuses the Christian on North America -American conceptualism -Disliked in NY -Little interest in reforming society around them because he doesn't trust society -Migration Westward -Illinois -raised army of 4-5,000 people; he was arrested; Illinoisans mob jail & kill him |
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Millerites
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-Not an important group in the long term
-Millennial beliefs -1833- Miller predicts second coming of Jesus Christ sometime in between March 21, 1843 and March 21, 1844 -The Great Disappointment- March 21, 1844 The Second Great Disappointment- October -Splits up because he LITERALLY has NO credibility- 7th Day Adventist is one of the outcomes |
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Shakers
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Mother Anne Lee- Founder 1770 (Before Second Great Awakening)
-Separate themselves from chaotic American society -Dances purge one of sin -Reformers- Act as missionaries (are also Craftsmen, have a strong work ethic); Trying to come to grips with the changing society around them -Small Movement- Have difficulty attracting new members because they believe in celibacy for EVERYONE; lose their membership; genders separated except in instance of church worship |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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-Publishes The Liberator
-Not interested in political process- thinks this is the problem that led to slavery in the first place -Immediasm- NOT immediate end of slavery, but the PROCESS to end slavery needs to begin NOW -Slavery is a negative influence on white culture but what is slavery doing to the slaves themselves? -He had devout religious followers like the Quakers, and urban professionals |
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NY finished Manumission in..
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1827
Turns into a moral crusade |
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Free Black Movement
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-National Negro Convention
-Runaway/ descendants of slaves -interested in eradicating slavery -Frederick Douglass -Read & wrote at a young age -Runaway- wrote an autobiography on life as a slave in the south which was VERY popular |
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Anti-Abolition Movements
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-Southern hostility
-bounties on the heads of abolition leaders -Cincinnati- Anti-Abolotionist movement -William Lloyd Garrison caught in it, dragged through the streets, but he survives |
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"Gag Rule"
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-Table Resolutions
-No anti-slavery debates in House of Representatives to avoid feuds |
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Liberty Party
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-1844
-First anti-slavery party -Constitution forbids movement of slavery into new territories -Social movement gradually infiltrates into politics |
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Women's Movement
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-Begins with female participation in the abolition movement
-Cult of Domesticity in the 1830's-40's- women confined to the home -Pushed boundaries of "acceptable behavior" -Banned from 1840 anti-slavery conference in London -Definite contradiction in movements -1848 Seneca Falls Convention -Women & some men -Declaration of Rights and Sentiments 1)suffrage and equality for all 2)divorces & inheritances 3)defines women's movement for decades afterward 4) Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
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Westward Expansion
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-Believed inevitable by most Americans
-Thomas Jefferson thought that America would eventually dominate the entire continent, but he thought it would take 1000 years -Many different wests -Crossing the Appalachians, the Old Northwest, the Louisiana Purchase, etc. |
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Manifest Destiny
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1830s-1840s
-John L. Sullivan, journalist, coined this term in 1845 -ideology of expansion -America is a nation that has been blessed by God; land to the west was ordered by God for them to settle -John Gast's American progress 1860 1) bringing technology, light, & railroads to the west 2) God-given right to expand across the continent 3) Humans persevere in all of his paintings |
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Thomas Cole
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-Landscape painter
-Falls of the Kaaterskill (1820) |
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James Fenimore Cooper
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-Last of the Mohicans (1826)
-Inevitability of expansion; celebrating it |
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What state was originally part of the Louisiana Purchase?
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Texas
1819 Adams- Onis Treaty- US relinquishes claim to TX |
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Mexico gains independence from Spain...
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-White settlement encouraged by Mexico
-View it as a barrier against American expansion |
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Moses Austin
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Given a land grant for Texas
Gives it to his son, Stephen |
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Texas settling
1821-1835 |
-Americans settling on new & relatively empty lands
-Americans illegally crossing border & settling in TX (20,000 whites in 1830) -Importation of slaves -Conflict with Tejanos -Viewed whites as land squatters -White people in the south viewed the Adams-Onis Treaty as a mistake -Conflict with Mexican Government -Terms of settling: 1)Taxes (very high) 2) Whites had to convert to Catholicism (Americans highly Protestant) 3) Slavery- at one point they try to abolish slaver & at another point they allow the importation of slavery |
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General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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-Dissolves Mexican Congress & declares himself as their dictator
-Widespread condemnation of this move by settlers |
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Texas Revolution
San Jacinto Aftermath |
1835-1836
-initial expulsion of Mexican forces in San Antonio, 1835 -Santa Anna's counterattack in the spring -Alamo -Texans had unwisely tried to defend it although it was not a good location -Inflicted heavy losses on the Mexicans, but they are still wiped out -The city of Goliad was also wiped out San Jacinto Peace Treaty- Santa Anna claims he was forced to sign it so it should be null & void -TX boundaries confirmed at Rio Grande -Mexico-TX boundary only as far south as a certain R -Think that US will quickly agree to annex them Aftermath -Panic of 1837- Van Buren focuses on this, so he fails to annex Texas & Texas would have to be admitted as a slave state and that poses YET another problem -Semi-functional republic Texas had to operate independently for sometime afterward |
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Oregon Country
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-Convention of 1818- joint administration by US & Britain
