History Exam

Front 1

The Swiss city-state of Geneva became a model of Protestant morality under the leadership of _____

Back 1

John Calvin

Front 2

What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?

Back 2

Each German prince could decide the religion for his lands

Front 3

Anabaptists believed that infants should not be ______ because infants are too young to accept the Christian faith.

Back 3

baptized

Front 4

Humanist scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that humanists tended to focus more on _____ subjects.

Back 4

worldly

Front 5

The purpose of the Council of Trent was to direct the reform of the ______

Back 5

Catholic Church

Front 6

In the 1600s, Robert Boyle’s work transformed the field of _____

Back 6

Chemistry

Front 7

The inventor who perfected the microscope and was the first person to see cells and microorganisms was _______

Back 7

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 8

The calculations of astronomer Johannes Kepler showed that the planets move around the sun in ___________

Back 8

oval orbits

Front 9

What was the primary event that trigged the formation of the Church of England?

Back 9

Henry VIII wanted a divorce

Front 10

The main goal of the Jesuits was to ______, _______, and _____ the Catholic faith.

Back 10

defend
restore
spread

Front 11

Ming China, European traders paid for Chinese silks and porcelains in gold or silver instead of exchanging trade goods because the Chinese did not want inferior European _______

Back 11

trade goods

Front 12

After the Japanese, and later the Manchus, invaded Korea, the Koreans responded by _______ from their nation.

Back 12

excluding foreigners

Front 13

When the first European traders arrived in the 1500s, the Japanese responded by _______ trade with the West.

Back 13

welcoming

Front 14

he voyage to Calicut by Vasco da Gama soon led to the creation of a vast trading empire for ______

Back 14

portugal

Front 15

How did Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias seek a sea route to Asia in 1460?

Back 15

He rounded the tip of Africa

Front 16

In 1513, Spanish adventurer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean by traveling ______

Back 16

overland through panama

Front 17

To rule China effectively after seizing Beijing in 1644, the Manchus ______ the Confucian system of government.

Back 17

accepted

Front 18

Why did Japanese shoguns turn against foreign traders in the mid-1500s? Because they saw foreigners as a threat after ______ seized the ______

Back 18

Spain
Philippines

Front 19

The Ming rulers allowed limited trade with Europeans under the condition that the Europeans would ______ at the end of the trading season.

Back 19

leave

Front 20

To conquer the Aztec empire, Hernán Cortés ________ with conquered people who hated the Aztecs.

Back 20

formed alliances

Front 21

The conquistador who added the lands of the present-day countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile to the Spanish empire was _______

Back 21

Francisco Pizarro

Front 22

At the top of Spanish colonial society were the ______

Back 22

Peninsulares

Front 23

Through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, ______ claimed its empire of Brazil.

Back 23

Portugal

Front 24

The English colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as havens for ________ groups.

Back 24

persecuted religious

Front 25

The first leg of the triangular trade route brought _______ goods to ______

Back 25

European
Africa

Front 26

Widespread inflation struck Europe in the mid-1500s due to the increasing amounts of ______ and _______ from the Americas.

Back 26

Silver
Gold

Front 27

What mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition? ______ increased the ______ of imported goods.

Back 27

Tariffs
price

Front 28

The Spanish king maintained strict control over his empire through his _______ in Spain that monitored colonial officials.

Back 28

Council of Indes

Front 29

In Spanish colonial society, creoles were _______ of Spanish settlers.

Back 29

Native-born descendants

Front 30

To ensure that its colonies would be profitable, Spain established _______ for its colonies

Back 30

strict trade laws

Front 31

As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Britain gained ______ and all ____________ lands east of the Mississippi River.

Back 31

Canada
France's

Front 32

Spain tried to change its American colonies with the New Laws of the Indies in 1542 which forbade the ______ and _______ of Native Americans.

Back 32

abuse
enslavement

Front 33

The Mayflower Compact set out guidelines for governing the _______

Back 33

Plymouth Colony

Front 34

In their effort to gain control of the Incas, the Spanish _______ the Inca ruler Atahualpa.

Back 34

captured (took him for ransom) and killed him after the ransom was paid

Front 35

Joint stock companies allowed early European capitalists to _____ large amounts of _______.

Back 35

pool
capital

Front 36

What was a major threat to the empire of Charles V?

Back 36

he was a Catholic, fought to suppress Protestantism

Front 37

An important goal of Philip II of Spain was to defend the ______

Back 37

Catholic Reformation

Front 38

In 1598, the Edict of Nantes helped to ensure that French Protestants would not be _____

Back 38

persecuted (Edict of Nantes said that Huguenots had religious toleration and other freedoms).

