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157 Cards in this Set
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949
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organization that created a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by an external nation. The Warsaw Pact formed in 1955 was NATO's counterpart in the Cold War. Was involved in the break up of Yugoslavia in 1999.
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Berlin Blockade and Airlift 1948~1949
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one of the first international crisis of the Cold War. USSR blocked the Western Allies' railways, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under allied control. Aim was to gain control of Berlin as a whole. The Western Powers organized an Airlift to carry supplies with planes. This eventually led the USSR to lift the Blockade.
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German Zones of Occupation
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refers to the zonal makeup of determined in the London Protocol in 1944 in which Germany was divided into a Soviet zone and a Western zone. The Western Zone was divided into American, British, and French forces.
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Marshall Plan 1947
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American program to aid Europe. US gave money to support to help rebuild European economies after the end of the WWII to prevent spread of Communism. Named after George Marshall and was to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, industrialization.
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Containment
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US policy using numerous strategies to prevent spread of Communism abroad. Part of the Cold War and was in response to a series of movies by USSR to engage communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Vietnam.
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Truman Doctrine
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US policy issued by President Truman to assist Greece/Turkey with military/economic aid and prevent from being influenced by USSR. Some say it was the trigger to the start of the Cold War/containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.
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'Two Camps' Theory 1946
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Zhdanov Doctrine. Soviet cultural theory that proposed the world was divided into 2 camps; the Imperialistic by the US and the Democratic headed by the Soviet. Zdanovism soon became a Soviet cultural policy, as everyone had to conform to this outlook.
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Novikov Telegram 1946
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Largely responsible for the Kennan Long Telegram. Novikov was ordered to file a report on US foreign policy and claimed that the American elite dictated and orchestrated the newspapers' opposition to Russia among other anti-capitalist points.
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Iron Curtain Speech 1946
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Winston Churchill's speech of 'Sinews of Peace', as he used the term 'Iron Curtain' to define a Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. Many say this was the trigger to the Cold War, as some say this made it clear to the public of the division of into East and West.
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Long Telegram 1946
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by George Kennan, telegram was sent to the US Treasury from the US embassy in Moscow. Kennan stated that Soviet power was highly sensitive to the logic of force and described communism as 'the greatest task out diplomacy has ever faced'. According to Kennan, the Soviet did not see a long-term peaceful coexistence with the capitalist world.
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Winston Churchill
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was Britain PM twice. Most noted for his speeches in opposition of Hitler and his very famous 'Iron Curtain' Speech. Was awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Joseph Stalin
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leader of USSR from mid 1920s~1950s. Introduced centralized command economy, launching a period of industrialization and collectivization in USSR. Issued a campaign against his allege enemies known as the Great Purge, where thousands were executed. Led USSR to post-war reconstruction and witnessed USSR create first nuclear weapon.
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Harry S. Truman
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US President from 1945~1953. Issued Truman Doctrine to contain spread of communism, passed the Marshall Plan, helped with the creation of the UN, League of Nations, and the NATO. Was the one who issued the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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George Kennan
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American diplomat, known as the 'father of containment'. Inspired the Truman Doctrine. His long telegram in 1946 argued that the Soviets had to be contained as they would not peacefully co-exist with the capitalist nations. (US)
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Potsdam Conference 1945
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also referred to the Berlin Conference. revolves around 3 heads of govt. of USSR, US, Britain. Goal was to establish post-WWII punishment on Nazi-Germany and establish peace/order. Ended up being very unfair to the Nazi-Germany.
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Geneva Accords 1954
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conference that too place in Geneva. Purpose was to unify Vietnam and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina. Agreement separated Vietnam into 2 zones, a northern zone governed by Viet Minh and a southern zone by the state of Vietnam, headed by Bao-Dai
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Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1954
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first Indochina War between French Far East Expeditionary Corps ad Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries. The battle occured between March and May of 1954 and ended in the defeat of France that influenced negotiations over the future of Indochina at Geneva.
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Viet Minh
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communist national independence coalition formed in 1941. Formed to seek independence for for Vietnam from the French during the Japanese occupation. The Viet Minh opposed Japan with the aid of China and the US. Later led to the Vietnam War due to US intervention.
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Bao Dai (emperor/government)
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Final emperor of Vietnam. The Japanese ousted the Vichy-French in 1945 and then ruled through Bao-Dai. At this time, he re-named the country to Vietnam. Became Chief of State of Vietnam after Japan surrendered in 1945. he was criticized of spending too much time out of Vietnam and with the French.