-Thousands of American settlers in the 1840s -Few Brits make the trip -Valley in Oregon becomes key place of settlement -Oregon Trail- Traffic jams because of small roads & their wagons were pulled by draft animals -Long journey- most people walked; wagons were for supplies; watering holes infested with disease -Americans want to claim the land since they VASTLY outnumber the British -Know this ties in with the election of James K. Polk in 1844 |
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Election of 1844
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-Whig Party is apathetic towards expansion
-Democrats- make expansion their party platform James K. Polk emphasizes Western expansion His campaign is built around seizing Oregon & Texas -John Tyler thinks his election mandates as a desire for territory so he signs in Texas and THATS how we got here, ladies & gentlemen |
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Solving the Oregon Problem
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-"50-40 or fight!"- boundaries of Oregon
US claim never extended above 49th parallel -Polk's Stance Public: end joint occupancy, NO compromise Private: cuts a deal -Agreement to 49th parallel boundary in 1846 |
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General Zachary Taylor
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-Mexican War
Tensions high after Texas was annexed -General Zachary Taylor -Dispatched to Nueces River -Later advances to Rio Grande Invasion of Mexican territory Mexico viewed the Rio Grande as apart of their territory so this was an act of war -Two battles with Mexican troops Taylor victorious in both 1) Paulo Lalto 2)Rasuco De le Salto -War declared May 13, 1846 |
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US Goals & Strategy in the Mexican War
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Goals:
-Boundary along Rio Grande for -Seize upper California & New Mexico -"Mexican war is nothing but a land grab", "Polk's War" -Whigs & abolitionists oppose it Strategy: -Escalation: demands against Mexican government (even though outsiders believed Mexican government was stronger) In 1846, Santa Anna returns to power because these demands cause the Mexican government to collapse -Short war in northern states (only about a year) -Direct ground assault against Mexico City |
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Bear Flag Revolt
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-Americans try to consolidate
-Navy squadron led by Robert F -John C Freemont & Stephen Kearny had 1000s of troops -Starts in Sonoma Country (N) & then Americans gradually move south -Joint Navy & army operations -Rebellion against US troops put down in early 1847 -CA now in American's hands |
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New Mexico
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1847
seized by forces en route to California Kearny sent some of his troops back to New Mexico California & New Mexico in US hands by 1847 |
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Siege of Monterrey
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-Taylor surrounds city & then they bypass city's defenses which turns into a street fight
-1846- Monterrey falls to the Americans -Polk upset that Taylor let a large part of Mexican army go free |
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Tensions between Polk & Taylor
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Polk- democrat
Taylor-whig If Taylor garners more success, he will pose a threat to Polk; Taylor would present an ideal candidate for the Whigs -Change in US strategy- 1846 Taylor's army stripped of regular troops & put under someone else's command |
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Battle of Buena Vista
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1847
-Taylor fights off Santa Anna's army 3 times its size -Mexicans never take control -Both sides sustain heavy losses; Mexicans retreat -Taylor's army is a non-factor at this point |
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Veracruz & Mexico City
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1847
Along Gulf of Mexico -Joint operation with Army & Navy Navy blockades the coast & offers gunfire support Special purpose landing craft ordered by Scott Combat landing (WWII) practiced Falls easily- malarial city Scott has to complete this before mosquitoes come Very detailed planning -Mexico City Scott outnumbered Superior movement around Mexicans Robert E Lee- young engineer who scouts the movements around the Mexicans Makes it there in September -Surprise assault on Mexico City Falls in September 1847 |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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1848
-Negotiated by recalled representative by Polk because he wants even more Mexican territory, but he doesn't leave Terms: 1) Mexican territory ceded to US- Arizona, Nevada, Utah, CA 2) Texas annexation recognized by Mexico & they get the boundary along Rio Grande 3) $15 million in compensation to Mexico -Treaty hotly debated Expansion Vs. Racism - Democrats wanted more expansion -Some people had a problem with expansion -Some didn't want a large mixed population |
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Results of the Mexican War
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-Training ground for Civil War leaders
Grant (under Taylor), Lee (Scott), Bragg, etc.. -Vast expansion of US territory -Single largest cession of territory -Stimulates sectional conflict Kicking the can down the road- temporary solutions to problems March to Civl War |
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Wilmot Proviso
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1846
Ban on slavery in new territories Hotly debated by Congress |
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1848 Election
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-Polk doesn't run again because he did everything he wanted to while he was in office
-Taylor wins Whig party nomination & wins election -Free soil party advocates non-expansion of slavery The United States presidential election of 1848 was an open race. President James Polk, having achieved all of his major objectives in one term and suffering from declining health that would take his life less than four months after leaving office, kept his promise not to seek re-election. The Whigs in 1846-47 had focused all their energies on condemning Polk's war policies. They had to quickly reverse course. In February 1848 Polk surprised everyone with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War and gave the U.S. vast new territories (including California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico). The Whigs in the Senate voted 2-1 to approve the treaty. Then in the summer the Whigs nominated the hero of the war, Zachary Taylor. While he did promise no more future wars, he did not condemn the war or criticize Polk, and Whigs had to follow his lead. They shifted their attention to the new issue of whether slavery could be banned from the new territories. The choice of Taylor was almost in desperation--he was not clearly committed to Whig principles, but he was popular for leading the war effort. The Democrats had a record of victory, peace, prosperity, and the acquisition of both Oregon and the Southwest; they appeared almost certain winners unless the Whigs picked Taylor. Taylor's victory made him one of only two Whigs to be elected President before the party ceased to exist in the 1850s; the other Whig to be elected President was William Henry Harrison, who had also been a general and war hero, but died a month into office. |
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Gold Rush
