History Exam

Front 1

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Back 1

Apart from annual military appropriations, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964 was the closest Congress came to endorsing American participation in the Vietnam War
• The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which Congress passed on August 7, 1964, did not require Congress to authorize presidential action, but only to "approve and support" any actions that the president found necessary. That change in wording indicated a shift in Congress' role during wartime
• No longer the ultimate authority, Congress was to provide only subordinate support to the chief executive. Congress repealed the resolution on January 2, 1971, and concern about the Vietnam conflict and congressional war powers in general eventually led to the passage of the War Powers Resolution of 1973

Front 2

Brown vs Board of Education

Back 2

• Here, the court declared that segregation would have no place in U.S. public education
• This opinion sparked both support and opposition, including numerous attempts to trim the power of the Court in succeeding decades

Front 3

Plessy vs Ferguson

Back 3

• Plessy v. Ferguson was one of the most important decisions about the meaning of the Thirteenth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to be handed down during the 19th century
• In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress did not have the power to remedy individual acts of racial discrimination that were not the result of state action
• In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court upheld one of Louisiana's Jim Crow laws requiring that white and black passengers be seated in separate train cars
• This law was challenged by Homer Plessy, who was seven-eighths white and one-eighth black, after he was denied seating on a car reserved for whites

Front 4

Lilukioni

Back 4

• Queen Liliuokalani ruled over Hawaii during the turbulent years that the tropical islands became a U.S. protectorate. A fierce partisan of Hawaiian independence, she remained a revered figure in Hawaii even after the United States annexed the islands in 1898

Front 5

Bonus Army

Back 5

• The Bonus Army March of 1932 occurred when a small number of unemployed World War I veterans staged protests in Washington, D.C. to demand early payment of their war bonuses. The group grew into an army of unemployed citizens who staged a protest that was quelled by the U.S. Army in one of the most controversial incidents of the Great Depression.

Front 6

Dawes Severalty Act

Back 6

gave small plots of reservation lands to individual Native Americans

Front 7

Black Codes

Back 7

Rules and regulations of how Blacks should behave (ex: it was illegal for a black to be unemployed, so some moved north to look for work in the factories)

Front 8

Plains Indians

Back 8

a complex of tribes, cultures, and bands that assigned most work on the basis of sex; hunters & gatherers who used the buffalo, did Ghost Dances; many were killed in the Battle of Wounded Knee/Indians’ Last War

Front 9

Andrew Carnegie

Back 9

Major steel industrialist; found a way to make metal more durable; believed that people shouldn’t keep their money and kids should earn their own money

Front 10

Warren Harding

Back 10

the Republican candidate of 1920; the compromise choice; a good man, but didn’t know how to govern; during his administration: Teapot Dome Scandal; died in office

Front 11

Wounded Knee

Back 11

troopers of the Seventh Cavalry, under orders to stop the Ghost Dance religion among the Sioux, took Chief Big Foot and his followers to a camp on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; uncertain who fired the first shot; approximately 200 Native American men, women, and children were killed; Indians call it a massacre, Americans call it a battle

Front 12

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 12

the first major US attempt to deal legislatively with the problem of the increasing size of business; declared illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce"; penalties for violations were strict, ranging from fines to imprisonment and even the dissolution of guilty trusts; was weakened when the Supreme Court drew a sharp distinction between manufacturing and commerce and rules that manufacturing was excluded from its coverage; shaped all future antitrust legislation

Front 13

War Reparations

Back 13

refers to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war; generally refers to money or goods changing hands (not property transfers)

Front 14

Great Depression

Back 14

economic downturn beginning with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) and ending around 1939 with the beginning of WWII; people lost jobs, were very poor, created hoovervilles, high unemplloyment and poverty rates; Roosevelt designed the New Deal to help bring the US economy out of recession

Front 15

Hiroshima

Back 15

first dropping site of an atomic bomb in Japan; injured/killed about 175,000 people; we warned them to surrender but Japanese government did not respond so we dropped the bomb

Front 16

Nagasaki

Back 16

no response from Japanese government after Hiroshima so we dropped second bomb on Nagasaki three days later; Japan then surrendered