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Rhee Syngman
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first president of South Korea. was an anti-communist and led South Korea through the Korean War.
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Kim ll Sung
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Leader of DPRK (North Korea) from its establishment of DPRK until his death in 1994. Succeeded in taking over South Korea but was intervened by the UN.
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Inchon Landing 1950
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amphibious landing invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a victory for the UN. Success came from invading the North Korean People's Army. Was led by General Douglas MacArthur.
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UN Expeditionary Force
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UN command led by General Douglas MacArthur that was responsible for the defense of South Korea. He carried a daring lading at Inchon and advanced into North Korea. Massive Chinese forces attacked his army and forced them back past the 38th Parallel. Truman later fired him due to his unwillingness to conduct a limited war.
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Douglas MacArthur
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American General of the Philippines Army who was the Chief Staff of the US Army. Oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945~1951. Led the UN in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry Truman.
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Vo Nguyen Giap
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principle commander in the First Indochina War ad the Vietnam War. Also participated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Was also a military commander of the Viet Minh/Vietnam People's Army. was a significant leader to Vietnam.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader who was the prime minister and president of Vietnam. Led the Viet Minh Independence Movement from 1941 and onwards, later establishing the communist-ruled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating France in 1954 at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Known very much for the one coming up with a united communist Vietnam.
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Mao Zedong
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Chinese communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China. Governed the country as Chairman of Communist Party until his death. Converted China into a single-party socialist state with industry and business being nationalized under state ownership and social reforms. Also led the political campaign of the Great Leap Forward in 1958~1961.
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Chiang Kai-shek
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Chinese political/military leader, influential leader of the Guomintang (KMT) or the Nationalist Party. Under him, fought a nation-wide civil war against the communist. After Japan invaded China in 1937, Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the CPC. Also was responsible for the 'White Terror'.
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Guomindang
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Chinese Nationalist party. Guiding ideologies are the Three Principles of People by Sun Yat-Sen. Led by Chiang Kai-shek and ruled much of China from 1928 until his retreat to Taiwan in 1949.
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Chinese Communist Parties
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Victorious side of the Chinese Civil War that ended in 1950. Committed to communism and Marxist-Leninism. Found in 1921 in Shanghai and defeated the KMT and gained full control of China in 1949.
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Korean War 1945~1953
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War between South Korea and North Korea. South Korea was under aid of the UN and North Korea was supported by China and USSR. Resulted from conflict in Korean boundaries issued by the Allies after WWII. In 1953, the armistice agreement was signed. (boarder established back to the 38th Parallel.
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Chinese Civil War
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war between KMT and CPC. resulted in 2 states; Republic of China in Taiwan and People's Republic of China in mainland China. The war was due to the ideological difference in nationalism. KMT was later defeated.
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Indonesian National Revolution
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natives of Indonesia seeking independence against the colonial empire of the Dutch. Took place between 1945~1949. Was granted independence in 1949. revolution was due to Sukarno's rise of nationalism.
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Show Trials
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Series of 3 show trials held in the Soviet Union at the instigation of Joseph Stalin between 1936 and 1938. The Moscow trials included the Trial of Sixteen, the Trial of Anti-Soviet Trotsky-st Center, and the Trial of the Twenty-One. Led to many defendants that were seen part of Stalin's 'Great Purge'.
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The 'New Course' in Eastern Europe
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Soviet economic policy that aimed to improve the standard of living, increase the availability of consumer goods in East Germany, lower the price of foodstuffs, small businesses, and farms would be returned to the private sector. (1953)
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East German Protests 1953
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started by East Berlin construction workers. evolved into an uprising against the German Democratic Republic Govt. Later violently suppressed by Soviet tanks. Were demonstrations in more than 500 towns/villages.
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Nikita Krushchev
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leader of the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. Responsible for the partial de-stabilization of the Soviet Union. In 1956, he delivered his 'secret speech' denouncing Stalin's purges and ushering in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. Oversaw the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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Death of Stalin
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Died from a massive stroke, but it is reported that he ingested powerful rat poison that caused it. It is speculated that Krushchev may have done it.
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European Coal and Steel Community
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6-nation international organization serving to unify democratic countries of Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern day developments of the EU. created a common market for coal and steel and n 1967, all its institutions were merged with that of the European Economic Community.