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1848
- 1849 Settlers flock to CA because gold was spotted near Sacramento -They travel by passage under South American or by land -Population increased very rapidly mostly by young, unmarried men -Debates over statehood interjected into debates on slavery |
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Compromise of 1850
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-Henry Clay (Missouri Compromise & Nullification Compromise) & Stephen Douglas (who picks it up when Clay gives up)
-Aided by death of President Taylor -Southern, but he is a Unionist at heart & he is unwilling to make a compromise 5 Components 1) California is a free state- no territory with large number of slaves is ready for statehood 2) Settlement of boundary between Texas & New Mexico; New Mexico a territory 3) Utah Act- legislatures control slavery 4) Slave trade banned in Washington DC 5) Fugitive Slave Act- most controversial -harsh terms for aiding runaways as in YEARS in prison -Federal assistance -No trials for runaway slaves- assumption of guilt (feared free blacks in the north would be captured and sold into slavery |
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South's One Crop Economy
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-Sugar, rice, and tobacco grown into 19th century, but this is all overshadowed by cotton
-King Cotton references "Cotton economy goes, so goes the south" - Little Southern industry 2% of economic activity, because it is literally all agriculture South has a good river system South is isolated and peculiar -Called King Cotton by 1850s |
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White society in the south
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-1/4 of Southern families own slaves in Antebellum period
-southern execptionalism Distinct Southern culture- honor, duels & chilvary One of the last slave-holding areas Aristocratic -high birth & infant mortality rates -Small landowners- own few if any slaves Subsistence farming Culture of deference to planter classes Not in a position to question the wealthy aristocrats- they want to be them don't have a political voice acquiesce to planter classes |
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Internal Slave Trade in the south
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-End of slave importation after 1808 but there is illegal slave trade for decades afterwards (much lower, but exists)
-Britain outlaws slavery in 1832- joint naval patrols forced by British to stop illegal slave trade -Shift of slave populations -Upper to Lower South -Frederick Douglas- great fear of being sold to the south because then slaves would have to be involved in cotton farming -Separation from families *Shift to places where cotton is dominant *takes labor to places its needed |
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Slave Life
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-Slave codes
*Tight restrictions- couldn't own property, leave, or testify against whites *Inconsistent enforcement- slaves carried guns if they needed to hunt -Relationships with masters *varies widely- slaves treated like virtual family members to situations akin to Uncle Tom's Cabin (masters like tyrants) *high death rates among slaves -Work *Begins at childhood * depends on area * seasonal employment- migratory laborers do not want to go south *Urban contract labor *Majority of slave life is dominated by cotton economy |
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Sambo
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-Public deference to whites in their presence, but this is a constructed image
-yearning for freedom is inspired by the free black population (1/4 of a million)- VA & New Orleans |
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Denmark Vessey
& Nat Turner |
1822
Denmark Vessey started a slave rebellion in South Carolina with 9000 slaves willing to rebel This was foiled before it started because word got out & authorities put a stop to it Vessey was executed 1831 Nat Turner- preacher that even whites come to listen to because he was extremely charismatic 60 whites killed before suppression in southeast VA Live in fear that another rebellion will occur Turner & the other leaders executed In the minds of white southerners, this idea is ALWAYS in the back of their minds though rebellions are infrequent |
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Denmark Vessey
& Nat Turner |
1822
Denmark Vessey started a slave rebellion in South Carolina with 9000 slaves willing to rebel This was foiled before it started because word got out & authorities put a stop to it Vessey was executed 1831 Nat Turner- preacher that even whites come to listen to because he was extremely charismatic 60 whites killed before suppression in southeast VA Live in fear that another rebellion will occur Turner & the other leaders executed In the minds of white southerners, this idea is ALWAYS in the back of their minds though rebellions are infrequent |
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The Sectional Crisis pertaining to the newer generation
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-They inherited the slave issue
-Douglas is open minded -Most people have hardened attitudes -Unwillingness to compromise |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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-1852
-Harriet Beecher Stowe -Sensationalized account of slavery *Uncle Tom dies due to mistreatment *She never spent much time in the south so the validity of the novel is questioned -Highlights Northern problems with Fugitive Slave Act *Opens their eyes to how horrific it could be *Helping people (moral act) could make them go to jail *wide acclaim in the north in short amount of time |
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Winfield Scott
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-Collapse of the Whig Party
-Not very strong in the fist place; unanimous hatred of Jackson -Northern and Southern wings of party completely diverge -Winfield Scott *Northern candidate running on Southern platform *North won't vote on South platform; south won't vote for a northerner -By next election, Whigs are gone |
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Kansas- Nebraska Act
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1854
THIS ACT DEALS WITH POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY! -Stephen Douglas tried to pick up where Clay left off -splitting the Nebraska territory *Kansas as a slave state, Nebraska free -Democratic party splits *North view popular sovereignty as a scam *South views Congress as overstepping its bounds *Douglas thinks it opens up states to candidates The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to create opportunities for a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. It became problematic when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal. The act was designed by Democratic Sen. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. The act established that settlers could vote to decide whether to allow slavery, in the name of popular sovereignty or rule of the people. Douglas hoped that would ease relations between the North and the South, because the South could expand slavery to new territories but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in its states. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a concession to the slave power of the South. The new Republican Party, which was created in opposition to the act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North. |