Front 17

Iron Curtain

Back 17

symbolic and physcial boundary dividing Europe into two sections; Eastern Europe was in control of the Soviet Union and included countries like Poland, Czechloslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, East Germany where the Soviet Union installed governments and spread communism; Western Europe under control of capitalist Allies (Britain, US, France)

Front 18

Little Rock Arkansas

Back 18

nine black children wanted to attend the high school but Governor Orval Faubus prevented it; President Eisenhower assigned federal troops to escort the children to school to ensure their safety and enforce their right to attned the school

Front 19

Theo Roosevelt

Back 19

Republican 26th President; Assistant Secretary of the Navy during Spanish-American War where he helped form the Rough Riders; took over as President when McKinley was assasinated; Progressive reformer who came up with "the Square Deal"; called from healthcare and was a big conservationalist of national parks and land

Front 20

Frances Perkins

Back 20

- secretary of labor
- first woman cabinet member

Front 21

Dwight Eisenhower

Back 21

- American commander in Europe
- going to grow up to be president of US in 1952

Front 22

13th ammendment

Back 22

- 13th: no more slavery in US

Front 23

14th ammendemtn

Back 23

- 14th: all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens

Front 24

15th ammendment

Back 24

- 15th: amendment no state made deny a male citizen the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (being a servant)

Front 25

Open Door Policy

Back 25

- had three agreements:
- Nations possessing a sphere of influence would respec the rights and privileges of other nations in that sphere; the Chinese government would continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres; and nations would not discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their respecitve spheres of influence

Front 26

NAACP

Back 26

Created in 1909, this organization quickly became one of the most important civil rights organizations in the country. The NAACP pressured employers, labor unions, and the government on behalf of African Americans.

Front 27

Herbert Hoover

Back 27

president of the United States during the Great Depression. Often blamed for the cause of the economic downfall. Turned to voluntarism to relieve the human suffering (called on private charities and local governments to help clothe the needy). He often blamed the depression on foreign causes and was unsuccessful in gaining the trust of the country. Thus, Hoover was unsuccessful in solving the Great Depression.

Front 28

New Deal

Back 28

In accepting the nomination of the Democratic Party in 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt promised a “new deal” for the American people. After his election, the label was applied to his program of legislation passed to combat the Great Depression. The New Deal included measures aimed at relief, reform, and recovery. They achieved some relief and considerable reform but little recovery.

Front 29

Fair Deal

Back 29

a series of reform measures proposed by President Truman in 1949, including federal aid to education, civil rights measures, and national medical insurance. A bipartisan conservative coalition in Congress blocked this effort to move beyond the New Deal reforms of the 1930s.

Front 30

FDIC

Back 30

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)-established as an independent agency of the federal government in 1933 at a time when public faith in the banking system was drastically low; created to improve and preserve confidence in banks and protect the supply of money by providing insurance for bank deposits and instituting periodic examination of banks the agency insures

Front 31

Capitalism

Back 31

economic system in which private individuals and business firms carry on the production and exchange of goods and services through a complex network of prices and markets

Front 32

Communism

Back 32

theory and system of social and political organization that involves extreme nationalism; creates a classless society in which every citizen is for the country; authoritarian and dictator government

Front 33

Containment

Back 33

policy that was first implemented by the U.S. in 1947 in response to communism; it is meant to prevent the growth of a hostile country’s territory and to limit (through political, economic, and diplomatic methods) the country’s ideological influence

Front 34

Flappers

Back 34

young women in the U.S. in the 1920s who adopted a cosmopolitan, sexually liberated lifestle; extremely thin and wore makeup, short hair, and a style of knee-length dress with a dropped waist

Front 35

Margin Buying

Back 35

risky technique invovling the purchase of securites with borrowed money, using the shares themselves as collateral

Front 36

VE Day

Back 36

- May 8th 1945 – Victory in Europe
- By 1945, the German defenses had begun to collapse. The Soviet army occupied the eastern one-third of Germany. Eventually, the allies surounded Berlin. On April 30, Adolf Hitler commited suicide. Germany surrendered soon after.
- May 8 marks the day of victory for Allies in World War II