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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
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AN economic organization under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern bloc along with other socialist states. It was in response to the organization for European Economic CO-operation. It was based on a system of socialist international economic relations.
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Hungary 1956
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The Hungarian Revolution was a spontaneous nation-wide revolt against the govt. of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies from October to November of 1956. First major threat to Soviet control since the USSR forces drove out the Nazis at the end of WWII and occupied Eastern Europe. Despite its failure, it was highly influential in the downfall of the Soviet Union later on. Started as a student protest in Budapest that led to 1000 militiamen fighting the Soviet troops.
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John F. Kennedy
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35th President of US. From 1961~1963. Oversaw the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, and the Vietnam War. Approved the CIA Operation Mongoose, in which aimed to remove Fidel Castro from power and eradicate communism from Cuba.
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Operation Mongoose
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Covert operation of the CIA development under John F. Kennedy's administration. On Nov. 30th, 1961, authorized a covert operation against Fidel Castro. Aimed to seized away power from Fidel Castro and eradicate communism from Cuba.
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The Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961
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unsuccessful invasion of Cuba undertaken in 1961 by counter-revolutionary CIA group. Was intended to overthrow the govt., however was defeated by Cuban armed forces under orders of Fidel Castro, in which led Cuba to a more restricted tie with the US and a more stronger relationship with USSR, eventually leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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Ernesto 'Che' Guevara
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Argentine Marxist revolutionary who played a major role in the Cuban Revolution. Helped train the Cuban military force that defeated the CIA group at the Bay of Pigs Invasion and helped bring nuclear-armed ballistic missiles to Cuba. He thought proletarian internationalism and revolution would destroy monopoly capitalism.
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Fidel Castro
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Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who ruled from 1959~2008. Made Cuba into a socialist state. Industry and businesses were nationalized, socialist reforms were implemented in all areas of society, and an economic and military alliance with the Soviets was formed. Oversaw the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Advocated central economic planning and expanded healthcare and education through state control.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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14-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the US on the other in October 1962. Krushchev approved to send over nuclear missiles to Cuba and US aircraft caught this act and imposed a military blockade. Final decision came to be an agreement that the US would never invade Cuba if Soviets had dismantled their missiles.
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Aswan Dam
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an embankment dam situated across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. Primary objective for the Egyptian govt. after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 since they relied strongly on its ability to control floods, provide water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity. Starting point of the Suez Crisis in 1956 when US/UK backed out to help Egypt with the construction when Egypt started getting close with the Soviets.
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Free Officers Movement
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an Egyptian movement in which young junior army officers committed to unseating the Egyptian monarchy ad British advisers. Founded by Colonel Gamal Abdel Nassar in the aftermath of Egypt's defeat in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
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Gamal Abdel Nassar
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2nd President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. He opened a new period of modernization and nationalized the Suez Canal. Oversaw the Suez Crisis. Well known for his nationalist policies and his version of Pan-Arabism.
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The 'Secret Speech' 1956
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Nikita Krushchev delivered an unofficial speech to the Congress in 1956. It was critical to Joseph Stalin in regards to the brutal purges of the Soviet military and communist party cadres. The text of the speech leaked very quickly and was published by 1989. Krushchev wanted to help consolidate his control of the Communist Party. particularly from Stalin's loyalists.
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Suez Crisis 1956
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Diplomatic and military confrontation in 1956 between Egypt on one side and UK, France, and Israel on the other. The US, USSR played a key role in withdrawing the opposition against Egypt. Israel invaded Egypt and UK/France comes in as 'peace keepers'. Nassar finally came to a decision to nationalize the Suez Canal. US and UK stopped funding for the construction of the Aswan Dam since Egypt were getting close to the Soviets.
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Warsaw Pact
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mutual defense treaty between 8 communist states of Central/Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. It was a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO.
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Imre Nagy
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A Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on 2 occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet backed govt. was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason 2 years later.
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Wladyslaw Gomulka
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Polish communist least from 1956~1970. He made it clear that Polish tropps would resist if Soviet troops advanced, but reassured the Soviets that the reforms were internal matters and that Poland had no intention of abandoning communism or its treaties with the Soviet Union. His political decisions inspired the Hungarian Revolution.