Front 39

When the Huguenots left France in the 1680s, their departure seriously hurt the French _____

Back 39

economy

Front 40

The Long Parliament met when Charles I requested funds to suppress a _____ rebellion.

Back 40

scottish

Front 41

What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution?

Back 41

Constitutional Limited Monarchy

Front 42

As a result of the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained territory on its _____ and ______ frontiers.

Back 42

spanish
german

Front 43

Peter the Great waged war against the Ottoman empire to gain a ________ on the Black Sea.

Back 43

warn water port

Front 44

Under the rule of Catherine the Great, Russia seized lands in ______

Back 44

easter Poland

Front 45

A major cause of conflict within the empire of King Charles was the suppression of _______ in the German states.

Back 45

protestants

Front 46

Under the rule of Philip II, the defeat of _______ at ___________ helped to increase Spanish power.

Back 46

Ottomans
coast of greece (battle of lepanto)

Front 47

After the death of his chief minister in 1661, Louis XIV governed France by taking ________ control of the ________

Back 47

absolute
government

Front 48

Louis XIV appointed royal officials from the middle class to his bureaucracy because they helped to ______ the power of the ______ and ________

Back 48

check
nobles
the church

Front 49

Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert helped to make France the wealthiest state in Europe by imposing _______ policies to bolster the economy.

Back 49

mercantilist

Front 50

The Tories were an English political party that ______ broad royal powers.

Back 50

supported

Front 51

One result of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was that the monarch could not interfere in _______

Back 51

parliamentary debates

Front 52

Frederick William I helped to unify Prussia after the death of his father in 1713 by giving the Junkers positions in the _____ and _________

Back 52

army
government

Front 53

By 1750, Prussia and Austria were battling for control of the _______

Back 53

German states

Front 54

What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?

Back 54

Natural Law

Front 55

Enlightenment writers often faced _________ because they challenged the old order.

Back 55

censorship

Front 56

An enlightened despot was a ruler who influenced______ and______ change

Back 56

political
social

Front 57

Because the American colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups, social distinctions were more ________ than in Europe.

Back 57

blurred

Front 58

The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because the American victory convinced ______ to support the Revolution.

Back 58

France

Front 59

Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the ______

Back 59

Scientific Revolution

Front 60

Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it spread _________ ideas.

Back 60

enlightenment

Front 61

Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of _______ and_______.

Back 61

supply
demand

Front 62

During the Enlightenment, government and church officials justified their use of censorship to stop enlightenment writers by saying God set up the ______

Back 62

old order

Front 63

One advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution was the diverse ______.

Back 63

geography

Front 64

The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between _______ and _____ governments.

Back 64

national
state

Front 65

Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker proposed _______ the First and Second estates.

Back 65

taxing

Front 66

One important result of the Estates-General was the formation of the _______

Back 66

national assembly

Front 67

The National Assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by selling ________ lands

Back 67

church

Front 68

When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the radicals create?

Back 68

republic

Front 69

The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was the ______

Back 69

middle class and bourgeoisie

Front 70

What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?

Back 70

scorching the earth so the French would have no food

Front 71

The Congress of Vienna promoted the principle of legitimacy by restoring _________

Back 71

the old rulers/ hereditary monarchs

Front 72

In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General that broke away and declared themselves to be the National Assembly were from the _________

Back 72

third estate

Front 73

The poorest members of the Third Estate were ________

Back 73

urban workers

Front 74

What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of 1791?

Back 74

limited monarchy

Front 75

When radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 1792, they extended voting rights to all ______

Back 75

men

Front 76

Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use of _____

Back 76

terror

Front 77

During the Reign of Terror, trials and executions were carried out under the authority of ________

Back 77

Revolutionary courts

Front 78

Under the Napoleonic Code men regained complete authority over their _______

Back 78

individual rights

Front 79

The Continental System was a form of __________

Back 79

economic warfare

Front 80

Napoleon’s final defeat was at the _______

Back 80

battle of waterloo

Front 81

A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to suppress _______ throughout Europe.

Back 81

nationalist fervor/ future revolutions

Front 82

The cotton gin was a machine that could separate _____ from _____

Back 82

seeds
cotton

Front 83

The first factories developed in what industry?

Back 83

textile

Front 84

Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because disease was a natural means of _______

Back 84

controlling the population

Front 85

David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages” Says that wages will never _____ as long as there are more ______ than available _____.

