History Exam 1

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attempted to produce more revenue from imports into the colonies by the rigorous collection of what was actually a reduced tax on sugar. stamp acts put a tax on legal documents and certain other items. americans reacted that they were not represented.

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Stamp and sugar acts

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when colonists threw a shipment of tea from the East India Company into the harbor

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Boston Tea Party

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July 4th, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the document that declared independence from Britain

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Declaration of Independence

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the first governing constitution of the United States of America.

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Articles of Confederation

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adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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The American Constitution

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the 18th century movement led by the philosophes that held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science

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The Enlightenment

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in the pamphlet he outlined the desires and frustrations of the alienated class of people that made up the third estate.

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Abbe Sieyes: What is the Third Estate?

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Where the Estates Genera met in May 1789

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Versailles

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the result of centuries of state-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local privilege and historic differences

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The Old Regime

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were later stormed on August 10, 1792 by the Paris mob, which overwhelmed and massacred the Swiss Guard as the royal family fled through the gardens and took refuge with the Legislative Assembly.

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Tuileries

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a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.

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Feudalism

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the registration of births, marriages and deaths; they collected the tithe (dîme, usually 10 percent); they censored books; served as moral police; operated schools and hospitals; and distributed relief to the poor. They also owned 10–15 percent of all the land in France

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First Estate

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the French nobility and (technically, though not in common use) royalty, other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates. Were exempt from many taxes.

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Second Estate

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can be divided into parts: group one being bourgeoisie, workers who earned money (wage earners), group two being the rural poor who were not paid much money, seeing as many did not have jobs. What united the third estate is most had few rights and had to pay high taxes to the first estate.

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Third Estate

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the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly consisting of representatives from all but the poorest segment of the French citizenry. The independence from the Crown which it displayed paved the way for the French Revolution.

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The Estates General

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Attempted reform, but was more focused on himself. Didn't do much

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Louis XV

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was a French courtesan who became the last mistress of Louis XV of France and is one of the famous victims of the Reign of Terror.

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Madame Dubarry

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attempted to regain control and halt the French Revolution. Tried to flee

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Louis XVI

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During the Reign of Terror, at the height of the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette's husband was deposed and the two of them imprisoned. Marie Antoinette was tried, convicted of treason and executed by guillotine in 1793, shortly after her husband.

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Marie Antoinette

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new legislative body that attempted to create a constitution for France.

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National Assembly

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members of the National Assembly committed to sit until they had given France a constitution.

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The Tennis Court Oath

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On October 5, 1789 crowds of Parisian women met at City Hall to demand bread and when they were refused marched the 12 miles to Versailles to confront the royal family. After relating their need to Louis, he promised the women that he would send grain to Paris. This was extremely significant because the king displayed that he was subject to the pressure of the people.

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The October Days

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an intensification of peasant disturbances that had begun during the spring

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The Great Fear

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around 800 people stormed the Bastille after being fired at and soldiers killed 98 people. They were looking for weapons

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The Bastille

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aristocrats in the National Constituent Assembly attempted to halt the disorder in the countryside

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Night of August 4th

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They were to be literate adults who could use reason. They needed to speak French and have been a resident for more than one year. These individuals had a stake in the government bodies. They paid in taxes about the value equal to three days work, a sum of about 1 ½ and 3 livres.

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Active Citizens

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individuals who did not hold any property rights and did not have any voting rights. They were entitled to protection by law with relation to their belongings and their liberty but they were not to take any active involvement in the making of any government bodies.

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Passive Citizens

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provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.

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The Legislative Assembly

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a form of constitutional government, wherein either an elected or hereditary monarch is the head of state,

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The Constitutional Monarchy

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Government bonds based on the value of confiscated church lands issued during the early French Revolution

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Assignats

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an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Maximilien Robespierre, and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic.

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Jacques-Louis David

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had a concordat that was concluded by Napoleon to the shock and dismay of his anti-clerical supporters

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Pope Pius VI

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a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family were unsuccessful in their attempt to escape, disguised as the servants of a Russian baroness, from the radical agitation of the Jacobins in Paris

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Flight to Varennes

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Followed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

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Juring Clergy (constitutional)

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clergy members who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

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Non-Juring (Illegal) clergy

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The intent of this legislation was to impose some rational order on ecclesiastical life.

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CIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGY

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any activity that opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.

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COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY

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a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. By the time it had subsided, half the prison population of Paris had been executed:

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The September Massacres

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Napoleon Bonaparte conquered them from 1792-1797

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French wars

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The lower middle classes and artisans of Paris during the French Revolution

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Sans-coulottes

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created a democratic constitution for france

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National Convention

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12 man executive body. Formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793-4) of the French Revolution. Responsible for thousands of executions.