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People's Democracies
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phrase used to describe countries of socialist orientation which could not yet claim to have built socialism itself. It was first used in reference to the fraternal allies of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe after the 2nd World War and then those countries that adopted the Soviet model after decolonization.
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Welfare State
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the concept of govt. in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion on the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of basic needs for good life. It is funded through taxation and is often included an income tax to help reduce the income gap between the rich and poor.
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The Politics of Productivity
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An attempt to raise levels of industrial productivity in Europe by transcending class conflict and creating consensus in society for economic growth. It was a prominent element in the Marshall Plan.
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Socialist Realism Art Movement
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style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. It is a teleological-oriented style, having its purpose to portray goals of socialism and communism. It glorifies roles of the weak and working class and the struggle for its emancipation.
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Berlin Wall 1961
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wall built to cut off West Germany from East Germany. It prevented any sort of immigration between each sides of Germany and was aimed to prevent the construction of a socialist state. It was taken down in 1989.
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The 'kitchen Debate' 1959
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A series of impromptu exchanges between Richard Nixon and Nikita Krushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. An entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford. The debate was video-taped and re-broadcasted in both countries.
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Joseph Mobutu
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President of the Republic of Congo. He renamed it Zaire in 1971. During the Congo Crisis, US/Belgium aided forces of Mobutu in a coup against the nationalist govt. of Patrice Lumumba in 1960 to take control of the govt. He is reported to have violated many human rights.
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Dag Hamarskjold
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A Swedish diplomat who served as the 2nd Secretary General of the UN from 1953 until his death in a place crash in 1961. He died on his way to cease-fire negotiations. He is the only UN Secretary General to die in office.
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Patrice Lumumba
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A Congo independence leader and the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo after he helped win its independence from Belgium in 1960. He was taken down by a coup by Joseph Motubu which was aided by the US/Belgium. Was later executed.
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Congo's Independence and the 'Congo Crisis' 1960
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During the Congo Crisis, US/Belgium aided forces of Mobutu in a coup against the nationalist govt. of Patrice Lumumba in 1960 to take control of the govt. A Congo independence leader and the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo after he helped win its independence from Belgium in 1960. He was taken down by a coup by Joseph Motubu which was aided by the US/Belgium. Was later executed.
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Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
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A socialist political party in Algeria that was set up in 1954 to obtain independence for Algeria from France. Won Algeria's independence in 1964 despite tension within Algeria between loyalists who supported a French-Algeria and the Algerian Muslim counterpart.
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Algerian War of Independence/Revolution
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War between France and the Algerian independence movements from 1954~1962 which led to Algeria gaining independence from France. An important decolonization war; a conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, terrorism against civilians, and torture on both sides. Also a civil war between loyalist for an French-Algeria vs. Algerian Muslim counterparts.
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Sharpeville Massacre 1960
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March 21st, 1960 at the police station in Sharpeville, South Africa. After a day of demonstrations at which a crown of black protestors outnumbered the police, the police opened fire, killing 69 people. It started as an anti-apartheid movement and led to a multi-racial political system in 1994.
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Afrikaner National Party
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South African political party from 1941~1951. It can be traced back to September 1939 when South Africa declared war on Germany shortly after the start of WWII. The party instituted legislation promoting apartheid, which segregated the country until 1994 when the ANC finally got political control and black people were finally recognized as citizens and were able to vote Nelson Mandela into office.
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Nelson Mandela
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a South African anti-apartheid activist who served as South Africa's first president from 1994~1999. was the first to be elected in a multi-racial election. Focused on dismantling apartheid legacy, racism, and inequality. Also president of the African National Congress (ANC). Known as the 'Father of the Nation'
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African National Congress (ANC)
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South Africa's governing po;litical party since the establishment of non-racial democracy in 1994. It gave the black majority of rights to vote in South Africa. Was successful because of Nelson Mandela.
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Apartheid
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a system of racial segregation enforced by the National Party-run govt. from 1948~1994 in South Africa. As an official policy was introduced following the general election of 1948 due to new legislation that classified inhabitants into 4 racial groups: white, native, colored, and Asian. Black people were even deprived of their citizenship. Everything from education to benches were segregated.
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Organization of African Unity 1963
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established in 1963 in Addis Ababa. 31 govt. signed and then it was disbanded in 2002 to be replaced by African Union.
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Year of Africa 1960
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The independence of 17 nations that focused on global attention on the continent and intensified feeling of pan-Africanism. The year represented a peak in the decolonization in Africa and the sudden appearance of the continent as a major force in the UN. This year also saw the beginning of armed resistance to apartheid in South Africa.
