History Exam 1

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Presidential reconstruction

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in U.S. history, the period of readjustment following the Civil War. At the end of the Civil War, the defeated South was a ruined land. The physical destruction wrought by the invading Union forces was enormous, and the old social and economic order founded on slavery had collapsed completely, with nothing to replace it. The 11 Confederate states somehow had to be restored to their positions in the Union and provided with loyal governments, and the role of the emancipated slaves in Southern society had to be defined.

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Congressional reconstruction

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Radicals wanted to readmit the Southern states only if they ensured the civil rights and liberties of the freedmen Moderates in Congress hoped to work with Johnson but were dismayed when he vetoed the bill increasing the Freedmen's Bureau power, which provided funds to build and run schools for the freedmen.

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13th amendment

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Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

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Civil rights act (1866)

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passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

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14th amendment

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Rights Guaranteed Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection
Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) holding that blacks could not be citizens of the United States.
Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural rights.
Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in the United States.

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15th amendment

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The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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Black Codes

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was a name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson. These laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations.

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Vaqueros

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mexican cowboys who rounded up cattle branded them and drove them to san Francisco

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Soddy

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houses built by great plains settlers made from prarie sod that was cut into blocks and stacked to form walls

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Battle of little bighorn

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a battle in eastern Montana territory on the bluffs above little big horn river on june 25 1876

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Sand creek massacre

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attack led by colonel john chivington that killed 200 cheyenne Indians that returned in peace to their Colorado reservation

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Policy of concentration

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The U.S. government instituted a new policy towards the Native Americans in 1851, at Fort Laramie. The treaty essentially created a buffer zone between where whites would be working on the railroad and traveling and where the natives lived. This policy was called concentration. The idea was to concentrate the natives to "one big reservation" and keep them from disturbing white travelers and railroad workers.

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Dawes severalty act 1887

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legislation that called for the dissolution of Indian tribes as legal entities. Offered Indians citizenship and allotted each head of family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land

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Carlisle Indian school

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was an Indian boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1879 it was a failed attempt to forcibly integrate Native American children into the US.

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Exodusters

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name given to the 20000 african Americans who moved to Kansas believing rumors of free land for settlers and supplies from the government in 1879

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Williams v Mississippi (1898)

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is a United States Supreme Court case that reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration. The Supreme Court did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters - even though these were efforts to remove the black vote.

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Munn v. Illinois(1877)

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was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their border. Ruled that as long as the property was "devoted to public use" the states could place regulations on the railroads for the good of the public.

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Corporation

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working capital is a must. 1) a company usually owned by many people. 2) purchasing stock brings in capital and increases partial owners. 3) stockholders elect board of directors to manage the enterprise. Business is owned by stockholders who share the profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

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Pool

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an informal agreement by competing companies to fix prices, share profits, or divide the market for their products. (ex. Railroads) not legally binding  frequently broken. Ex. railroad barons who made secret agreements and set rates among themselves.

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Trust

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a giant business combination consisting of a number of corporations engaged in the same field or in related fields (run by a single board of directors). Has a board of trustees – trust certificates in exchange for stocks. (ex. Standard Oil trust – John D. Rockefeller’s monopoly – vertical integration)

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Holding company

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not directly involved in the production and distribution; defined as a company or firm that held a controlling stock interest in a number of related enterprises, called subsidies, and devoted itself to directing its operators. No laws against this. Controlled 1/3 of capital invested in manufacturing.

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John D. Rockefeller

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founder of the Standard Oil Company which was described as a monopoly having vertical integration (meaning everything needed to produce petroleum fell inside of his company). Rockefeller owned 90% of the U.S.’s oil refining business. Rockefeller also was a “robber baron” described by the author Ida Tarbell. He decided to change his image by establishing the Rockefeller foundation which gave away $500 million between 1913-1919.

