History Exam 4 - Matching

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Ernst Weber

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He introduced the concept of just noticeable difference and systematically mapped the sensitivity of the human skin according to two points thresholds.

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Gustav Fechner

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He originated the study of psychophysics and established psychophysical methods.

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Hermann Von Helmholtz

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He was a physicist and physiologist who studied color vision, depth perception, and invented the stereoscope and opthalmoscope.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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He established a laboratory at the university of leipzig in 1879 and is regarded by many as the founder of modern psychology.

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Edward Bradford Titchener

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He completed his doctoral studies with Wundt and established a laboratory at Cornell University, where he continued and expanded Wundt's experimental psychology but named his system structuralism

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Margaret Washburn

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She was Titchener's first graduate student, the first woman in the US to be awarded a Ph. D in psychology and a pioneer in comparative psychology.

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Franz Brentano

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In opposition to Wundt's views, he emphasized the active, participatory, creative, and constructive aspects of experience and promoted a system known as Act Psychology.

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Carl Stumpf

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With a primary interest in the psychology of music, he emphasized this topic as a tool in the holistic study of mental phenomena and studied the development of several musical child prodigies

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Oswald Kulpe

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He and his colleagues at Wurzburg school studied imageless thought conducted experiments on the effects of mental set

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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He was one of the most important pioneers in experimental psychology and is still well remembered for the first quantitative assessments of memory.

He was a pioneer in applied psychology, developing the completion test as a way to assess the cognitive capacities of school children.

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William James

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He founded the first experimental laboratory in psychology in the US.

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Hugo Munsterberg

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Considered a pioneer in the study of relationships between psychology and the law. He wrote On the Witness Stand.
His book The psychology of Industrial Efficiency marks him as one of the pioneers of IO.

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Granville Stanley Hall

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He founded the APA and served as the first president.
He brought Freud and Young to the US and helped introduce psychoanalysis to the US. He proposed a radical development-evolutionary approach to psychology and was one of the first to argue for a children's institute dedicated to extensive research on children

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John Dewey

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In his classic article, The reflex Arc Concept, he argued that we should not dissect experience or reflexes into artificial piecemeal units.

He extended many of the concepts of functionalism into the field of education and argued that the concept of democracy is learned and that democratic ideals cannot be fostered in schools that emphasized rote learning and strict regimentation.

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James Angell

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The major classic exposition of functionalism was set forth in an article entitled "the province of functional psychology" based on key points covered in his APA presidential address.

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Harvey Carr

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He was primarily concerned with mental activity, defined as "the acquisition, fixation, retention, organization, and evaluation of experiences and their subsequent utilization in the guidance of conduct"

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James Cattell

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He originated the term mental tests and was the first editor of the journal of science

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Robert Woodworth

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He influenced psychology through strong leadership and a series of important textbooks including Experimental Psychology, which served as the standard reference in the field for over two decades.

His work elevated the importance of studying motivation.

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Mary Calkins

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She completed doctoral studies under the mentorship of William JAmes and although harvard refused to grant her a PHD she served as the first female president of the APA

She argued that the concept of the self should be a major focus in the works of psychologists and developed the paired-associate method for studying memory.

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Leta Hollingworth

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Considered a pioneer in psychology of Women, her research did much to dismantle the variability hypothesis and she made important contributions to the reduction of prejudices that prevented equal educational opportunities for woman.

She studied mentally defective children as well as gifted children with IQs above 180.

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Helen Wooley

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She explored sex differences and the consequences of dropping out of school.

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Alfred Binet

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He pioneered intelligence testing by gathering normative data on the problem solving abilities of children and developed intelligence testing that assessed complex superior processes such as memories for designs and ability to solve spatial problems.

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George Muller

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He was one of the first to conduct experiments on the issues of task perseveration and emphasized psychological variables in memory and association processes.

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Gustav Fechner

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Elements of Psychophysics

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Franz Brentano-Book

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Psychology from an empirical standpoint

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William James-Book

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Principles of Psychology

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John Dewey-Book

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The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology

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James Angell-Book

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The Province of Functional Psychology

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Margaret Washburn-Book

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The animal mind

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Hugo Munsterberg-Book

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On the Witness Stand

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Wilhelm Wundt-Book

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Volkerpsychologie

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Stanley Hall-Book

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Adolsences, Sensecence

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Define Psychophysics. Who introduced term and developed it?

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Refers to study of the relationships between physical properties of stimuli and the psychological or subjective impressions of those stimuli. Gustav Fechner coined term.

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Define Just Noticeable Difference and two point threshold.
Name persons who explored these concepts.

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Just noticeable difference is the smallest detectable difference between the standard and the comparison.

Two point threshold is the minimal stimulus difference that is detectable 50% of the time.

Explored by Weber.

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State formulas for Fechner's and Weber's law.

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Weber's Law= (delta R)/R = K
Fechner's Law= S= k log R

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List Fechner's three psychophysical methods.