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Harold Macmillan's 'Winds of Change' speech 1960
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an important address given by British PM Aarold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town. The speech signaled that the British govt. intended to grant independence to many African territories. It started as a process of decolonization. It also made it clear that there was a swift in British policy in regards to apartheid in South Africa.
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Gold Coast/Ghana
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The Gold Coast was a British colony in West Africa that became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. Kwame Nkrumah created the Convention People's Party (CCP) in 1949. They had investigated widespread strikes and nonviolent resistance.
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Kwame Nkrumah
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The leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951~1966. Oversaw the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, Nkrumah was the first president of Ghana and the PM of Ghana. was an advocate of Pan-Africanism and a founding father of the organization of African Unity.
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French loi-cadre Act, 1956
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French legal reform passed by French National Assembly that marked a turning point in relations between France and its overseas empire. Under pressure from its colonized populations, the govt. transferred a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed its remaining voting inequalities.
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Pan-African Congress 1945
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took place in Manchester to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent. It gained the reputation as a peace maker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies. tried to end colonial rule and racial discrimination, was against imperialism, and demanded human rights and equality of opportunity.
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Pan-Africanism
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An ideology and movement that encourages the solidarity of African worldwide. It si based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to unify and uplift people of African descent. The ideology asserts that the fates of all African peoples and countries are intertwined and that they share a common history as well as a common destiny. The largest pan-African organization is the African Union.
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Charles de Gaulle
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founder of the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and its first president from 1959~1969. Created a new currency to control inflation, independence of Algeria was granted, and the development of French atomic weapons took place.
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Student Protests in Paris (May 1968)
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Largest general strike in France that brought the economy to a standstill. Started as a series of student protests which later involved 11,000,000 workers for 2 weeks and almost caused the collapse of Charles de Gaulle's govt.
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Lyndon Johnson, Voting Rights Act, 1965
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a landmark piece of legislation in the US that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the US. The act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had also earlier signed the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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An American leader of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights through the use of non-violent civil disobedience. In 1963, he organized the March on Washington where he delivered the 'I have a dream' speech.
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Betty Friedan 'The Feminine Mystique'
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nonfiction book published in 1963, which was credited with sparking the 2nd wave of feminism in the US. Many women were unhappy with their lives as housewives and so a new movement began.
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Gold Standard
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A monetary system where the standard economic unit of account was based on the fixed weight of gold.
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International Business Machines (IBM)
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An American multinational technology and consulting corporation that was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company. It manufactures and markets computer hardware and software and offers infrastructure, hosting, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to non technology.
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Sputnik 1957
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First artificial Earth satellite launched by the Soviet Union. The surprise success precipitated the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a large part of the Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.
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Treaty of Rome 1957
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An international agreement the led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958. It helped found the European Union and proposed a common market for goods, workers, services, and capital withing the EEC's member states. It also proposed the creation of common transport and agriculture policies and a European social fund.
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European Economic Community (EEC)
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An international organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957. Its aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market. It was one of the first 3 pillars of the European Union, which the treat also founded.
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Jean Monnet
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A French political economist and diplomat. He is regarded by many as the chief architect of European unity and one of the founding fathers of the European Union. Monnet was never elected to public office, but worked behind the scenes of American and European governments.
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General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
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A multilateral agreement regulating international trade. Its purpose was the 'substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis. Replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995.
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World Bank
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An international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. Its official goal is to reduce poverty. All of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade, and facilitate capital investment.
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New International Economic Order 1973
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set of proposals put forth by developing countries at the UN Conference on trade and development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, develop country-tariff reduction, etc. It was for the benefit of the third world countries and was to replace the Bretton Woods system, which credited the leading states, especially the US.
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Oil Embargo 1973
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When OPEC tried to gain influence by steeply raising oil prices in response to the US aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. OPEC also wanted to sell oil for socio-economic growth of the poorer member nations.
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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an oil cartel who's stated mission is to secure a return to oil investigators and an economic supply of oil to consumers. It was formed at a time when the international market was largely separate from centrally planned economies, in 1973 it issued an Oil embargo.
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Dependency Theory
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Predicated on the notion that resources from a 'periphery' of poor and underdeveloped states to a 'core' of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way the poor are integrated into the world system. It argues that underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed countries, but have unique features and structures of their own.