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Bleeding Kansas
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-Competing state governments
*Free vs. Slave -Missouri Ruffians *go across border & vote for proslavery candidates & inflict acts of violence on abolitionists -John Brown *he and his sons hack up a bunch of pro-slavery people Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery in the United States. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune; the events it encompasses directly presaged the American Civil War. The United States had long struggled to balance the interests of slaveholders and abolitionists. The events later known as Bleeding Kansas were set into motion by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which nullified the Missouri Compromise and instead implemented the concept of popular sovereignty. An ostensibly democratic idea, popular sovereignty stated that the inhabitants of each territory or state should decide whether it would be a free or slave state; however, this resulted in immigration en masse to Kansas by activists from both sides. At one point, Kansas had two separate governments, each with its own constitution, although only one was federally recognized. On January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state, less than three months before the Battle of Fort Sumter which began the Civil War. |
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Brooks-Sumner incident
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-Charles Sumner- antislavery
*Complaining about levels of violence in Kansas *he blames South Carolina congressman, Butler *Brooks is the nephew of Butler so he goes down & beats him with a cane *Brooks thought of as a hero in the south and people sent him canes |
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Formation of the Republican Party
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-Coalesced in a single cycle
-Nativists, business interests, abolitionists *"No-Nothings"- anti-immigration *Free Soil Party- abolitionists - Surprising success in 1856 *Freemont (R) candidate of limited appeal -Free labor ideology *Immediate emancipation to stop the flow *Slavery destroys a slave's work ethic & inhibits Southern growth *destroys its own possibilities for advancement *Slave or slave power the true concern? *How interested are Republicans in racial equality? |
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Dred Scott Decision
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1857
-Slave who lived in free territories -Master moves him back to Missouri so Scott files suit -Decision *Buchannan tried to personally influence the justices *Lower court threw out the case; upper court should have done that 1) African Americans are not citizens 2) Slavery upheld by 5th Amendment; Congress has no right to override constitution 3) Missouri Compromise & Popular Sovereignty illegal -Northerners are pissed |
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John Brown
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1859
-Raid on Harper's Ferry *leads a raid on the town *Robert E Lee corners Brown in dingy firehouse & executes him -South took this as an example of how ALL the north felt, but the north thought he was a lunatic -FAILED ATTEMPT TO START A SLAVE INSURRECTION |
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Election of 1860
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-Democratic Party split
*North: Stephen Douglas is not an ardent supporter of slavery, but believes in popular sovereignty (this means anti-slavery to the south) *South: John C Breckenridge thinks slavery should be opened up in all territories -Constitutional Union Party *John Bell- old southern Whigs; try to find constitutional compromise -Republican Party *Abraham Lincoln *antislavery *seen as a moderate *Over the long term, the goal is emancipation *had spoken out against the Dred Scott decision, but had condemned Brown's raid on harpers ferry * Not partys first choice for candidate -Splits in the electorate produce GOP electoral victory *40% of popular vote *Mostly northern states, CA & Oregon |
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Brooks-Sumner incident
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-Charles Sumner- antislavery
*Complaining about levels of violence in Kansas *he blames South Carolina congressman, Butler *Brooks is the nephew of Butler so he goes down & beats him with a cane *Brooks thought of as a hero in the south and people sent him canes |
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Formation of the Republican Party
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-Coalesced in a single cycle
-Nativists, business interests, abolitionists *"No-Nothings"- anti-immigration *Free Soil Party- abolitionists - Surprising success in 1856 *Freemont (R) candidate of limited appeal -Free labor ideology *Immediate emancipation to stop the flow *Slavery destroys a slave's work ethic & inhibits Southern growth *destroys its own possibilities for advancement *Slave or slave power the true concern? *How interested are Republicans in racial equality? |
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Dred Scott Decision
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1857
-Slave who lived in free territories -Master moves him back to Missouri so Scott files suit -Decision *Buchannan tried to personally influence the justices *Lower court threw out the case; upper court should have done that *African Americans are NOT citizens *Slavery upheld by 5th Amendment; Congress has no right to override constitution -Missouri Compromise & Popular Sovereignty illegal -Northerners are pissed |
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John Brown
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1859
-Raid on Harper's Ferry *leads a raid on the town *Robert E Lee corners Brown in dingy firehouse & executes him -South took this as an example of how ALL the north felt, but the north thought he was a lunatic -FAILED ATTEMPT TO START A SLAVE INSURRECTION |
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Election of 1860
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-Democratic Party split
*North: Stephen Douglas is not an ardent supporter of slavery, but believes in popular sovereignty (this means anti-slavery to the south) *South: John C Breckenridge thinks slavery should be opened up in all territories -Constitutional Union Party *John Bell- old southern Whigs; try to find constitutional compromise -Republican Party *Abraham Lincoln *antislavery *seen as a moderate *Over the long term, the goal is emancipation *had spoken out against the Dred Scott decision, but had condemned Brown's raid on harpers ferry * Not partys first choice for candidate -Splits in the electorate produce GOP electoral victory *40% of popular vote *Mostly northern states, CA & Oregon |
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Fort Sumter
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-Remains in federal hands