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Method of Limits - present a standard along with variable or comparison stimuli of greater or lesser value

Method of Constant stimuli- compared in a random fashion. participant reports change.

Methods of Average- permits participant to change stimuli until it matches standard.

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Who is credited for founding Psychology? Where and when?

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Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig, Germany, 1879.

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Wundt's first published book and longest work?

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The doctrine of Muscular movement.

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Define and distinguish between immediate and mediate experience, according to Wundt.

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Immediate - is not biased by interpretation or external forms of measurement. It is experience of interest to psychology.

Mediate - experience relies on external tools of measurement and is biased by interpretation. It is the experience of interest to physics.

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Three fundamental characteristics of sensation according to Wundt?

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Quality, Intensity, and Duration.

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Define the term system and summarize at least five characteristics of systems discussed in the King et all text.

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system is an organized way of envisioning the world or some aspect of the world.
1. Provide definitions, 2. Include assumptions, 3. Give methods of analysis for topic area, 4. Specifies subject matter, 5. Specifies whether open or closed

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What is the name of Titchener's psychology?

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Structuralism.

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Identify three elementary states of consciousness according to Titchener?

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Sensations - basic elements of perceptions
Images - basic elements of ideas
Affective states - basic elements of emotion

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Name at least three German scientists who were contemporaries of Wundt and summarize their main opposition to Wundt's approach to experimental psychology.

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Essay.
Titchener, Brentano, and Kulpe.

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Define imageless thought.

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Belief that there are objective meanings in experience that are not associated with specific words, symbols, or signs.

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Summarize at least two important experimental findings from Ebbinghaus's research on memory.

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1. Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. - Reverse log curve.
2. Time to memorize syllabes as a function of list length. Greatest difference between 7 and 12, at 12 need 17 repetitions.

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Summarize the James-Lange theory of emotion

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Emphasized somatic substrate of emotional experiences and argues that the experience of emotion is the experience of the activity of the body.

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William James five characteristics of consciousness.

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1. Owned and personal.
2. Constantly changing.
3. Continuous, not divided or separated.
4. Deal with something other than itself.
5. Selective, discriminating, involving choice, and shifts in interests.

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Define pragmatism from William James.

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Concepts must be judged in terms of their cash value or the practical work they do in the world. Truth is judged by utility and the practical consequences achieved by an idea.

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Who said this metaphor? "stream of consciousness"

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William James

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Titchener's four attributes of sensation are:

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Quality, intensity, duration, and clearness.

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Titchener's Mind-Brain relationship Summary:

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Two aspects of the same world of experience. Psychophysical parallelism.

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Titchener's Goals of Psychology?

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1. To reduce consciousness to its simplest elements or components
2. To determine the laws by which these elements are associated.
3. to connect the elements with their physiological correlates

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Titchener's scope of psychology?

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Individual adult normal humans.

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Titchener's subject matter and method?

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Subject matter-experience that is dependent on the experiencing person.

Method-introspection

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Key differences between Wundt and Titchener:

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Wundt's primary concern was the organization/synthesis of these contents into higher cognitive process through apperception. Believed in active mind. Sought to explain conscious experience in terms of unobservable processes.

Titchener prompted a more passive mechanistic notion of association as put forth Brit Empiricists. Focused on mental elements and their mechanical linking through association. Discarded apperception and concentrated on elements themselves. He did not believe in theory and believed that only observable events could be studied. Focused on observable conscious events via introspection. Sought to find all of the basic elements of consciousness.

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Brentano's Act Psych Classification for mental phenomena are what three categories?

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Presentations, judgements, and desires.

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What is the big deal with imageless thought?

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Titchener and Wundt said main elements of consciousness were sensations, images, and affections. Didnt separate images from meaning as Kulpe suggested.

Kulpe's imageless thought showed that thoughts can occur without sensations and images.

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Weber's Illusion

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The experience of convergences of two points when moving over more sensitive areas and divergences over less sensitive areas.

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Robert Woodworth's approach to psychology? Subject matter? Books?

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Dynamic Psychology.
Wanted to study motivation.
Experimental Psych. and Psych.

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Dewey's concept of the reflex?

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A reflex shouldnt be broken into a stimulus and a response but viewed as a continuous ordered sequence of acts to reach a certain objective.

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Two universities associated with functionalism:

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Chicago University and Columbia University
Dewey, Angell, Carr

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What was Hall's theory of development called?

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Adolescence. developmental-evolutionary.

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List Hall's firsts

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1. Founded and edited journals like J. of Appl. Psych.
2. Founded APA, served as first pres.
3. Brought Freud and Jung to US
4. Clark was leader in doc students.
5. Two books. Adolescences and Senescence

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William James 3 Books:

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Principles of Pysch. Pragmatism. Essay on Radical Empiricism.

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William James Goal of Psych:

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The science of mental life, both its phenomena and of their conditions.