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Raul Prebisch
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An Argentine economist known for the formation of the dependency theory.
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Juan Peron
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An Argentine military officer and politician serving as president from 1946~55 and 1973~74. During the 2 following military dictatorship, he was outlawed and later exiled. He tired to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor and was immensely popular among many Argentine.
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Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
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trade economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. Is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized goods. It was gradually abandoned by developing countries in the 1980s and 90s due to structural indebtedness from ISI related policies on the insistence of the IMF and the World Bank thought their structural agreement programs of market-driven liberalization.
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Arab-Israel War ('Yom Kippur War' 1973)
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war of aggression fought by the coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel. The war began when the coalition launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur. Both the US/Soviets aided their allies and this almost led to a confrontation between the 2 power nations. The camp David Accord normalized relations and Egypt recognized Israel.
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Group of 77, G77
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A coalition of developing nations at the UN designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and created an enhanced join negotiating capacity in the UN. It was founded at the UN Conference on Trade and Development in 1964.
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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
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established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It deals with trade, investments, and development issues. It was established in order to provide a forum where the developing countries could discuss the problems relating to their economic development. Grew from existing institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank.
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Sino-Soviet Split
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1960~1989. was the worsening of political and ideological relations between China and the USSR during the Cold War. Although both being the 2 largest communist nations, the CCP denounced the Soviets and the divide slowly made ties between China and the US.
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Chou en Lai
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first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 to 1976. He served under Mao Zedong and was instrumental in consolidating the control of the Communist Party's rise to power, forming foreign policies and developing the Chinese economy. Also participated in the Geneva Conference.
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Jawaharlal Nehru
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FirstPM of India and central figure in Indian politics. He was a socialist and oversaw the independence of India along side Gandhi.
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Non-Alignment, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
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an organization formed to ensure national independence, sovereignty , territorial integrity, and security of non-aligned countries and their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, foreign aggression, occupation. it was formed to attempt to thwart the Cold War.
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Bandung Conference 1955 (Afro-Asianism)
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A meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 18~24th 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. its aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism by the US/Soviets in the Cold War. It was an important step to the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement.
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Haile Selassie, Ethiopian Emperor
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Ethiopia's emperor from 1930~1974. He was part of the Rastafari movement and is revered as the returned messiah of the Bible, god incarnate.
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Ethiopian Revolution
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A coup that overthrew the monarchy in Ethiopia in 1974 and led to the establishment of the Dery.
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MPLA
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political party that has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975. Fought against the Portuguese Army in the Angolan War of Independence and defeated UNITA and FNLA in the decolonization conflict of 1974~75.
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Angolan Independence, 1975
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Started as an uprising to being forced for the clutivation of cotton. This made it tough for Portugal to keep their colonial rule from overseas. Ended with a coup in Lisbon in 1974.
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Jimmy Carter
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39th president of the US. Perused the Camp David Accords, the 2nd round of SALT and the end of his term was marked by the end of the Iran Hostage Crisis. Oversaw that US boycott, summer Olympics in Moscow.
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Zbigniew Brzezinski
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Polish-American who served as a US National Security adviser under President Jimmy Carter. Oversaw the normalization of relations with China and the brokering of the Camp David Accords.
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Neoconservatism and 'Neocons'
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intellectual movement born in the 1960s. a branch of American conservatism that includes endorsement of political individualism, a welfare state, free markets and the assertive promotion of democracy and American national interest in international affairs including by military means. Under George W. Bush, helped plan and promote the Iraq War.
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Committee for the Present Danger & “Team B”
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The committee is a foreign policy interest group that aims to stop terrorism and the ideologies that drive it. Team B was commissioned by the CIA in 1976 to analyze threats the Soviets posed to the US. In the end they had underestimated the Soviet military power.
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Moscow Treaty 1972
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Signed between the USSR and West Germany. Willy Brand advocated the foreign policy of Ostopolitik and both sides expressed their ambition to strive for normalization of the relations between the European states while keeping international peace.
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Helsinki Accords1975
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Final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland in 1973. Aimed to improve relations between the communist bloc and the West. They were not binding.
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Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (CSCE) |
Also known as the Helsinki Commission. Was created by the US govt. in 1976 to monitor and encourage compliance with the Helsinki Final Act and the Organization for Security and Co^operation in Europe.