Front 37

VJ Day

Back 37

- August 14 1945 –Victory in Japan
- By early 1945, US had made an atomic bomb
- An American bomber flew over the city of Hiroshima and killed 75,000 people.
- Americans then dropped a second bomb on the city of Nagasaki and killed 45,000 people.
- When the Japanese surrendered after this, it was called V-J Day, for Victory in Japan

Front 38

WWII

Back 38

- The war that involved many different countries around the world, which were split into 2 separate groups – The Axis and the Allies
- It all started with Hitler wanting to take over Austria, and upsetting England and France
- Hitler gained many countries, and left the British as the only Allie is power for a while, until United States was bombed by Japan on Pearl Harbor.
- After US was attacked by the Japanese, Americans declared war on Japan.
- At the same time, Germany declared war on the US.
- Eventually, Hitler killed himself, and America had Victory in Japan (VJ Day), and victory in Europe (VE Day).

Front 39

Pearl Harbor

Back 39

- The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack against the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Japanese navy on Sunday, December 7, 1941
- The result was US declaring war on Japan, and becoming a part of WW2
- The Japanese thought the attack would be a preventive action to Remove the US Pacific Fleet as a factor in the war Japan was about to wage against Britain, France, and the US, and the remaining Allies.
- The attacks were launched from six Japanese aircraft carriers.

Front 40

Facism

Back 40

Fascism is a government, faction, movement, or political philosophy that raises nationalism, and frequently race, above the individual and is characterized by a centralized autocratic state governed by a dictatorial head, stringent organization of the economy and society, and aggressive repression of opposition. In addition to placing the interests of the individual as subordinate to that of the nation or race, fascism seeks to achieve a national rebirth by promoting cults of unity, energy and purity. Mussolini defined fascism as being a collectivistic ideology in opposition to socialism, classical liberalism, democracy and individualism

Front 41

SEC

Back 41

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (commonly known as the SEC) is a United States government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry/stock market. The SEC was established by the United States Congress in 1934 as an independent, non-partisan, quasi-judicial regulatory agency following years of depression caused by over production of goods, the introduction of consumer credit, and the Great Crash of 1929. The main reason for the creation of the SEC was to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the offering and sale of securities and corporate reporting. The SEC was given the power to license and regulate stock exchanges. Currently, the SEC is responsible for administering six major laws that govern the securities industry.

Front 42

Sputnik

Back 42

The Sputnik program was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, Sputnik 1, launched the first man-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4,1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the upper atmosphere. America feared that communist in the Soviet Union would spy on them so they had to rush to get a satellite in space.

Front 43

Korean War

Back 43

The Korean War was an escalation of border clashes between two rival Korean regimes, each of which was supported by external powers, with each trying to topple the other through political and conventional tactics. In a very narrow sense, some may refer to it as a civil war, though many other factors were at play. After failing to strengthen their cause in the free elections held in South Korea during May 1950 and the refusal of South Korea to hold new elections per North Korean demands, the communist North Korean Army assaulted the South on June 25, 1950. The conflict was then expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950 until the armistice (ceasefire agreement) was signed on July 27, 1953. North Korea was pro communist
South Korea was pro capitalist

Front 44

Plains Indians

Back 44

a complex of tribes, cultures, and bands that assigned most work on the basis of sex; hunters & gatherers who used the buffalo, did Ghost Dances; many were killed in the Battle of Wounded Knee/Indians’ Last War

Front 45

Andrew Carnegie

Back 45

Major steel industrialist; found a way to make metal more durable; believed that people shouldn’t keep their money and kids should earn their own money

Front 46

Warren Harding

Back 46

the Republican candidate of 1920; the compromise choice; a good man, but didn’t know how to govern; during his administration: Teapot Dome Scandal; died in office

Front 47

Wounded Knee

Back 47

troopers of the Seventh Cavalry, under orders to stop the Ghost Dance religion among the Sioux, took Chief Big Foot and his followers to a camp on Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; uncertain who fired the first shot; approximately 200 Native American men, women, and children were killed; Indians call it a massacre, Americans call it a battle