-April 1861 *Confederates make the decision to bombardment * 1 man is killed through an accidental gun explosion -Most forts are in federal hands -Anderson tries to move troops and the Confederates drive the ship away to stop resupplying -Starts the war • Cut-off from outside sources of supply o Ship fired upon o No hope for resupply • April 1861 o Confederate bombardment- brief o Fort surrenders o At this point the civil war had not begun • Abraham Lincoln o Had been inaugurated o mad a wise decision to let the confederates shoot first On April 11, 1861, Beauregard sent three aides, Colonel James Chesnut, Jr., Captain Stephen D. Lee, and Lieutenant A. R. Chisolm to demand the surrender of the fort. Anderson declined, and the aides returned to report to Beauregard. After Beauregard had consulted the Secretary of War, Leroy Walker, he sent the aides back to the fort and authorized Chesnut to decide whether the fort should be taken by force. The aides waited for hours while Anderson considered his alternatives and played for time. At about 3 a.m., when Anderson finally announced his conditions, Colonel Chesnut, after conferring with the other aides, decided that they were "manifestly futile and not within the scope of the instructions verbally given to us". The aides then left the fort and proceeded to the nearby Fort Johnson. There, Chesnut ordered the fort to open fire on Fort Sumter.[11] On April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate batteries opened fire, firing for 34 straight hours, on the fort. Edmund Ruffin, noted Virginian agronomist and secessionist, claimed that he fired the first shot on Fort Sumter. His story has been widely believed, but Lieutenant Henry S. Farley, commanding a battery of two mortars on James Island fired the first shot at 4:30 A.M. (Detzer 2001, pp. 269–71). The garrison returned fire, but it was ineffective, in part because Major Anderson did not use the guns mounted on the highest tier, the barbette tier, where the gun detachments would be more exposed to Confederate fire. On April 13, the fort was surrendered and evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors fell. Lt.Norman J. Hall risked life and limb to put them back up, burning off his eyebrows permanently. No Union soldiers died in the actual battle though a Confederate soldier bled to death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon. One Union soldier died and another was mortally wounded during the 47th shot of a 100 shot salute, allowed by the Confederacy. Afterwards the salute was shortened to 50 shots. Accounts, such as in the famous diary of Mary Chesnut, describe Charleston residents along what is now known as The Battery, sitting on balconies and drinking salutes to the start of the hostilities. The Fort Sumter Flag became a popular patriotic symbol after Major Anderson returned North with it. The flag is still displayed in the fort's museum. |
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Union Advantages over Confederacy
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o Population
• 22 million to 9 million 2 to 1 ratio Confederate population is 40% slaves o Industry • 6 to 1 in capacity between northern and southern industries. • Best producers of ironworks is from the South- Anderson? o Finances • Banking better developed • the north was able to mobilize resources o Railroads • 4 to 1 in track mileage • the north is interconnected South will have a harder time to move goods o Navy • Manpower and shipbuilding in Union hands • naval officers come from the north • will have control over any shipyard in the US o The outcome will not be settled just because they have all of these advantages |
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Confederacy Advantages over the Union
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o Leadership
• Early core of experienced officers • Prominent leaders (Robert e lee or Stonewall Jackson) • Jefferson Davis served as the secretary of war o Military skills • Debatable most everyone believed this the south has a superior breed of soldier • Widely believed o Slavery • Greater mobilization of white population • Gradually this will turn against them Captive labor force will make it easier for whites o Goals • Already has de-facto independence succeeded from the north and drafted their constitution have a functioning government in place • Union must fight aggressive war • Caveat: South cannot lose territory |
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Confederate Strategy
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DEFENSIVE WAR
EXPAND BORDERS Border states and western territory Fate of the border states Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland all will stay in Northern hands Washington will be surrounded by confederate states Force foreign intervention Confederates want to show they are the true heirs to the revolution without the French the US would not be independent KING COTTON DIPLOMACY British and French support were the biggest customers of cotton the south is trying to make cotton a needed resource so they deplete this resource and hope British and French will intervene because they need cotton THIS FAILED! Confederates hope to inflate demand |
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Union Strategy
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• General Winfield Scott
o he is old (75 yrs old) • he still has a sharp strategic mind o General chief of the Union armies (will have this position for a couple of months at the end on 1861) • Anaconda Plan o says it wont be easy o Never formally adopted • will show as the basis of the war o Blocked Southern coast • be able to export anything • not an easy plan the north has only 40 ships with a little pressure to N VA, they get this done o want to raise a army of 50k and go through Confederate territory. o Divide south via river systems |
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Northerner's Case for a Limited War
Method Goals |
• Union assumptions
o CSA led by small slave-holding elite • you can win over the south • only destroy the confederate armies do not cause harm to the citizens of the south just subdue the armies o Focus on Confederate armies • will be popular to people who serve • long-term bring the southern population down keep the boarder states in the union • will govern northern strategy o Don’t focus on the institution of slavery, only trying to get them back • Goals o Isolate CSA o Keeps Border states in Union • Appear to not be interfering with slavery |
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Rifled Weapons
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technological advance
o invented by French officer o Minie ball • fed into a rife and is faster • range has increase tremendously, but it takes longer o Increased accuracy and power • Implications o Favors the defensive o Artillery’s impact lessened • 95 percent killed by small arms o Armies nearly indestructible • several points in the war with brilliant tactical movements harder to make a army collapse |
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War in the West
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-More important in determining war's outcome
-Necessity of joint-operations *Northwest Barrier broken in 1862 gives them greater access to the rivers- they will block 3 key ports *Gun boats are moving in conjunction with the Union army through southern territory -Battle of Shiloh (1862) |
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Battle of Shiloh
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EXTREMELY Bloody battle
General Grant was surprised by large Confederate army in Tennessee Rumor has it that he was trying to sleep off a hangover, but this is highly unlikely Bloody battle- 1000’s of casualties on both sides Most everyone is shocked at the level of violence EMPHASIZES HOW BAD THIS WAR WILL BE Albert Sydney Johnson died- general, Texas Revolution Union technically won, but it was more or less a draw |
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Battle of Bull Run
War in the East |
• Small range of territory