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Ostopolitik
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normalization of relations between West Germany and East Germany in 1969. Policies were implemented by Willy Brandt, the Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974. It did not aim to combat Communism regimes, but rather tried to achieve a certain degree of cooperation with East Germany.
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Willy Brandt
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German statesman and politician who was chancellor from 1969~74. He tried to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the Soviet bloc. His policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union.
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
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Bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the US and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control. There were 2 rounds of talks/agreements: (SALT II) Negotiations started in Helsinki in 1969 and resulted in the anti-ballistic Missile Treaty
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Anatoly Dobynin and the 'Back Channel'
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Russian statesman and former Soviet diplomat and politician who served as the Soviet Ambassador to the US from 1962~86, most notably during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was appointed by Nikita Krushchev and in a series of secret 'back channel' communication Kennedy and Krushchev initiated a proposal to reseolve the crisis.
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Leonid Brezhnev
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General Secretary of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. Issued the Brezhnev Doctrine, which said USSR had the right to intervene in any fraternal communist state which did not follow the Soviet Model. This doctrine increased tension not only with the Eastern block but also with Asian Communist states.
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Richard Nixon
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American President from 1969~1974. He ended US involvement in the Vietnam War in 1973 and visited China to open diplomatic relations between the 2 nations. He initiated detente and witnessed the OPEC oil embargo.
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Henry Kissinger
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Secretary of State under the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Was a proponent on Realpolitik and played a prominent role in the US foreign policy. He pioneered the detente with the Soviet Union by opening relations with China and negotiating the Paris Peace Accords, which ended the American involvement in the Vietnam War. Also negotiated SALT I with Leonid Breazhnev.
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Realism
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An international relations theory which claims that world politics is driven by competitive self-interest. It aims for the survival of the state and the advantage of the state over international cooperation and balance of power.
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Triangular Diplomacy
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Power balance between the US, Soviets, and the Chinese. Nixon and Kissinger believed that international peace can be achieved by trying to solve conflicts between the 2 biggest communist nations. It was a policy to aim for a future world peace.
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Camp David Accords 1978
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agreements between Israel and Egypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of its Arab neighbours. Brokered by U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian Pres. Anwar el-Sādāt and officially titled the “Framework for Peace in the Middle East,” the agreements became known as the Camp David Accords because the negotiations took place at the U.S. presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland.
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Detente
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Easing of political tension between the US and the Soviet Union. The easing of tension commenced slowly. The signing of SALT I and the Helsinki Records, then the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Finally the Triangular Diplomacy.
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East Asian 'Tigers'
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refers to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Noted for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates in industrialization in the late 1900s. High income economies.
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Japanese 'Miracle'
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Japan's record period of economic growth after WWII. Mainly occurred due to the US intervention of the Japanese govt. Spurred mainly through Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
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Japanese Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
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center-right conservative political party in Japan that came into power in 1955. Helped the 'Japanese Miracle' and led to great economic growth policy-making.
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Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (MITI) |
most powerful agencies of Japan that effectively ran much of Japanese industrial policy, funding research, and directing investments. Helped recover from the economic disaster of WWII and liberalized import policies and helped craft a number of market opening and import promoting measures which led to the 'Japanese Miracle'.
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations
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geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries in Southeast Asia formed in 1967. Aims includes to accelerate economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.
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The 'Celtic Tiger'
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refers to the economy of the Republic of Ireland between 1995 and 2008. A period of rapid growth.
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Deng Xiaoping
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politician and reformist leader of the Communist Party of China who led China towards a market economy. Served as a leader of China. Played a vital role in China's economic reconstruction after the Great Leap Forward. Opened China to foreign investments, global market, and limited private competition which led to growth.
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Special Economic Zones, Shenzhen
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was established in 1980 as the first special economic zone of China. Special area with special laws; more free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws. Includes free trade zones, free ports, free urban enterprise. Goal is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, development of infrastructure to increase employment.
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Chinese Diaspora in Southeast Asia
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There was a huge surge in emigration as a result of poverty and ruin and the Qing Empire was forced to allow its subjects to work overseas under colonial powers. Many chose Southeast Asia, where they could work to improve the living standards of their relatives.
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CFE Treaty 1990
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established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. The treaty proposed equal limits for NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
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INF Treaty 1987
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Agreement between the US and the Soviet Union signed in Washington DC. by President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. It eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles.