Front 48

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 48

the first major US attempt to deal legislatively with the problem of the increasing size of business; declared illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce"; penalties for violations were strict, ranging from fines to imprisonment and even the dissolution of guilty trusts; was weakened when the Supreme Court drew a sharp distinction between manufacturing and commerce and rules that manufacturing was excluded from its coverage; shaped all future antitrust legislation

Front 49

War Reparations

Back 49

refers to the monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war; generally refers to money or goods changing hands (not property transfers)

Front 50

Great Depression

Back 50

economic downturn beginning with the stock market crash on October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) and ending around 1939 with the beginning of WWII; people lost jobs, were very poor, created hoovervilles, high unemplloyment and poverty rates; Roosevelt designed the New Deal to help bring the US economy out of recession

Front 51

Hiroshima

Back 51

first dropping site of an atomic bomb in Japan; injured/killed about 175,000 people; we warned them to surrender but Japanese government did not respond so we dropped the bomb

Front 52

Jim Crow Laws

Back 52

Jim Crow Laws
• Laws which mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans and members of other non-white racial groups. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
• Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms and restaurants for whites and blacks

Front 53

The Long Drive

Back 53

The Long Drive (Cattle)
• Cattle drives from San Antonio to Abilene and then to Chicago which began in the late spring when grass was plentiful. For three months, a handful of men rode with more than 1000 head of wild longhorn cattle, moving them less than fifteen miles a day to keep them tender. Guy in charge of putting cows on railroad was Mr. McCoy.

Front 54

Reconstruction

Back 54

Reconstruction
• The period referred to when the government of the United States attempted to resolve the issues of the American Civil War after the Confederacy was defeated and slavery ended. It addressed how secessionist Southern states would return to the Union, the civil status of the leaders of the Confederacy, and the Constitutional and legal status of the Negro Freedmen.

Front 55

10% Plan

Back 55

10% Plan (Lincoln)
• This policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was also intended to further his emancipation policy by insisting that the new governments abolish slavery. It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, the states were able to write a new constitution, but in it had to abolish slavery forever.

Front 56

Berlin Blockade

Back 56

Berlin Blockade:
Stalin decided to test his opponents resolve(determination) by cutting off all rail and highway traffic to Berlin
Awkward time and Truman was caught unprepared—time for another election and was focusing on his competitor (republican candidate- Thomas Dewey of NY)
Told the military that there would be no thought of pulling out
Thought of ways: rejecting proposals for provoking a showdown by sending an armored column down the main highway, the administration adopted a two-phase policymassive airlift of food, fuel, and supplies for the troops and civilians in Berlin, daily round trip flights to Berlin carrying tons every 24 hours//to guard against Soviet interruption of the Berlin aircraft- Truman got planes that were capable of delivering atomic bombs

Front 57

KKK

Back 57

Ku Klux Klan
Protest against the new urban culture
Only native born, white, gentile Americans could join
Hatred against: blacks, aliens, Jews, and Catholics

Front 58

Cuban Missle Crisis

Back 58

Cuban Missiles Crisis:
was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War.

Front 59

Monopoly

Back 59

Monopoly:exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it.

Front 60

Watergate

Back 60

is a general term for a series of political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that began with five men being arrested after breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel complex in Washington, D.C.

Front 61

TET offensive

Back 61

was a three-phase military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by the combined forces of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF or derogatively, Viet Cong) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) during the Vietnam War

Front 62

Big Three

Back 62

From 1941 to 1945, United States President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin held various conferences in which they discussed their respective strategies in World War II. Their experiences helped them to formulate a plan to create an international peacekeeping organization with a goal of preventing future wars on the scale of World War II. In April 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco to create the charter of the organization that would be called the United Nations.

Front 63

Coral Sea

Back 63

Coral Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea – In what proved to be a turning point in the war in the Pacific, American forces halted the Japanese advance on Australia on May 7-8, 1942. Carrier-based airplanes inflicted heavy losses on two separate Japanese naval forces, marking the first naval battle in history where ships opposed in battle did not encounter each other directly.