Back 85

increase
workers
jobs

Front 86

“The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was a goal of _______

Back 86

utilitarians

Front 87

German socialists formed a social democracy in the 1860s in order to transition gradually from _______ to _______

Back 87

capitalism
socialism

Front 88

Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it created _________ for a few and ______ for many.

Back 88

prosperity
poverty

Front 89

Railroads an improvement over canals because railroads did not have to follow the ______

Back 89

course of a river

Front 90

The putting-out system was a method of producing ______ in individual ______

Back 90

cloth
homes

Front 91

The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of the ______

Back 91

working class

Front 92

Most early factory workers were women because employers could pay women _____ than men

Back 92

less

Front 93

Jeremy Bentham believed that laws should be judged by whether they bring more ______ than ______

Back 93

pleasure
pain

Front 94

According to socialists, the solution to poverty and injustice was shared _____ by the people of the means of _____

Back 94

ownership
production

Front 95

The Concert of Europe was an agreement to support the ______

Back 95

old order

Front 96

The ideas of liberals were sometimes called “bourgeois liberalism” because liberals spoke mostly for the ________

Back 96

middle class

Front 97

Creating a homeland for people who shared a common heritage was a major goal of _____

Back 97

nationalists

Front 98

After independence, Britain, France, and Russia pressured the Greeks to accept a German king because the European powers did not support the revolution’s ______ ideals.

Back 98

nationalist

Front 99

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland because the Congress wanted to create a strong barrier to ________

Back 99

french revolutionaries

Front 100

What major event occurred during “February Days” in France in 1848?

Back 100

Louis Philippe abdicated, Second Republic was formed

Front 101

During the “June Days” in France, the peasants attacked protesting socialist workers because they feared the socialists would _______

Back 101

take their land

Front 102

Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt that eventually resulted in independence for ________

Back 102

Haiti

Front 103

Father Miguel Hidalgo’s “el Grito de Dolores” was a call to fight for Mexican _______

Back 103

independence

Front 104

Napoleon’s occupation of Spain spurred ______ and his followers to begin the struggle for independence.

Back 104

Bolivar

Front 105

When Napoleon ousted the Spanish king in 1808 it encouraged widespread rebellion in _________

Back 105

Latin America

Front 106

As a result of the revolutionary uprising in Belgium in the 1830s, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal _______

Back 106

constitution

Front 107

Conservatives of the early 1800s believed in the restoration of _____________

Back 107

the old order/monarchies

Front 108

Liberals strongly supported laissez-faire economics as the best way to help _______ succeed

Back 108

business

Front 109

Milos Obrenovic was able to win Russian support for Serb independence because the Russians and Serbs shared a common ______ and _______

Back 109

language
religion

Front 110

The Second Republic in France ended when _________ became emperor.

Back 110

Louis Napoleon (III)

Front 111

As a result of the 1830 revolt in Poland, Russian forces _______ the revolt.

Back 111

crushed/ended/squashed

Front 112

The overwhelming majority of French voters supported Louis Napoleon and his Second Empire because many voters thought a _____ was more ______ than a republic.

Back 112

monarchy
stable

Front 113

Which revolutionary leader helped Argentina win freedom from Spain?

Back 113

San Martin

Front 114

Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because Japanese ______ leaders placed a high _____ on modernization.

Back 114

political
priority

Front 115

A production method in which workers repeatedly perform one task in the manufacturing process is called the ________

Back 115

assembly line

Front 116

The population of Europe exploded between 1800 and 1900 in large part because _______ advances reduced the death rate.

Back 116

medical/health

Front 117

The popular saying “A man’s home is his castle” reflected what middle-class value of the late 1800s? The cult of __________

Back 117

domesticity

Front 118

The purpose of Normal Schools was to train students to be _________

Back 118

teachers

Front 119

Englishman John Dalton made an important breakthrough in chemistry by showing that each _______ has its own kind of _____

Back 119

element
atoms

Front 120

What theory applied the idea of natural selection to the development of business and society?

Back 120

Social Darwinism

Front 121

Romanticism can be described as a revolt against the Enlightenment’s emphasis on ______

Back 121

reason

Front 122

The Wright Brothers’ flying machine was made possible by the invention of the __________

Back 122

internal combustion engine

Front 123

German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacteria that causes ________ in the 1880s.

Back 123

tuberculosis and anthrax

Front 124

The effectiveness of women involved in the temperance movement was limited because they could not _____ and were barred from most _____

Back 124

vote
schools

Front 125

In 1869, what chemist developed a table that became the basis for the periodic table of elements used today?

Back 125

Mendeleev

Front 126

Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to bring about ________

Back 126

a constitution for France