History Exam 2

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Congress of Vienna

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meeting of the five Great Powers in order to arrange reconstruction

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Metternich

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a German-Austrian politician who was a major figure in the reconstruction process. Created “Concert of Europe”. Fled in 1848.

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Castlereagh

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representative of Great Britain that did not want any country trying to rule Europe
1830 AND 1848 REVOLUTIONS- 1830: The people of France rebelled to limit the power of Monarchs, have a constitution created, and some power of the Nobles taken. 1848: Revolution in Berlin where Germanic people fought to become one nation with a constitution.

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Tallyrand

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representative of France. originally supported Napoleon, but afterwards he said that he thought France's government was bad and he wanted to cooperate with Vienna.

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Louis XVIII of France

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was placed on the throne after the French Revolution and reigned from 1814-1824

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Liberalism

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Wanted constitutions to be written, freedom of religion, and the wanted the wealthy to rule.

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Tsar Alexander I

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leader of Russia who wanted for all of the represented countries to agree that if any other country tried to take over again, they would all fight together against that country.

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Hapsburg Dynasty

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ruling family in Austria

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Ottoman Empire

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ruled many parts of Europe

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Liberty Leading the People

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a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled Charles X.

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Holy Roman Empire

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a combination of many separate states which the Pope kept from uniting because in this way he maintained his power.

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Conservatism

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view that indicates support for the status quo

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Legitimate Monarchs

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ruled by hereditary right

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Congress System

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another name for the Concert of Europe. Policy of what to do whenever some problem arose that threatened peace between European nations

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Balance of Power

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exists when there is parity or stability between competing forces

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DECEMBRIST REVOLT (RUSSIA)

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a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession

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Tsar Nicholas I

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the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Russia reached its zenith when him in power

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Great Reform Bill (GB)

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granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that sprang up during the Industrial Revolution, and took away seats from the "rotten boroughs"—those with very small populations. The Act also increased the number of individuals entitled to vote

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THE IRISH QUESTION (AND HOME RULE)

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phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 1800s until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence.

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Catholic Emancipation

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process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics

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Chartism and Radicalism

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a movement for political and social reform in the United Kingdom

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Crimean War

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part of a long-running contest between the major European powers (Russia mainly) for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire.

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Napoleon III

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declared himself president for life. Renovated Paris, creating wide streets and avenues.

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Paris Commune

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When representatives of the Proletariat class took over the French government and rounded up suspicious opposers of their rule and executed them. Arch Bishop of Paris is executed

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

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a result of the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867, under which the Austrian Habsburgs agreed to share power with a separate Hungarian government, dividing the territory of the former Austrian Empire between them

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The Ausgleich

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established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

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Anti-Semitism

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prejudice against or hostility towards people of Jewish lineage

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Zionism

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the international Jewish political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine, after two millennia of exile.

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Theodore Herzl

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an Austro-Hungarian journalist who was the father of modern political Zionism.

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Florence Nightingale

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a volunteer nurse who administered aid to soldiers in Turkey hospitals. Documented the awful conditions of hospitals in Turkey.

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Otto Von Bismarck

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King William's partner/official who was the Prussian Minister-President we was in charge of collecting the money they needed to strengthen the military.

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Versailles

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where William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor after defeating Napoleon III

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Alsace-Lorraine

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a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and parts of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War.

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Frankfort Assembly

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the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany.

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Kleindeutsch

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Establish a little Germany without Austrian influence

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William I

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KING OF PRUSSIA AND GERMAN EMPEROR

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FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR

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a war where a Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of the German Empire under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire

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Utopian Socialism

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all groups of people are united and all goods and wealth produced are distributed equally among everybody.

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Robert Owen

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main figure among socialists.

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New Harmony, Indiana

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A Utopian Community effort that failed because of thieves

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Scientific Socialism

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created by Karl Marx. Thought that each person should work and produce according to his ability and be given according to his needs.