Front 64

Midway

Back 64

Midway
The Battle of Midway – The Battle of Midway was a victory for American forces and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater during World War II (1939-1945). The battle was fought in the waters off the Midway Islands in June 1942 between United States land- and carrier-based planes and Japanese carrier-based planes. The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and three destroyers. The Americans lost the aircraft carrier Yorktown and one destroyer. This actual film footage of the battle shows a battleship under attack and the burning oil tanks of a United States airfield on one of the islands.

Front 65

Eleanor Roosevelt

Back 65

Eleanor Roosevelt
Niece of one United States president and wife of another, Eleanor Roosevelt won distinction for her humanitarian work for underprivileged and minority groups. A delegate to the United Nations General Assembly, Roosevelt helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Front 66

Causes of the Great Depression

Back 66

- Overview
o It is a common misconception that the stock market crash of October 1929 was the cause of the Great Depression. The two events were closely related, but both were the results of deep problems in the modern economy that were building up through the “prosperity decade” of the 1920s.
- Drop in money supply
o Most economists today tend to believe that the policy record of the Federal Reserve has had mixed results during the Fed’s history and that occasionally Fed actions have increased rather than decreased economic instability.
o Many economists would agree, for example, that the Federal Reserve is partly to blame for the severity of the Great Depression of the 1930s because the Fed allowed the money supply to shrink dramatically.
o Most economists recognize that some economic problems, such as the negative economic impact of the oil shortage of the 1980s, are supply-related phenomena that the Federal Reserve is powerless to resolve.
- Hoover administration
o Hoover had been in office less than eight months when the Wall Street crash occurred.
o At first the president treated this financial catastrophe and the decline in business and employment that followed as a speculative panic, and said that the economy was sound and would soon be normal again.
o In March 1930 he assured the nation that the crisis would be over in 60 days.
o He repeated similar opinions to restore public confidence in the face of business failures and mounting unemployment.

Front 67

Bay of Pigs

Back 67

The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Increasing friction between the U.S. government and Castro's leftist regime led President Dwight D. Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961. Even before that, however, the Central Intelligence Agency had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy. On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with U.S. weapons, landed at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba. Hoping to find support from the local population, they intended to cross the island to Havana. It was evident from the first hours of fighting, however, that the exiles were likely to lose. President Kennedy had the option of using the U.S. Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army. By the time the fighting ended on April 19, 90 exiles had been killed and the rest had been taken as prisoners. The failure of the invasion seriously embarrassed the young Kennedy administration. Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate support and others for allowing it to take place at all. The captured exiles were later ransomed by private groups in the U.S. Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the U.S. He was convinced that the Americans would try to take over the island again. From the Bay of Pigs on, Castro had an increased fear of a U.S. incursion on Cuban soil.

Front 68

LBJ

Back 68

August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the thirty-sixth President of the United States, serving from 1963-1969. A Democrat, Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President Kennedy, and after completing Kennedy's term was elected President in his own right in a landslide victory in the 1964 Presidential election. Johnson was a major leader of the Democratic Party and as President was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included civil rights laws, Medicare (health care for the elderly), Medicaid (health care for the poor), aid to education, and the "War on Poverty." Simultaneously, he escalated the American involvement in the Vietnam War, from 16,000 American soldiers in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968. Johnson had lied and gotten permission to do as he pleased in Vietnam. Johnson and Nixon has dropped many bombs and had planes drop many toxic particles that polluted and ruined half of the Vietnam forests. 58,000 Americans died, and many were scared physically, mentally, and physiologically. Johnson told the Americans that the war was going well. If you were from a poor neighborhood you were more than likely to die in the war than an upper class boy. Johnson decided not to run again for presidency.