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Ronald Reagan
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40th president of US from 1981~89. He implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, Reganomics, advocated reducing tax rates to spur economic growth, controlling the money supply to reduce inflation, deregulation of the economy, and reducing govt. spending. Ended his 2nd term along with the Cold War. Also signed the INF Treaty with Gorbachev.
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Attempted Cout d'etat in Moscow 1991
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attempted by a group of members of the Soviet Union's govt. to take control of the country from Gorbachev. They were members of the Communist Party that were against Gorbachev's reform program. It was taken down in 2 days and Gorbachev returned to govt, however the Soviet Union soon fell apart. Was one of the key reasons to why the Soviet Union fell apart.
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Boris Yeltsin
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Russian politician and the first president of Russia. Originally a supporter of Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the Perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's powerful opponents. Vowed to transform Russia's socialist command economy and implemented economic shock therapy, price liberalization, and privatization programs. However, his era marked a widespread of corruption, inflation, economic collapse, and enormous political and social programs.
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Velvet Revolution 1989
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Non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia. Students and other demonstrators vs. Communist Party. This saw the collapse of the party's control of the country and the conversion into a parliamentary republic. Started by a student demonstration in Prague, strikes furthered and the collapse of the Warsaw Pact governments and the street protests led to the party relinquishing power and dismantling the single-party state.
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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Soviet Union foreign policy put forth by Leonid Brezhnev, which meant that limited independence of communist parties was allowed in the Eastern Bloc. However, no countries were allowed to leave the Warsaw Pact.
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Glasnost
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policy that called for increased openness and transparency in govt. institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. Introduced by Gorbachev in the 2nd half of the 1980s and often paired with Perestroika. Was less censorship and greater freedom of information.
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Perestroika
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political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. It is associated with Soviet leader Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is 'restructuring', referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. It is often argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
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'New Thinking'
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Gorbachev was largely hailed in the West for his 'new thinking' in foreign affairs. During his tenure, he sought to improve relations and trade with the West by reducing Cold War tensions. He proposed that the Soviets and Americans both cut their nuclear arsenals in half and led to the Geneva Summit between Reagan and Gorbachev. In 1986, he proposed the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear weapons. Later a strategy to eliminate all nuclear weapons.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985~91. Only president until his dissolution. Attempts to reform, confrontation with Ronald Reagan, and his reorientation of Soviet Strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War. His policy of 'new thinking' had led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Solidarity Movement in Poland
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Polish trade union federation that emerged in 1980, solidarity was the first non-communist party controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country. It used methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The Polish govt. attempted to destroy the union during the period of martial law in the early 1980s and through political repression, but in the end proceeded with the Round Table Talks between the govt. and the solidarity-led opposition which led to semi-free elections in 1989.
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Green Revolution
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series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1940s and the later 1970s that increased agriculture production around the world. Involves development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers.
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PL-480 Food Aid
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In 1961, President John F. Kennedy termed the law 'Food for Peace'. Switched the law from disposing surplus agricultural commodities to addressing human needs and responding to growing food and crisis demands. It was the Food for Peace Act of 1966 that revised the basic structure of the programs and placed the emphasis clearly on the humanitarian goals of the program. It shifted from surplus disposable to planned production for export to meet new world food needs.
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Trofim Lysenko and “Lysenkoism”
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Director of Soviet biology under Stalin. His research in improved crop yields earned the support of Stalin, especially after the famine. Lysenkoism is used metaphorically yo describe the manipulation or distortion of the scientific process as a way to reach a predetermined conclusion as dictated by ideology.
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Soviet Virgin Lands Campaign
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Krushchev's plan in 1953 to dramatically boost the Soviet Union's agricultural production in order to alleviate the food shortages plaguing the Soviet population. Overall, the campaign succeeded in increasing production of grain and alleviating food shortages in the short term. The initial success of the campaign was impressive but it failed to suppress the record output of 1956 and fell short of Krushchev's ambition to surpass American grain export by 1960.
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China's 'Great Leap Forward'
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Economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China. aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of industrialization and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign and it was founded by coercion, terror, and systematic violence and created economic decline as opposed to growth.
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Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962
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A book that made the best-seller list that inspired widespread public concerns with pesticides and pollution of the environment. Silent Spring facilitated the ban of the pesticide DDT in 1972 in the US. It documented detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds.
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