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New Lanark, Scotland

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mill owned by Owen that reformed their ways to benefit their workers. Used to try to prove his socialist views.

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The Communist Manifesto

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one of the world's most influential political manuscripts. Commissioned by the Communist League and written by communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it laid out the League's purposes and program.

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Charles Darwin

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Evolution theory states that as long as we are alive we are evolving

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Labor Theory of Surplus Value

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product is worth what it cost to make.

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Anarchism

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the teaching of free association. It was the idea that all organizations were agents of oppression of the rich over the poor. The only way to be free was to get rid of the government

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Michael Bakunin

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leading Anarchist

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General Strike

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all workers go on strike to cripple production for businesses. Used by Anarchists

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BOURGEOISIE AND PROLETARIAT

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Bourgeoise were wealthy class who controlled wages and the proletariat were the working class who felt unappreciated

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Frederic Engels

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supported Karl Marx financially

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Marxist Revisionism (E. Bernstein)

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revised the ideas of Marx and organized his own Marxist group

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Dictatorship of the Proletariat

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the Comrades ruled and the Bourgeois class were liquidated. Lead to a classless society where workers owned the means of production and received full value for their work.

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Trade Unionism

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socialist parties and democrats played a prominent role in forming and building up trade unions

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Social Democrats

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advocated socialism in the strict sense, achieved by class struggle.

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Revisionism

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was focused on gaining British aid for settlement. Conducted campaigns of violence against the British authorities in Palestine to drive them out and establish a Jewish state.

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Opportunism

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a political style of aiming to increase one's political influence at almost any price

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Fabianism

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wanted to advance the principles of social democracy. laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonization of the British Empire, especially India.

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The British Labor Party

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in favor of socialist policies such as public ownership of key industries, government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, increased rights for workers and trade unions, and a belief in the welfare state as well as publicly funded healthcare and education.

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The American Progressives

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progressive movement arose as a response to the vast changes brought by the industrial revolution. Progressives embrace concepts such as environmentalism and social justice

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New Imperialism

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used because the Euro-American nations were in need of raw materials such as cotton

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social darwinism

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the idea of natural selection or survival of the fittest

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j.a. hobson

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wrote Imperialsm, A Study. Said imperialism was economically and morally wrong because they are taking money away from the poor who need it and spending it on developing an empire

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v.i. lenin

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wrote Imperialsm: The Highest State of Capitalism. Argued that the Proletariats would soon prevail over the Bourgeoise

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white man's burden

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a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved

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imperialist powers in africa &asia

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The Ottoman Empire, Britain, France

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scramble for africa

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when countries took over and divided Africa because of the many raw matierials

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king leopold II

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took possession of the Congo because of the large amounts of oil

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Dr. Livingston

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a Scottish missionary

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Henry Stanley

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reporter who found Dr. Livingston in Congo

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cecil rhodes

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imperialist British Prime Minister of Cape Town who wanted to lead the British in taking possession of even more of Africa

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Queen victoria

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supported Disraeli completely in developing British interest in Egypt and India as well as the Suez Canal.

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cantonments

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temporary or semi-permanent military quarters.

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The Raj

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refers to the British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947

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Mahatma Ghandi

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a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of satyagraha, and supported non-violence and truth.

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QAJAR SHAHS-

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family that took full control of Iran as they had eliminated all their rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted Persian sovereignty over the former Iranian territories in Georgia and the Caucasus.

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Ataturk

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a Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President.

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Siam

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the name of Thailand before 24 June 1939

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Battle of Adowa

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was fought on 1 March 1896 between Ethiopia and Italy near the town of Adowa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. It was the climactic battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War.

