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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Agricultural Revolution
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Neolithic discovery of agriculture; Agricultural transformations that began in eighteenth-century western Europe
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Crop Rotation
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Allowing 1/3 to 1/2 of the land to lay fallow in order for the soil to regenerate; crops rotated yearly
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Enclosure
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Combining separate parcels of farmland and enclosing them with fences and walls to create large farms or pastures that produced for commerce
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Clover
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Used in fields instead of letting them lie fallow in order to further regenerate the soil and for weed control
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1.7 to 2.5
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The shift in food being produced per farm; 1700: 1.7 people fed per farm; 1800: 2.5 people fed per farm
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Industrial Revolution
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The rapid emergence of modern industrial production during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
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Capitalism
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Economic system characterized by freedom of the market with private and corporate ownership of the means of production and distribution that are operated for profit
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Coal
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One of the greatest advantages in natural resources England had over the rest of Europe which helped lead to the Industrial Revolution in England. Very critical natural resource
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Middle Classes
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Class of people in England who made money in the slave trade and used their money to invest in the Industrial Revolution where many became rich which led to increased legitimacy and power
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Textiles and cotton
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The spinning jenny and mechanized weaving which were powered by steam led to changes in 19th century clothing. By 1840, 1/2 of Britain's exports were cottoned based
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Railroads
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Steam engines and hundreds of miles of track led to a massive revolution in transportation in England which helped contribute to the industrial boom; allowed goods and people to be transported great distances in short amounts of time
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Working classes
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a poor, growing social class, which served as the driving labor force of the Industrial Revolution. They had few rights and were treated poorly
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Factory Act (1833)
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Prohibited children from working under the age of 9; also imposed a 12 hour workday and required 2 hours of daily education for children
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Sir Edwin Chadwick, "Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population in Britain" (1842)
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Chadwick's report which told about the terrible, unsafe working conditions facing the working class. The report also talked about the heavy drinking used to cope with the poor conditions
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Friedrich Engles, "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (1845)
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Spoke about the poor working conditions and living conditions facing the working class
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Factory system
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Many workers producing goods in a repetitive series of steps and specialized tasks using powerful machines
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Luddism
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The smashing of machines that took jobs away from workers in the first half of the nineteenth century
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Entrepresneurs
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A person who organizes and operates business ventures, especially in commerce and industry
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How do you explain why Britain industrialized before other European nations?
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1. Economy shifted to a capitalistic system which allowed competition in free market system through private ownership, investment, and gains
2. Transportation from railroads and the rivers 3. Used natural resources (coal, iron, raw materials) |
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How did workers cope with the conditions in industry?
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Many workers resorted to drinking due to it's stimulant effect which was used for depression, however many workers turned to coffee since it was cheap and more available. They also used snuff which was said to benefit the eyes.
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What is Engles' view of the urban life of the poor?
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Views urban life of the poor as disgusting and filthy; Engles asks how the lower class can ever be healthy and long lived while being exposed to such terrible living conditions; air heavily polluted, cities vastly overpopulated, no clean drinking water, no sewage or garbage systems, and poor ventilation
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Congress of Vienna
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1814 after Napoleon's defeat, stabilized diplomatic order in Europe and how to contain France
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Balance of Power
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Checks and balances in power among Europe to prevent another Napoleon figure
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Conservatism
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Cherishes stability. No change unless its slow and natural, maintains power of social groups and monarchs. A key figure is Matternich
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Edmund Burke
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Conservatist British philosopher
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Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
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Written by Burke, saying that change in France came too fast and went too far. Needs to change from top to bottom; not bottom to top
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Liberalism
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Inspired by the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and Napoleon. Common ideas were social contracts, a representative government, and more equality for citizens
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John Stuart Mill; On Liberty (1859)
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Progressive ideas on women's rights, education, working conditions, and equal rights
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Socialism
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Theory of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution of land, capital, and goods to whole community that parked from the Industrial Revolution
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Robert Owen
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1771-1858 a British, middle class factory owner that started making factory conditions better by having a minimum wage and shorter working days
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Charles Fourier
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(1772-1837) Dreamed of a "phalanstere" with 1620 members, 610 psychological traits. This is a place where work is not dehumanizing as it was during the Industrial Revolution.
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Karl Marx
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1819-1883 German. Had a doctorate in philosophy in history, but due to his radical views, Germany and France exiled him. Wrote for a newspaper in London. Categorized society into "those who have, and those who have not."
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Communist Manifesto
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1848, a critique of capitalism. Human profit, the working conditions, and the middle class were all bad.
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Concert of Europe
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Quadruple alliance between Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain in November of 1815
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Nationalism
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Wants to unify nations, liberate subject peoples from foreign rule, create a sense of fraternity among members of a national community, and lead that community to a common destination
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Romanticism
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A new recognition that humans were complex, emotional and sometimes rational. It was the counterweight to industrial, urban, scientific, and materialistic societies.