o most of the fighting is concentrated b/w Richmond and Washington • Battle of Bull Run (1861) o Perceptions of battle • both sides believe it will be a short war o people come out to watch the show o North: not a quick and easy to fight o South: Doesn’t prepare as much because they think it WILL be an easy win o Assumption: If enemy’s capital can be captured, war will end • Goal of both armies • Inept Union leadership o George McClellan • good organizer of the army but he can’t actually lead men into combat • sees himself as Napolean like- military genius • staff tells him confederate army is much larger than his even though they outnumber them 2:1 • Lincoln’s influence o assert legal control as commander & chief o tries to impose effectiveness of Union war effort o looks for good leaders for union army |
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• Robert E Lee
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Engineer & Calvary officer before
o Offered Union command probably to test his loyalty if true o Skilled Technician • One of the best in the war (where to put army) • Lee’s strategic making isn’t always good More used for battles than the war • Army of Virginia • Views Saratoga as a seminal moment • 2 attempts at bringing about a Saratoga-like battle to get Euro to intervene on their side |
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Battle of Antietam (1862)
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Union defeat on Northern soil is the goal
Invades Maryland to force a battle Bundle of Cigars (Lee’s plans) are found by Union soldiers • McClellan has the plans and still screws it up • Meet at Antietam Creek in Maryland Largest battle in war to that date Lee manages to hold off all the Union attacks Union strategic victory Lee is forced to w/drawl back into confederate territory |
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Consequences of Antietam
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• McClellan finally replaced
o Still some time before Union army receives a quality leader • Emancipation Proclamation o Lincoln not the most ardent abolitionist; just didn’t want expansion • mid 1862- change of heart- destroying slavery could have a negative effect on the south • no good time to issue it; after Antietam was the perfect time • Issued in September, takes effect in January 1863 • Slaves freed in territories not under union control Symbolic gesture- turning point of the war • Effects Total war European intervention less likely • Elites sympathetic towards the confederacy • Working class favors union |
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Vicksburg
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• Confederates block Mississippi R
o High bluffs overlooking the river • River has sharp turn at this point, exposed to fire, hard to pass • North tries to pass it but boats can’t aim high enough • Ulysses Grant o Move army across Mississippi down Louis side of the River, make his way South of Vicksburg & then march to Miss o Bypass the city’s defenses • Landward Invasion o No supply lines o Successful; burns towns • 2 month siege operation o surrenders on July 4, 1863 o week later last fort falls on Mississippi o now Mississippi R is in union hands |
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Gettysburg
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• Lee’s second Saratoga
o Through Pennsylvania, detachments start to head towards Gettysburg because they heard there were shoes there o Unplanned event • Union & Confederate forces converge on Gettysburg o Union on the defensive (fight the enemy to its North) • Two days of fighting o Last confederate attempt to break the Union army • Pickett’s Charge • Closest the Confederates came to winning the war o Lee made a frontal assault, seems like a suicide mission • Last great offensive • Nearly break through union lines but this fails • Major confederate defeat • 1,000s of them die, retreat to VA The Battle of Gettysburg (locally /ˈɡɛtɨsbɜrɡ/ ( listen), with an ss sound), fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War[6] and is often described as the war's turning point.[7] The battle was also the largest single battle in the history of the Western Hemisphere[8]. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North. After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North—the Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, he intended to move the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, or even Philadelphia. Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit, but was relieved just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade. The two armies began to collide at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there, his objective to engage the Union army and destroy it. Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division, which was soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry. However, two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north, collapsing the hastily developed Union lines, sending the defenders retreating through the streets of town to the hills just to the south. On the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook. Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. On the Union right, demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. All across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines. On the third day of battle, July 3, fighting resumed on Culp's Hill, and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge, known as Pickett's Charge. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 Americans from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle. That November, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address. |
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The North's Hard War Strategy
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• 1863- British & French wont help
• Deep union penetrations of Southern territory • Union fully mobilized • New leaders o Grant, Sherman, etc • Fought their war in the west, harder there • Destroys supplies, railroad tracks & free slaves • Effects o Aggressive campaigning o Destroying southern war making capacity • Industry, agriculture, ending prisoner exchanges • Terrible POW camps • South has a limited pool of people |
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The Naval War
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• Seizing Confederate ports
o New Orleans (among first to fall), Mobile (falls in 1864) & others fall to Union during the war o Willmington- falls few months prior to the end of the conflict • Blockade- stops 50% of Confederate ships that try to leave ports o 3 tiers of ships to prevent escape o Effectiveness • Low stoppage rate- 50% • Indirect decline of Southern Commerce Commercial traffic falls by 2/3 8500 leave confederate ports, only 1500 stopped Prior to war- 85,000 ships (blockade is working) • Completely wrecks south economy o 1/30 of prewar levels o inflation goes up o South export of cotton hindered o Had to use gold/ silver- no longer has it, economic foundation weakened |
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Grant's attempt to seize Richmond
& Petersburg |
• Grant’s attempt to seize Richmond
o Failure to bypass lee’s army o 10’s of 1,000s union soldiers died in a matter of weeks o Grant labeled as a butcher • Costly Battles o Frontal assaults o High casualties • Petersburg (1864-1865) o Costly attacks & they are stationary o Union want to build a mine under confederate position- TRENCH WARFARE o Mine works, but black units that put mine there get suck & held heavy losses o Grant keeps on fighting if he is losing, Lee is not used to that |
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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Death struggle around Petersburg (summer 1864)- Trench Warfare, North can sustain these sorts of losses
