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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did early trade affect small towns along trade routes
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the small towns prospered from the trading since they were near the trade routes--- they became great cities and eventually empires
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who founded the empire of ghana
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the soninke people
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what is the capital of the empire of ghana
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kumbi saleh
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what determined the empire and the emperer's power in the empire of ghana
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the amount of control over the gold trade--- the more control over the gold trade the more powerful you were
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who were berbers
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merchants from deserts that carried resources across deserts to savannas (where resources are not as abundant)
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who were almoravids
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group of berbers who attacked the empire of Ghana and seized the capital--- the attack forced Ghana to break up into smaller states
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Who set up the empire of mali
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Mandingos---- group of farmers who had lived under Ghana's rule until Ghana broke up-- they set up the empire of mali
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who was the ruler of Mali and what are some important things about him
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Mansa Musa
*ruler of Mali *Adopted Islam from traders so the empire of Mali adopted Islam too *Read the muslim holy book (Koran) *Made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca-- earned him lots of fame and respect |
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what religion did the empire of Mali adapt
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islam - b/c Mansa Musa was islamic
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who as As Sahili
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he was an architect from Spain that was sent to Mali to build mosques
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what city did the empire of Songhai originate from
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Gao
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Who was the ruler of Songhai
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Sunni Ali--- he had gained power over Gao so he was the leader of Songhai--- spent a lot of his life at war trying to capture Timbuktu and other trading cities
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who was the ruler of Songhai after the first one died
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Askia Muhammad--- he followed the islamic religion and made a pilgrammage to Mecca (like somebody else in these flashcards...)
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how did the empire of songhai fall?
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Morocco invaded Songhai and easily won b/c of their advanced weapons
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Who was the ruler of the kingdom of Benin
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the Oba
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Who was thought to have set up the government of Benin
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ewuare (spiritual mythical person...idk)
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what is the capital of Benin
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benin city
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WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING that helped to fuel the old empires of Africa, make new empires, and connect them all together
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TRADING--- cultural diffusion, wealth, connects everybody together
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what is a city state
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a large town that has its own government and usually controls the surrounding countryside
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who invaded Africa in the 1500's and took over many of the city states
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the portuguese
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what did Zimbabwe have a lot of
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GOLD
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when did the kingdom of zimbabwe fall
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1500's
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why do hunting/gathering people live in small groups?
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hunting an animal can only feed so many people, vrs a farm can feed many many people since you can grow lots of things
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lineage
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group of distinct kin who trace their descent to a common ancestor
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people in africa lived in what type of families
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extended
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what is a clan
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people who all live together that can trace their lineage to a common people
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who governed the typical african village and how were laws decided?
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one single person governed the village (ibo)--- everybody in the village would try to reach a consensus ( a common agreement) whereas in our country it is impossible to make laws based on a consensus from everybody since we have tons and tons of people
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where was farming popular in
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savannas and river valleys
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what is a substance farmer
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a farmer that only grows enough to feed himself and his family and has little or no surplus
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how would a farmer in Africa clear land for farming
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the forest would be set on fire to clear away the majority-- then the debris and remaining shrubs and stuff get cleared away
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what were the two popular types of economies in africa
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herding societies and farming societies
herding=nomadic farming=stay in one place |
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why were african women held in high regard
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responsible for having children and teaching them
did the planting weeding and housework some societies need women to hold positions of power (government) |
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in patriarchal societies what family did the daughter live with after married?
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they would live with their husband--- like Okonkwo--- the girl would live with her children alongside her husband's other wives
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polygamy
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when a man marries more than one wife
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up to how many wives can you have in islamic law?
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4
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what is bride wealth and what two things are recognized when bride wealth is given
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bride wealth is either money or cattle that is given as a gift to the wife's family ---- it recognizes that the marriage is official and it makes the husband promise that he will not mistreat his wife --- also honors the bride's family
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what where the duties of an ashanti uncle
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uncles lived with their newphews/nieces b/c according to the ashantis a child inherits all of its blood from its mother, so its not related to its father at all-- so a child is more related to its uncle on its mom side than its father-------the uncle is responsible for raising his nieces nephews like they were his own
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Ashanti people belong to a ___ society
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matriarchal (lineage was traced through the mother's side)
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whats the difference between matriarchal and patrilineal
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matriarchal--- lineage is traced through the mom's side
patrilineal-- lineage is traced through the dad's side |
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age grade system
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kids that are born in the same year attend school together and do almost everything together--- an age grade is a group of kids that are all born in the same year
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who were the two people who tried to look for a sea route from India to Africa --- which one succeeded-- and who employed them to do so?
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Bartholomeu Dias (failed)
Vasco de Gama (suceeded) they were employed by Prince Henry from Portugal to look for a sea route |
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when did the demand for slaves grow
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when America was colonized
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how were slaves in Africa different from slaves everywhere else
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slaves in Africa were usually prisoners of war--- they were treated by their masters as family--- if the master died the slave inherited the property if nobody else was alive to claim it
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why was slave trading so profitable
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b/c the demand for slaves was high so the price was high too
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how many africans died on the middle passage alone?
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2 to 3 million
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what did king affonso do?
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he was a christian african ruler who went up to the Portuguese government and asked them to end the slave trade---- it didn't work
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abolition
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the movement to end slavery
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who outlawed the slave TRADE first britain or us?
who outlawed SLAVERY first britain of us? |
britain outlawed the slave TRADE and slavery first ---- however people still broke the law and shipped slaves illegally to the US
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when did the demand for slavery go down?