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Fashoda Crisis

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the climax of imperial territorial disputes between the United Kingdom and France in Eastern Africa. It brought the United Kingdom and France to the verge of war but ended in a diplomatic victory for the UK

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mosheshwe

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he paramount chief of Lesotho, succeeding paramount chief Seeiso from 1960 until the country gained full independence from Britain in 1966. Went into exile twice

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americo-liberians

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these African Americans integrated 5000 Liberated Africans called Congos. Also formed Monrovia which got its name from Prez Monroe

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Great trek

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boers who left the Cape en masse in a series of large scale migrations later called the Great Trek beginning in 1835 as a result of British colonialism and constant border wars

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union of south africa

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a unitary state, rather than a federation, with each colony's parliaments being abolished and replaced with provincial councils. A bicameral parliament was created, consisting of a House of Assembly and Senate, and its members were elected mostly by the country's white minority.

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BOERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA

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the boers were in South Africa, where they were very rich in raw materials and diamonds.

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MUTESA OF BUGANDA

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leader of the Baganda people, the largest of the many ethnic groups in Uganda. Helped resist British complete rule

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opium war

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a war that British won so that they could force opium upon the Chinese government and opened up trading between the two countries.

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EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI

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ran the government and manipulated nobility in place of Pu Yi

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Pu Yi

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The last emperor of China who was a very young buy and ruoled in name only

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unequal treaties

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Britain organized unequal treaties after winning the Opium war

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hong kong

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was given to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking

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NATIONALISTS

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people from Italy and Germany who wanted to have their own countries

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taiping rebellion

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In 1850-1864 when the people of China rebelled against the Manchu government which had started to fall apart

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boxer rebellion

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where members of several countries went to China to stop the members of a society in China that didn't like Europeans and foreigners

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meiji restoration

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japanese emperor who worked with political leaders in Japan to establish a new regime that was modernized economically, politically, and militarily.

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sun yat sen

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st major leader of the new Chinese Republic called the Kuomintang. Tried to keep the Chinese people together and keep out Europeans and Japanese.

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cHIANG KAI-SHEK

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nationalist military leader. Led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War

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dutch east indies

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the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. had been set up in the early seventeenth century to maximize Dutch trade interests in the Malay archipelago

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awarded Japan Manchuria

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treaty of portsmouth

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war that came because Japan wanted to trade with China. Japan won and gained control over Korea.

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sino-japanese war

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MAZZINI DEFINES NATIONALITY- In 1835 the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) explained his understanding of the concept. The essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles and a common purpose.
WILLIAM GLADSTONE PLEADS FOR IRISH HOME RULE-got the political backing of the Irish MP's in the House of Commons . The Tories were adamantly against it; many Liberals did not support it and many people in the street felt that the Irish were not up to governing themselves at that time in history.
DANIEL A PAYNE DENOUNCES AMERICAN SLAVERY- He was one of the founders of Wilberforce University. In 1863 he became its first president, and the first African-American president of a college in the United States.
HENIRICH VON TREITSCHKE DEMANDS THE ANNEXATION OF ALSACE AND LORRAINE-
wrote an essay entitled "What We Demand from France."
LORD ACTON CONDEMNS NATIONALISM- argued that nationalism was not a servant of liberty but a threat, that it threatened to suppress or eliminate diversity.
HERZL CALLS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A JEWISH STATE- one of the greatest influences in the movement that led to the creation of the state of Israel.
DARWIN DEFENDS A MECHANISTIC VIEW OF NATURE- God invented, or fabricated, the world out of this corpuscular matter to be like a machine with moving parts that are interrelated and act on one another.
COMMISSIONER LIN URGES MORALITY- urges morality on Queen Victoria in 1839 regarding opium, it fell on deaf ears
LIANG QICHAO URGES THE CHINESE TO REFORM- called for an overall reform of Chinese culture and made “Mr. Science and Ms. Democracy” its icons.
CHEN DUXIU?S ?CALL TO YOUTH? IN 1915
A JAPANESE VIEW OF THE INVENTIVENESS OF THE WEST
BISMARCK EXPLAINS HIS FOREIGN POLICY
LENIN ESTABLISHES HIS DICTATORSHIP

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