No movement until April of 1865 Seizure of Atlanta in 1864 Grant’s subordinate, Sherman, replaces him His goal is to advance on Atlanta Confederate general tries to trade space for time- doesn’t work very well Sherman decides he doesn’t want to track down the confederate army in GA, thinks it is a waste of time Puts some of his troops under George Thomas to track ConArm down Sherman’s Goals Destroy Southern warmaking He wants to crush southern will to resist They live off the land to tear their way into the heart of GA- into Savannah March to the Sea Burns Atlanta as he leaves Confederate army no longer the top priority Months of campaigning Pillaging through the countryside, destroying anything that could be useful economically or in war- not solely a military campaign For the most part, he maintains military discipline Southerners start lewding their own people Savannah captured before Christmas 1864 Refers to it as a Christmas present when he wires Lincoln March of the Sea is the first leg of this campaign, but he also continues into the Carolinas Shenedovah Valley- Phil Sheridan (another campaign of this kind) Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted around Georgia during November-December 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army in the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (as per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property. Military historian David J. Eicher wrote that Sherman "defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war. |
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Final Victory for the Union
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- Lee's army declines rapidly
* desertion- on both sides, but really bad for Lee's army * disease * lack of supplies -Attempted to breakout in April 1865 * only 10,000 men under his command * Lee's army tries to make a break for it to a rail junction to link up with another confederate army to stop Sherman *Caught by Union forces (Grant) * forced to surrender his army -April 9, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House *Takes several weeks for remaining confederate troops to surrender (last holdouts surrender in June) |
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Slavery and the War
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-Initial intent to ignore slavery
Thought slavery would still exist after the war was over Asset for south- allows them to mobilize white pop But slaves begin following the Union army as they march through the south -1862: Use of contrabands Union army puts these runaways to work and uses them as a support role for the army -Black units raised- Fall 1862 Lincoln authorized black units to fight on Union’s behalf 200,000 serve in the Union armies- 9% of their forces Their pay rate is not as high Rear echelon- building roads, digging ditches… Death rate is higher than corresponding white units, being worked to death Assumption of more combat responsibilities later 52 regiment- popular At first they thought you could not depend on them for combat, thought they were docile, but after awhile they become much more equal The soldiers could not be taken prisoner They were returned to their masters if they were thought to be runaways or they were executed (more often) Massacre at Fort Pillow White soldiers were spared execution, black soldiers were executed After emancipation proclamation, whites don’t like that they are fighting for inferior people, but for some this is a morale booster- moral crusade The more contact they have with black units, the better their perception of blacks (preconceived notions fade) |
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The Failure of King Cotton
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-Military failures make intervention less likely
-By 1863 & afterward, there are no major victories for S -Cotton strategy backfires -England and France develop alternate sources -Egypt, Argentina -King Wheat -North sells grains to Europe throughout the war Instead of buying Southern cotton, they buy Northern grain |
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Died of States Rights?
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Yay:
-Constitution guarantees slavery & state sovereignty -Internal Disunity *appalachian peoples- hate the confederacy, hate slavery, actively resist confederacy control *"fight on the ice" *Andrew Johnson maintains his seat although TN seceded from the Union *Western counties of VA secede from the state creating West VA -Southern governers from NC & GA do not know who should control the state's militia forces -VP Alexander Stephens *NOT a unifier *gives credence to those who believe that Confederate government should not interfere with Southern life Nay: -Centralization measures more extreme than in the Union *Necessity *1862- First draft in American history- first time conscription was used *Cuts down fraud in the North *takes recruitment bounty, deserts, does it to another army *Determined by market value *Price to buy a substitute is about $5000- favors elite -Control over shipping and railroads *They would bring back luxury goods and the government found out about this *Restrictions on business- caps placed on corporate profits *Food drafts- Appropriate crops, legal authorization to steal crops & feed themselves *Bread riots- Davis authorizes troops to shoot protesters |
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The Failure of Confederate Nationalism
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-Jefferson Davis is a failure
*Southerners never motivates to do super human things *Terrible president *Confederate constitution- president had single 6 year term, didnt have to answer to his constituents -Problems -Meddlesom -Plays favorites *In North, better generals will be found; if Davis likes them (Bragg, Hood), he will keep them -Stubborn -Unable to create distinct national identity *Never comes up with a reason why they should be superior to the N |
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Abraham Lincoln
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-Calm & Pragmatic
*Moderate temperate *Willing to change his mind & admit failure *cycles through generals to find the best one -Emergency Measures- he suspends many constitutional principles *Maryland- So Washington DC isn't surrounded by the confederacy, Lincoln keeps it under martial law so it stays under Union Control *Copperheads, Peace Democrats, southern sympathizers- Writ of habeaus corpus suspended; they were arrested in mass; in theory this cannot be done without the power of congress, but this is not granted until 1863 |
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Election of 1864
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-Grant is using thousands of men a day, Sherman hasn't reached Georgia yet
-Union army hasn't had much success yet -George McClellan- promises peace & recollection with the south; real chance Lincoln could use; The fall of Atlanta, Mobile Bay worked in Lincoln's favor LINCOLN WINS BY A HUGE MAJORITY |
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The Second American revolution
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-Secession creates new political opportunities for Congress, because there are no southerners to block bills
-Morrill Act: land grant colleges *A&M one of the colleges legally established under this act *Agriculture & mechanical arts *Southerners not happy with this -Homestead Act: free land *Southerners didn't want westward expansion by non slave holders *Land is free as long as you can improve it & show title for the land *only 60% can actually succeed -Transcontinental Railroad authorized -Internal Revenue Act: temporary income taxes to pay for the war *modified and changed a few different times *inflation in the North is only 80%, in the south it is 9000& -Fuels postwar growth |