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during Britain's industrial revolution--- the need for manual labor goes down b/c machines can do it
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when the demand for slaves went down the demand for what went up
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raw materials from africa ----- when the industrial revolution began raw materials were needed to fuel the factories
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how did the slave trade destroy Africa economically?
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healthy men and strong men were taken away to be sold as slaves-- now there is nobody else to work the farms in Africa
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what did Mirambo do?
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african ruler that handed over african slaves to Europeans in return for guns---- then he gained a lot of power and took over an area called Tanzania
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what did Tippu Tib do
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he was an african who profited from and made an empire based on the slave and ivory trade
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what is diaspora
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scattering of ppl everywhere
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what is the significance of sierra leone and liberia
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sierra leone--- set up by the british where freed slaves were sent to live
liberia--- set up by the US where freed slaves were sent to live |
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what did richard burton and john speke do
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they tried to find the source of the nile
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what did rene caillie do
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tried to find the legendary city of timbuktu
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what did david livingstone do
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christian missionary who "discovered" waterfalls in the zambezi river and named them Victoria Falls
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what two countries remained free from European rule by WWI
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ethiopia and liberia
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what are some reasons why europe needed africa even after slavery was abolished
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1) needed the raw materials to fuel the factories during the industrial revolution
2) needed africa to sell their manufactured goods to (creates dependence) 3) needed africa to increase political power-- more land=more power 4) needed africa to spread christianity to which was deemed the superior religion |
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what helped the Europeans gain control over africa
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1) medicines protected them from foreign diseases
2) advanced technology gave them a huge advantage when it came to weapons |
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suez canal
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built in egypt in the 1860's by the french
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who gained control over the Congo
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King Leopold II of Belgium
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what happened at the Berlin conference
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europeans made decisions on how to best split africa amongst the European countries-- not a single african was present at the conference
new borders were drawn and the land was divvied up |
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why was Leopold such an evil man
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he forced the people of the Congo to meet a certain quota of rubber each month-- if not they were severely beaten and punished-- he was basically stealing the rubber and the african's labor without paying them
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12 million people died in the Congo because of what?
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the fighting and the resistance with the british
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why was it hard for africans to gain independence
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they did not have the proper weapons to beat the europeans
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what did menelik II do
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ethiopian ruler who hired europeans to train his army (to acquire the right weapons)
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what happened at the battle of adowa
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ethiopians won the battle against the europeans b/c of the training they had received from the europeans --- the ethiopians won their freedom
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what helped europeans win control over africans
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they introduced diseases like smallpox that killed cattle and africans
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what was happening in south africa
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boers (dutch settlers) and the british competed for power
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who ruled the Zulu empire in south africa
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Shaka
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what two republics did the boers make in south africa and what was so special about them
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orange free state and transvaal--- they had a lot of gold there
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what happened in the boer war
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the british defeated the dutch and gained control over south africa
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imperialism
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the desire for global domination
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what years did the berlin conference take place in
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1884-1885
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what effects did the berlin conference have on the africans
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the new borders that were drawn brought people of difference cultures together and sometime enemies were drawn together----not good
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how did europeans justify the colonization of africa
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social darwinism--- a science that proved that africans were inferior
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what did christian missionaries do
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1) "civilized" and converted many africans to christianity
2) brought health clinics, schools, churches etc |
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henry morton stanley
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determined to explore africa and find david livingstone--- eventually he met up with livingstone and said the famous line "dr. livingstone i presume"--- then he wrote a book called how i met livingstone
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what were the two weapons that gave europeans a huge advantage
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the maxim and gatling machine gun
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what european country had the largest amount of land in africa
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england
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how did henry morton stanley help Leopold acquire the congo free state
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henry was hired by leopold to explore the congo--- along the way he made treaties with the africans which let him claim all of congo for leopold
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how did the berlin act affect a
merchant missionary slave trader african villager military |
merchant-- act gave traders 100% freedom to travel trade wherever they wanted to
missionary-- act made missionaries respect religious toleration-- basically no missionaries allowed slave trader-- act made slavery illegal and it banned the slave trade african villager-- act gave europeans complete control over the government of whatever land they controlled military--- act encouraged military to get involved and hold power over an african territory by force |
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how did the europeans take over africa's government
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they made laws based on right or wrong--- not based on a consensus like africa used to do it
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direct rule and indirect rule and which type did britain use
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britain used indirect rule
direct--- i make the rule and i'll make you follow it indirect-- i make the rule and you'll make everybody else follow it |
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what type of economy did europe introduce in africa
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a money economy--- so it also forced african's to pay taxes
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how did a money economy affect africa in a negative way
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*taxes
*africans grew cash crops instead of food (b/c before africans were self sufficient farmers not cash crop money making ppl) |
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what role did religion play in african culture
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africa was very culturally diverse (islam, christianity, Judaism)
africans respected nature b/c of religion b/c their religion reflected their culture religion taught them morals and lessons and taught them why things were religion united ppl |
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what did diviners and healers do
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they were religious people who connected the africans with their religion---very highly respected
diviners---interpreters between the divine world and africa---why did this person get sick?? ask the diviner and he will connect with the god and ask healer---herbal medicines and healing methods to cure the sick (connected to religion) |
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what type of religion did africans observe
monotheistic or polytheistic |
MONOtheistic
one guy created everything |
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what is jihad
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islamic rulers thought that islamic teachings had become corrupt so they called for a jihad which is a holy war that is meant to purify islam
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