Front 69

JFK

Back 69

John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President at noon on January 20, 1961. Prior to Kennedy's election to the presidency, the Eisenhower Administration created a plan to overthrow the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba. Central to such a plan, which was structured and detailed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with minimal input from the United States Department of State, was the arming of a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of anti-Castro Cubans.[20] U.S.-trained Cuban insurgents were to invade Cuba and instigate an uprising among the Cuban people in hopes of removing Castro from power. On April 17, 1961, Kennedy ordered the previously planned invasion of Cuba to proceed. With support from the CIA, in what is known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exiles, called "Brigade 2506," returned to the island in the hope of deposing Castro. However, Kennedy ordered the invasion to take place without U.S. air support. By April 19, 1961, the Cuban government had captured or killed the invading exiles, and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. The failure of the plan originated in a lack of dialog among the military leadership, a result of which was the complete lack of naval support in the face of organized artillery troops on the island who easily incapacitated the exile force as it landed on the beach. After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine. Furthermore, the incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would occur. As one of his first presidential acts, Kennedy created the Peace Corps. Through this program, Americans volunteered to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as education, farming, health care and construction.
In South East Asia, Kennedy followed Eisenhower's lead by using limited military action to fight the Communist forces ostensibly led by Ho Chi Minh. Proclaiming a fight against the spread of Communism, Kennedy enacted policies providing political, economic, and military support for the unstable French-installed South Vietnamese government, which included sending 16,000 military advisors and U.S. Special Forces to the area. Kennedy also agreed to the use of free-fire zones, napalm, defoliants and jet planes. U.S. involvement in the area continually escalated until regular U.S. forces were directly fighting the Vietnam War in the next administration. The Kennedy Administration increased military support, but the South Vietnamese military was unable to make headway against the pro-independence Viet-Minh and Viet Cong forces.

Front 70

Bill Clinton

Back 70

was the forty-second President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. Shortly after taking office, Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. While this action was popular, Clinton's attempt to fulfill another campaign promise of allowing openly homosexual men and women to serve in the armed forces garnered criticism from the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and from the right (for being too insensitive to military life). After much debate, Congress implemented the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, stating as long as homosexuals keep their sexuality secret, they may serve in the military. Some gay rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions. These advocates feel Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting President Harry Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces. Clinton's defenders argue an executive order might have prompted the Democratic Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future. Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton said he did not think any serious person could say the way the policy was being implemented was not "out of whack."
The Clinton administration launched the first official White House website on October 21, 1994. It was followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000. The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On 17 July 1996, President Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 - Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to fully utilize information technology to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public."

Front 71

Treaty of Versailles

Back 71

was a peace treaty that officially ended World War I. It was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly 5 years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, one of the events that triggered the start of the war. Although the armistice signed on November 11, 1918 put an end to the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude a peace treaty. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial provisions required Germany and its allies to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231-248, disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. The Treaty was undermined by subsequent events starting as early as 1922 and was widely flouted by the mid-thirties. The result of these competing and sometimes incompatible goals among the victors was a compromise that left nobody satisfied. Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated, which, in retrospect, did not bode well for the future of Germany, Europe, or the world as a whole.

Front 72

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 72

The Roosevelt Corollary was a substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small nations in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. The alternative was intervention by European powers, especially Britain and Germany, which loaned money to the countries that did not repay. The catalyst of the new policy was Germany's aggressiveness in the Venezuela affair of 1902-03.(Marks 1979)

Front 73

Gerald Ford

Back 73

-followed Nixon’s presidency after Watergate scandal—poor response to the economic crisis and proposed a tax cut to stimulate consumer spending
-nation did not like him when he pardoned Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for all federal crimes he “may” have committed
-appointed George Bush as the CIA’s new director and gave him the authority to both reform and strengthen the CIA
-proved less successful in his dealings with Congress on other issues
-even election against Carter in 1976, but lost

Front 74

Ronald Reagan

Back 74

-a popular Hollywood actor, career faded in 1950’s
-became a spokesperson for a major American corporation and suddenly ran for California governorship
-by end of 1970’s considered the nation’s most effective leader of the conservative resurgence
-ran with George Bush in 1980—won
-nation had suffered terribly due to inflation and embraced concept of “supply side economics” to save countries economy
-also reduced taxes
-restricted government activity and reduced federal regulation of the economy
-wanted to achieve a goal of “deregulation”
-he appointed men and women who shared his belief in relying on the marketplace rather than the bureaucracy to direct the nation’s economy
-economic boom in 1983
-re-elected in 1984
-wanted to strengthen American defenses and recapture world supremacy from the Soviet Union
-supported Carter which began to take after the invasion in Afghanistan
-Reagan and Gorbachev agreed on Intermediate Nuclear Forces agreement which promised to become the most significant disbarment achievement
-helped pressure the countries of Iran and Iran to end their long war
-help/support against war on AIDS and drugs