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Effects of the Civil War
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-Confederate emigration overseas
*don't want their rights taken away *Brazil- one of the last slave holding nations *Brazilian Confederatos established -Southern economy destroyed *$4B in slaves lost with the end of slavery *Decades to recover agricultural production *1/2 of their machinery & production is destroyed *1890 is when it completely recovers -Myth of the Lost Cause: The Lost Cause is the name commonly given to a literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the Southern United States to the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the Civil War of 1861–1865.[1] Those who contributed to the movement tended to portray the Confederacy's cause as noble and most of the Confederacy's leaders as exemplars of old-fashioned chivalry, defeated by the Union armies not through superior military skill, but by overwhelming force. They also tended to condemn Reconstruction. |
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10 Percent Plan
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1863; Lincoln's idea
-Readmission once 10% of voters take loyalty oaths -Presidential discretion- -Relatively lenient- congress is NOT supportive of this; congress prevents Arkansas & Tennessee from coming back into the Union -"Presidential Reconstruction"- Lincoln & Johnson |
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Radical Republican's Wade Davis Bill
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-Minority group with great influence
-Motives: *They want punishment, not reconciliation *Freed African Americans participating in southern politics- not for racial equality, but for POLITICAL purposes 1864: Wade-Davis Bill *50% loyalty threshold *Congress will determine when a state can be accepted for readmission *Lincoln gives this a pocket veto |
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13th Amendment
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1865
Total ban on slavery supported by both sides Lincoln wants reconciliation & he is willing to sacrifice equality to get it done |
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Lincoln assassinated
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April 14, 1865
5 days after Lee's army surrenders John Wilkes Booth- famous actor shoots him in the back of the head Large conspiracy to decapitate the government *other conspirators are supposed to kill Andrew Johnson, VP, & Charles Sewer, Secretary of State *Sewer is stabbed *the person who is supposed to kill Johnson stands outside of the Blair House, but then gives up *Booth on the run for 12 days, captured in a barn & executed *12 others hanged Effects: -Loss of strong voice for moderation -Andrew Johnson- radical agenda *maintains seat in congress because he is loyal to the union *illiterate until adulthood, considered to be white trash, came from Appalachian are of TN *War democrat *opposed to slavecracy - wanted to see wealthy southern planters hanged *Johnson pretty much tried to run with LINCOLN'S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION *Brings back the 10% plan -Doesn't seek congressional approval for anything -Pardons thousands of confederates in 1865 |
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Johnson in Action
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-Resurrects 10% plan
-Pardons Confederates -Reconciliation in Effect *Former Confederates elected to Congress; Alexander Stephens (Former CSA VP) elected to senate) * Black Codes- different from Jim Crow laws virtual return of slavery, African Americans were banned from voting, using firearms, had to sign yearly labor contracts (if one wasn't signed by January 20th, you risked being fined or imprisonment), breaking the contract carried very harsh terms *Southern Stubbornness South Carolina refuses to repeal secession ordinance Mississippi refuses to ratify 13th amendment Johnson is willing to let these things slide which is a BIG FAILURE He needs to consider Northern sentiments Comes up with a softer policy that angers Congress to no end Johnson & Radical Republicans at odds |
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14th Amendment
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April 1866
Single MOST important amendment 1st Guarantee of citizenship and equality Equal protection for freed men Clearly favors FEDERAL power over the states |
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Military Reconstruction Act
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1867
Military occupation- they register voters Black suffrage Must ratify 14th & 15th amendments before readmission could occur Maintenance of private property Johnson tried to veto it, but Congress overrides this |
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Johnson Impeached
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-Tenure of Office Act- unconstitutional anyways, deliberate test
*designed to prevent Johnson from removing a cabinet appointee *Johnson removes his secretary of War -BARELY avoids conviction *By a single vote *1st president to be impeached, VERY close to being convicted |
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The Freedmen's Bureau
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-Initially just for food aid in the south
-Job assistance -Mediation -Legal services -Schools for freed slaves in the south -NO REDISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY -Not 40 acres and a mule -Failure of Reconstruction -Any gains made by African Americans were temporary and could go away at any time |
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African American Political participation
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Blacks elected to Congress and state legislatures
At one point South Carolina legislature is majority black Southerners resist this If North wins the war, South wins reconstruction |
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Southern Resistance to Reconstruction
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-Guerilla Warfare
*Klu Klux Klan (1st of 3 formed) base of power is mainly in south carolina terrorization of blacks to prevent them from voting after awhile, they army is called in to put down these campaigns -Resentful of outside influence *Carpetbaggers business people, army officers, no one clear type set, many northerners come to the south *Scalawags- anyone who collaborates with reconstruction -Return to local control |
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Thought too congenial yet there was corruption by subordinates
supports radical republican policies, offers less support as time goes on |
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Election of 1876
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-Disputed results in LA, FL & South Carolina- nothing in the constitution that deals with this
-Republican nominee wins in exchange for end of Military Reconstruction -Rutherford B Hayes is elected president |
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Reconstruction in hindsight
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-Promising failure- lack of economic change
-Long-term legal changes *14th Amendment is still VERY important today -Slavery eliminated *indignities remain, but situation of African Americans improves |