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Committee of Public Safety

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mainly remembered for his support of the American colonies in the dispute with King George III and Britain, which led to the American Revolution, and for his strong opposition to the French Revolution. Leading figure of the Whig party.

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Edmund Burke

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wrote Common Sense (1776), advocating colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, also wrote the Rights of Man a guide to enlightenment ideas.

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Thomas Paine

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a period in French history (1793-1794) where Maximilien Robespierre remained in power. The "Republic of Virtue" was part of the de-Christianization of the French Revolution.

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The Republic of Virtue

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a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and has to be viewed in connection with the political events in revolutionary France, namely the new concept of the democratic citizen as opposed to a royal subject.

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Levee en Masse

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a period of violence that occurred fifteen months after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." The guillotine was used a lot.

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Reign of Terror

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a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute Robespierre, Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

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THERMIDORIAN REACTION

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the closing of churches, Protestant and Catholic, as well as selling many church buildings to the highest bidders.

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DE CHRISTIANIZATION

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Device for executions created during this time. Kiled Marie-Antoinette, the Girondins Philippe Égalité and Madame Roland, as well as many others, such as "the father of modern chemistry" Antoine Lavoisier,

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GUILLOTINE

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a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate.

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The Directory

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the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804.

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The Consulate

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a French military and political leader who is considered one of the most influential figures in European history. First Consul. Maintained the sphere of influence

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Napoleon's Birthplace

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Corsica

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First site of Napoleon's exile

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Elba

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Second and last site of Napoleon's exile

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St. Helena

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Napoleon's first empress. Napoleon crowned himself and her.

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Josephine

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She was the second wife of Napoléon Bonaparte and thus Empress of the French. She was also a double grandniece of Marie Antoinette.

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Marie Louise

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travelled to Paris for Napoleon's coronation in 1804. Was kidnapped and remained in confinement for six years.

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Pope Pius VII

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the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. Basically an embargo.

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The Continental System Against Great Britain.

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originally formed as the Army of the Ocean Coasts intended for the invasion of England, at the port of Boulogne in 1803.

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Napoleon's Grand Army

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a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign reduced the French and allied invasion forces to a tiny fraction of their initial strength.

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NAPOLEONS INVASION OF RUSSIA (1812)

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the decisive battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Bonaparte's last. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days of return from exile.

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BATTLE OF WATERLOO (1815)

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redrew the continent's political map and settle the many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

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CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-1815)

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one of the most important leaders of Spanish America's successful struggle for independence. Following the triumph over the Spanish monarchy, Bolívar participated in the foundation of Gran Colombia.

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SIMON BOLIVAR (VENEZUALA)

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a leader of the Haitian Revolution. Tried to rebuild the collapsed economy of Haiti and reestablish commercial contacts with the United States and Great Britain.

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TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE (HAITI)

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an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities

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NEW SPAIN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

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a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.

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EMELYAN PUGACHEV

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used to denote the basic structure of production and consumption in the preindustrial Europe.

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The Family Economy

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Common land is land which is owned by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as arable farming, mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock.

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Enclosures

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he overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England.

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The Glorious Revolution

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a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.

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The Industrial Revolution

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a period of development in Britain between the 17th century and the end of the 19th century, which saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and net output. This in turn supported unprecedented population growth, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution.

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Agricultural Revolution

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An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based.

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COTTAGE INDUSTRY

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work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facility, usually their own home.

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DOMESTIC OR PUTTING-OUT SYSTEM

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a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves

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Spinning Jenny

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derived from the use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames. The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators, reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically. However, unlike the spinning jenny, the water frame could only spin one thread at a time until Samuel Crompton combined the two inventions into his spinning mule in 1779.

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WATER FRAME

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separated from community, different laws & society. Countryside

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THE AGE OF THE JEWISH GHETTO

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Anti-Machine people

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LUDDITES

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the social process whereby people move from being either an employer, self-employed or unemployed to being employed as wage labor by an employer

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Proletarianization

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LEEDS, BIRMINGHAM, GLASGOW, MANCHESTER

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Early Industrial cities

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Major disease that resides in water

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Cholera

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When the English government closed about 21% of the land with fences to prevent farming

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ENCLOSURE ACTS

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Middle Class and those who worked on a wage instead of ownership of land

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BOURGEOISIE AND PROLETARIAT

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minimal government interference in the working of the economy

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Laissez-Faire

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tated that all attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages perforce remained near the subsistence level.

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THE IRON LAW OF WAGES (DAVID RICARDO)

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restricted formation of labor unions

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Combination Acts

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a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile industry, then later in all industries. The factory reform movement spurred the passage of laws to limit the hours that could be worked in factories and mills.

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Factory Acts