Front 75

George H Bush

Back 75

-replaced Reagan in the White House after serving as his V.P.
-first passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) which prohibited discrimination against the disabled in hiring, transportation, and public accommodations
-two problems to face: nation’s savings and loan industry and lax regulation of fraudulent loan policies
-Congress passed an administration bill to close/merge more than seven hundred ailing savings and loans
-cautious approach to ending Cold War—was criticized for welcoming the demise of communism and offered economic assistance to Russia
-while ending Cold War, thousands Americans killed when invading panama to install American-like government
-Saddam Hussein invaded defenseless Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabia which was oil-rich and American resource
-Bush responded by accusing Saddam of naked aggression and built up a UN coalition to uphold “a new world order” which persuaded Saudi Arabia to accept a huge American troop buildup—called Desert Shield
-the United States consumed half of the oil every day imported from Saudi Arabia—Bush felt a need to prevent the bulk of the world’s oil reserves
-Operation Desert Shield turned to Desert Storm when UN support allowed Bush to persuade Congress to approve the use of force to liberate Kuwait
-Bush unleashed devastating aerial assault on Iraq, then Bush gained approval for land assault and troops drove into Kuwait City and liberated it—sending Saddam Hussein’s Republican Guard back to Iraq
-Desert Strom—victory for Bush
-Persian Gulf War may have hurt him more than helped him in long run

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George W Bush

Back 76

-came into office after the embarrassing sexual affair of Bill Clinton
-son of the former president
-waged war against the campaign of terrorism conducted by al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden
-disputed election of 2000 against Al Gore
-September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks trigger the war on terrorism
-weapons of mass destruction
(seriously if you don’t get any of this right on the test something is wrong with you)

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18th ammendment

Back 77

prohibition of alcohol

Front 78

19th ammendment

Back 78

womens suffrage

Front 79

21st ammendment

Back 79

ratification of prohibition

Front 80

22nd ammendment

Back 80

set a term limit for the president of the united states

Front 81

26h ammendment

Back 81

voting age is 18

Front 82

yellow journalism

Back 82

journalism that helps advance the cause of the war by "not letting the truth get in the way of the whole story".

Front 83

lendlease

Back 83

during WW2 when FDR provided britian with equipment to fight the two front war

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Square Deal

Back 84

Roosevelt’s idea, a domestic program created because the coal companies failed to recognize the union, its purpose was aimed at helping middle class citizens

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Great Society

Back 85

President Johnson’s version of the Democratic reform program. In 1965, many Great Society measures were passed by congress such as Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Johnson was trying to end poverty.

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Blitzkrieg

Back 86

lightning war”, meant to go all out, use as much power as possible

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Calvin Coolidge

Back 87

president after Harding, nickname was “silent cal”, his honesty and integrity reassured the nation, was governor of Massachusetts, became famous for his epigrams, he believed his duty was simply to preside benignly, not to govern the nation, elected in 1924

Front 88

Andrew Johnson

Back 88

Andrew Johnson is not good at politics

Pouts if he doesn't get his way

Congress is also stubborn, don't get along with Johnson

Johnson gets impeached, remove from office, trial, the constitution has only two reasons for impeachment, high crimes or misdemeanors

Johnson hadn't done anything wrong

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Thomas Edison

Back 89

made light bulb, General Electric, starter of the company
Began to develop electrical furnaces, phonograph, ways to improve the life of people

Front 90

Graham Bell

Back 90

something that would assist deaf people, didn't help deaf people but provided new communication methods

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Crédit Mobilier of America

Back 91

was formed by George Francis Train, the vice-president in charge of publicity for the Union Pacific Railroad. The company was designed to limit the liability of stockholders and maximize profits from construction.