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Frederick Winslow Taylor

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chief engineer at Philadelphia’s Midvale Steel Company whose goal was to make human labor mimic the efficiency of a piece of machinery. He studied scientific management with his time and motion studies. He wrote about it in his book The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

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Tammany Hall

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New York political organization founded in 1786. Was a democratic political machine which played a major role in controlling politics. It also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, famously under William Marcy Tweedy. Also under Richard Croker.

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Progress and Poverty (1879)

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written by Henry George, he explained his utopian economic plan that the fault was in a system of “land monopoly” (land was getting too expensive) that allowed control of land and resources by the few rich people. He suggested a land tax to fix the problem.

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Looking Backwards (1888)

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a utopian novel written by Edward Bellamy in which he imagined a world in the future where “labor troubles” and social inequalities didn’t exist. Major Marxist writing of the time.

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Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)

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another utopian novel written by Henry Lloyd warned that “big business” leads to economic slavery. He explained that government needed to own and operate production companies, Marxist writing. Focused on the Standard Oil Company and James D. Rockefeller

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The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)

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written by Thorstein Veblen who studied economic behavior of society especially more wealthy people like Jay Gould. One of the first detailed critiques of consumerism

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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the first significant law restricting immigration to the US. It was passed by Chester A. Arthur which slowed then stopped Chinese immigration to the west coast.

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Mugwumps

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Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supportingDemocratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine. In a close election, the Mugwumps supposedly made the difference in New York state and swung the election to Cleveland

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Stalwarts

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The conservative faction. They opposed all forms of civil service reform, preferring to keep in place the existing patronage system. Among their numbers were many Radical Republicans, Union war veterans and most of the Republican political bosses. Also backed the protective tariff and sought a third term for U.S. Grant in 1880. Roscoe Conkling of New York was the most prominent Stalwart leader.

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Half-Breeds

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a term of disparagement favored by the Stalwarts, was applied to the moderately liberal faction of the Republican Party. In the minds of the Stalwarts, the term was meant to suggest that they were only half Republican. This faction backed Hayes' lenient treatment of the South and supported civil service reform. James G. Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and 1880.

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Charles Guiteau

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an American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He considered himself a stalwart and wrote a speech “Garfield vs. Hancock” that he believed won Garfield his presidency, he insisted being awarded but was banned from the white house from his persistency

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Knights of Labor (1869)

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led by Terrence V. Powderty, it was both a skilled and unskilled membered labor union which accepted both white and black races and men and women. It believed in producer v. non-producers, and would accept employers into the union as long as they were producers. Examples of non-producers were lawyers, bankers, gamblers, etc. Also believed in abolishing prison labor, abolishing child labor, against striking, fought for 8 hour days, fought to destroy trusts, fought to end drunkenness in society, and that it was mandatory to keep harmony between employees and employers. Between 1882-1885, membership grew due to a successful strike against Jay Gould’s railroad, the Missouri Pacific. After another strike against Texas and Pacific railroad failed, decreasing membership and diminishing the union.

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American Federation of Labor (1886)

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led by Samuel Gompers, it was a skilled and craft workers only union. It avoided politics and fought for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working environments (more practical things). It believed that strikes and boycotts should be used for limited gains and reasonable objectives. Still exists today.

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Industrial Workers of the World

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led by Big Bill Hayworth, it was a union started for the western coast miners. Hayworth believed that all workers should be run under one union nationally. They were nicknamed the “wobblies” and became one of the most feared labor unions. They accepted immigrants into their union.

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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

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the first measure passed by US Congress to prohibit trusts. It was named after senator John Sherman who first suggested the bill. It called for “restraint of trade or commerce” by Congress. This led to the case of US v. E.C. Knight Company (1895) which said that manufacturing was intrastate and commerce was interstate, falling outside of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

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Crop lien system

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system that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvest crops to pay back their loans.

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Sharecropping

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system in which landowners leased a few acres of land or farm workers in return for a portion of their crops.

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Jim Crow Laws

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Laws passed by southern states mandating racial segregation in public facilities.Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, poll taxes, and black voting rights.