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Zollverien
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A Prussian sponsored customs union between German states that excluded Austria
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Chartists
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People who wrote "The People's Charter" and wanted reforms like universal male suffrage, election by secret ballot, and removal of property qualifications for office
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In what ways did the ideas and actions of liberal, nationalists, and socialists challenge conservatives between 1815 and 1850?
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- Liberals: Middle class that wanted to challenge power and use Enlightenment. Demanded natural laws, religious toleration, popular sovereignty.
- Nationalists: People who became loyal to the nation rather than the monarch. They believed in unity and drove democracy; however, they also believed in tradition. - Socialists: People who wanted a utopian society and fairness for all. There would be no rich or poor. Wealth is distributed equally. |
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Analyze the commonalities in the several revolutions and movements for reform that developed between 1820 and 1848.
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All started underground, or from the bottom to the top and over time became more radical. All started from discontent with the ruler who, over time, became more conservative. Often started in France, more specifically in Paris. Often started after a depression or drought.
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What has been the result of the Revolution, according to Burke? Why has it failed?
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Laws were overturned, tribunals were overturned, industry with out vigor, commerce expiring, people impoverished, and civil/ military anarchy. It failed because it was unnatural and came from the bottom- up.
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What conditions must be satisfied before Mill would describe a society as truly free?
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1) Everyone needs liberty of conscience; freedom of thought and opinion.
2) Liberty of tastes and pursuits; planning and doing as one pleases in life. 3) Liberty of combining among individuals; freedom to unite |
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What is freedom, according to the Manifesto?
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Under current bourgeois conditions, free trade, free selling, and buying
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Revolution of 1830
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Charles X was more conservative than Louis XVI and the people did not like it. It was a response to the growing control of the monarchy.
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Charles X
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(1824-1830) Conservative brother of Louis. Established the July Ordinances
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Louis Philippee
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(1830-1848) Previous Duke of Orleans. Cousin to Charles and was more liberal. Increased the voting electorate.
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Revolution of 1848
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February 22, 1848 after Louis banned banquet. He couldn’t deal with the agriculture depression and unemployment.
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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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First elected President of France. Nephew of Napoleon and he threw over the republic so he could run for a second term.
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Nationalism
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Starts around 1798. Nation is the first loyalty.
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Romanticism
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Rejects materialism and focuses on individuality and spontaneity. Lord Byron and Mary Shelley were key players
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Unification of Italy
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Kicks off in 1859, but everyone finally joined 1870. Started by Cavour in Piedmont Sardinia and Garibaldi in the South.
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Unification of Germany
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Militarily united by Bismark. He wanted a unification for German speaking, ethnic people. In 1871, Wilhelm was crowned king.
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Great Reform Bill of 1832
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Gave urban and middle class ability to vote which gave strength to the commercial elite.
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Chartist Movement
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1838, People started believing that all of England’s wealth from the industrial revolution didn’t benefit the workers in society. They demanded action in the form of the “People’s Charter”.
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Second Empire
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January 18, 1871; The beginning of the country ruled by Wilhelm after the democratic Germany had previously failed.
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January 18, 1871
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The beginning of the country ruled by Wilhelm after the democratic Germany had previously failed.
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Tsar Alexander II
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Conservative ruler of Russia (1855-1881). Freed 22 million serfs in 1861.
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Realpolitik
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Bismark’s policy of realism that he persues.
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Autocracy
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One government body that the king essentially ruled. There was a legislation, but it had little control over the king, budget, or military.
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Dual monarchy
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The Compromise of 1867 made Austria- Hungary have its own parliament, but each were united under the ruler of the House of Hapsburg
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Great Reforms
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Alexander’s dramatic, far reaching reforms. Freed serfs and peasants, made judicial system more independent, and opened many new schools for example.
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Analyze the methods used by leaders such as Cavour and Bismarck to achieve national unity.
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They used nationalism and a push for ethnic unity, and sometimes the military.
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How did leaders such as Napoleon III in France and Alexander II in Russia try to link nationalism and state-building?
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These leaders linked state-building and nationalism by making citizens feel like part of the process and making changes that directly influenced all citizens.
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How does the Charter propose to reform the British government?
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- Government should protect freedom and happiness to all people
- Equal representation for all classes - No more unfair taxing - Better pay for all classes - Right to meet freely - Better working hours - Secret ballot taxing |
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What sort of generalizations might you make about the monarch’s power in the Russian state?
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Tsar acted on his strong personal beliefs and finally did what his predecessors only talked about: freed the serfs. He was very well liked in his country. Crowds would follow him and praise him. Also, bands would continue to repeat the song “God Save the Tsar”.
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What appears to be Bismarck’s main political principals? What does he believe in?
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Bismarck believed in a republic with a ruler. He was not very liberal in his thoughts. And he believed strongly in nationalism.
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